A~s relações entre pais e filhos no mundo actual

1. 7HU§DIHLUD 13
3DSDFULWLFD
PDQLSXOD§µHV
LGHRO³JLFDV YROWDGD
IDP­OLD
)UDQFLVFRFRQVLGHUDTXHD
FRPSOHPHQWDULGDGHHQWUHKRPHPHPXOKHU
XPEHPHXPDULTXH]D
RPSOHPHQWDULGDGH©XPDSDODYUDSUHFLRVDSDUDVH
IDODUGHFDVDPHQWRHIDP­OLDGLVVHHVWDVHJXQGDIHLUD
R3DSDQDDEHUWXUDGHXPFRO³TXLRLQWHUQDFLRQDO
GHGLFDGRDRWHPD
1XPWHPSRGHFULVHGHXPFDVDPHQWRHQWUHKRPHPH
PXOKHU)UDQFLVFRIDODHPXUJªQFLDVRFLDOHDOHUWDSDUD
RULVFRGHPDQLSXOD§µHVLGHRO³JLFDV YROWDGDIDP­OLD
23DSDVXVWHQWDTXHŔDUHYROX§£RGRVFRVWXPHVHGD
PRUDOGHVIUDOGRXDEDQGHLUDGDOLEHUGDGHŕFDXVDQGR
XPDFXOWXUDGRSURYLV³ULRHTXHSURYRFDŔXPD
GHYDVWD§£RHVSLULWXDOHPDWHULDODLPHQVRVVHUHV
KXPDQRVŕ
$FRPSOHPHQWDULGDGHHQWUHKRPHPHPXOKHU©XP
EHPHXPDULTXH]DFRQVLGHURX)UDQFLVFR
VXEOLQKDQGRDLPSRUW¢QFLDGDIDP­OLDSDUDDVFULDQ§DV
TXHGHYHPFUHVFHUMXQWRGRVGRLVSDLV
Ŕ1£RGHYHPRVFDLUQDUDVWHLUDGHQRVFODVVLILFDUHP
DWUDY©VGHFRQFHLWRVLGHRO³JLFRV$IDP­OLD©XPIDFWR
DQWURSRO³JLFRHFRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHXPIDFWRVRFLDO
GHFXOWXUD3RULVVRQ£RSRGHPRVFODVVLILF¡ODXVDQGR
FRQFHLWRVGHQDWXUH]DLGHRO³JLFDTXHV³WªPIRU§D
QXPGHWHUPLQDGRPRPHQWRGDKLVW³ULDHGHSRLV
DFDEDP1£RVHSRGHIDODUKRMHGHIDP­OLD
FRQVHUYDGRUDRXSURJUHVVLVWDIDP­OLD©IDP­OLD7HP
IRU§DSRUVLV³ŕUHIRU§RX
)UDQFLVFRWDPE©PODPHQWRXTXHDOJXQVFDW³OLFRV
GHIHQGDPFRPPDLVIHUYRUDHFRORJLDGRDPELHQWHGR
TXHDSURPR§£RGHXPDQRYDHFRORJLDKXPDQD
0216(1+25$1*(/2=$1,
3DLVPDLV
DGROHVFHQWHVGRTXH
RVVHXVILOKRVQ£R
VDEHPFRPRGLDORJDU
2QºPHURGR9DWLFDQRSDUDD(GXFD§£R
DW³OLFDHVWHYHHP3RUWXJDOHIDORXFRPD
5HQDVFHQ§D0RQVHQKRU$QJHOR=DQL
HQWHQGHTXHPXLWDVYH]HVRSUREOHPDHVW¡
PDLVQRVSDLVGRTXHQRVILOKRV
3RU$XUD0LJXHO
2VHFUHW¡ULRGDRQJUHJD§£RSDUDD(GXFD§£RDW³OLFD
PRQVHQKRU$QJHOR=DQLGL]TXHPXLWRVDGXOWRVV£R
KRMHPDLVDGROHVFHQWHVTXHRVVHXVILOKRVHQ£RVDEHP
FRPRGLDORJDU
2QºPHURSDUDRVDVVXQWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRPD
HGXFD§£RFDW³OLFDQR9DWLFDQRHVWHYHHP3RUWXJDOH
HPGHFODUD§µHV 5HQDVFHQ§DDSRQWRXWDPE©PD
YHUWLJLQRVDTXDQWLGDGHGHLQIRUPD§£RDTXHRVMRYHQV
WªPKRMHDFHVVRFRPRFDXVDGRUDGHGLYLVµHVHQWUHSDLV
HILOKRVWDOFRPRHQWUHSURIHVVRUHVHDOXQRVXPD
VLWXD§£RTXHSUHRFXSDD6DQWD6©
Ŕ$SULPHLUDJHUD§£RWHPGLILFXOGDGHVHPUHODFLRQDUVH
FRPDVHJXQGDJHUD§£R2SUREOHPDWRFDDTXHVW£RGD
DXWRULGDGHHDTXHVW£RGDOLEHUGDGHGRLVHOHPHQWRV
IXQGDPHQWDLVQRSURFHVVRHGXFDWLYR6³TXHRPDLRU
SUREOHPDHVW¡QRVDGXOWRVHQ£RQRVMRYHQV2VMRYHQV
V£RPXLWRPDLVDEHUWRVHQTXDQWRRVDGXOWRVQ£R
VDEHPFRPRWUDWDUHVWDQRYDH[LJªQFLDGRVMRYHQV3RU
LVVRK¡GHVFRQIRUWRHQWUHRVDGXOWRVDILUPD$QJHOR
=DQL
Ŕ0XLWRVHVSHFLDOLVWDVGHILQHPDFXOWXUDHVRFLHGDGHGH
KRMHFRPRXPDVRFLHGDGH
DGROHVFªQWULFD
RXVHMDRV
DGXOWRVVHQWHPGHVFRQIRUWRQDUHOD§£RFRPRVILOKRV
YLYHPQXPHVWDGRGHDGROHVFªQFLDV£RLQFHUWRV
LQVHJXURVQ£RVDEHPTXHFXOWXUDWUDQVPLWLUDRVRXWURV
QHPTXHYDORUHVFDUDFWHU­VWLFRVGDVXDIRUPD§£R
SRGHPVHUºWHLVDRVMRYHQVGHKRMH1£RVDEHP
UHODFLRQDUVHŕUHIRU§DRVHFUHW¡ULRGDRQJUHJD§£R
SDUDD(GXFD§£RDW³OLFD
Ŕ(VWDPRVKRMHSHUDQWHXPDJUDQGHXUJªQFLDHGXFDWLYD
PDUFDGDSHODGLWDGXUDGRUHODWLYLVPRSHORSUREOHPD
TXHUHVXOWDGRFRQIURQWRFRPRVYDORUHVIXQGDPHQWDLV
TXHHVW£RQDEDVHGHXPSURFHVVRHGXFDWLYRŕDILUPD
DLQGD=DQLFRQVLGHUDQGRQHVWHTXDGURIXQGDPHQWDO
DSURIXQGDUDLGHQWLGDGHFDW³OLFDQRVHLRGDVIDP­OLDVH
GDHVFROD
2WUDEDOKRGHHGXFDUDVQRYDVJHUD§µHVSDVVDQD
SHUVSHFWLYDGHPRQVHQKRU=DQLSRUXPDPXGDQ§DGH
SHUVSHFWLYDSDVVDQGRGRHQVLQDPHQWR
DSUHQGL]DJHPRXVHMDGRTXHHUDRPHVWUHSDUDS´UQR
FHQWURDSHVVRDGRRXWUR(VWH©TXHGHYHULDVHUR
P©WRGRFULVW£RGHHQVLQDUSDVVDUGRVHUDXWRULW¡ULRDR
WHUDXWRULGDGHTXHUGL]HUGDUWHVWHPXQKR‰DIRUPDGH
VXSHUDUDGLYLV£RHQWUHJHUD§µHVŕ
1£REDVWDKDYHUUHJUDVFRQWUDRŔERRPŕLQIRUP¡WLFR

2. 7HU§DIHLUD 14
3HUDQWHDUHYROX§£RLQIRUP¡WLFDFDGDYH]PDLV
SUHVHQWHQDYLGDGHTXDVHWRGRV$QJHOR=DQL
UHFRQKHFHTXHK¡ŔPXLWRVSURIHVVRUHVHIRUPDGRUHV
LQFRPRGDGRVSRUTXHRVPLºGRVWªPLQVWUXPHQWRV
FRPPDLRUFDSDFLGDGHSDUDREWHUFRQKHFHURXSHVFDU
LQIRUPD§µHVFRPSDUDGDFRPDTXHGHYLDPDGTXLULU
QDVDXODV
29DWLFDQRFRQVLGHUDTXH©SUHFLVRUHIOHFWLUHDGYHUWH
TXHŔGRSRQWRGHYLVWDHGXFDWLYRQ£REDVWDKDYHU
UHJUDVSDUDHGXFDUKRMHSRUTXHWHQGRHPFRQWDD
YHORFLGDGHFRPTXHPXGDPDVUHOD§µHVLQWHUSHVVRDLVH
RSU³SULRPRGRGHSHQVDU©SUHFLVRLUPDLVDIXQGR
QRVFULW©ULRVGHHQVLQRSDUDTXHRVDOXQRVVDLEDP
GLVFHUQLUŕ
2HVSHFLDOLVWDHPSURFHVVRVFRJQRVFLWLYRV(GJDU
0RULQHVFUHYHXXPOLYURLQWLWXODGRŔ$FDEH§DEHP
DUUXPDGDŕ$­GHIHQGHTXHQ£REDVWDXPDFDEH§D
FKHLDGHLQIRUPD§µHV©SUHFLVRXPDFDEH§DEHP
RUJDQL]DGD(HVWH©RSRQWRQDDQ¡OLVHGH
PRQVHQKRU=DQL1£REDVWDLQIRUPD§£RLQIRUPD§£R
LQIRUPD§£RHQFKHUHQFKHUHQFKHUSDUDVHILFDUQD
FRQIXV£RHQ£RVDEHURTXHHVFROKHU‰SUHFLVR
RUJDQL]DUFULDUXPDKLHUDUTXLDGRVFRQKHFLPHQWRV
TXHDGTXLURŕ
,GHQWLGDGHFDW³OLFDHIDOWDGHFRUDJHP
=DQLDSRQWDDLQGDXPWHUFHLURHOHPHQWRTXHSUHRFXSD
D6DQWD6©UHODFLRQDGRFRPDJOREDOL]D§£RR
FRQIURQWRHQWUHFXOWXUDVHRVFRQIOLWRVTXHGD­UHVXOWDP
Ŕ2SUREOHPDLQWHUFXOWXUDOOHYDQWDDTXHVW£RGD
LGHQWLGDGHHGDVROLGDULHGDGH‰HVWHRJUDQGHGHVDILR
TXHKRMHDHGXFD§£RGHYHHQIUHQWDUŕDILUPD
Ŕ+¡PLOHVFRODVFDW³OLFDVHPWRGRRPXQGR
IUHTXHQWDGDVSRUPLOKµHVGHHVWXGDQWHVHPTXH
PDLVGHQ£RV£RFULVW£RVQHPFDW³OLFRVHPTXH
K¡PX§XOPDQRVTXHY£R HVFRODFDW³OLFD3RUTXH©
TXHO¡Y£RVHQ£RHQFRQWUDPHVWDQRYLGDGH0XLWDV
YH]HVRSUREOHPD©QRVVRSRUTXHQ£RVRPRVFDSD]HV
GHRWUDQVPLWLUQ£RHODERUDPRVGLQ¢PLFDVSURFHVVXDLV
HGXFDWLYDVPDUFDGDVSRUXPDYLV£RFULVW£H
DGHTXDPRQRVDWHRULDVREWLGDVGHXPODGRHGRRXWUR
HQ£RWHPRVFRUDJHPGHLUDW©DRIXQGRGDQRVVD
LGHQWLGDGHŕFRQFOXLRUHVSRQV¡YHOGR9DWLFDQRSDUDD
(GXFD§£RDW³OLFD
,QVWLWXWRVUHOLJLRVRV
SUHSDUDP$QRGD
9LGDRQVDJUDGD
5HXQL£RHP)¡WLPDDW©TXDUWDIHLUD
7DPE©PSDUDUHIOHFWLUVREUHDJUDP¡WLFDGD
SUR[LPLGDGHRXVHMDVREUHDTXLORTXH
FRORFDRVUHOLJLRVRVDRVHUYL§RGDVRFLHGDGH
HGD,JUHMD
3RU$QD/LVERD
3ODQHDUR$QRGD9LGDRQVDJUDGDTXHSRULQLFLDWLYD
GR3DSDYDLGHFRUUHUGHVGHRSULPHLURGRPLQJRGR
$GYHQWRGH1RYHPEURDW©GH)HYHUHLURGH
'LDGRRQVDJUDGR©XPGRVREMHFWLYRVGDDVVHPEOHLD
JHUDOGDRQIHUªQFLDGRV,QVWLWXWRV5HOLJLRVRVGH
3RUWXJDOTXHWHYHLQ­FLRHVWDVHJXQGDIHLUDHP)¡WLPD
3DUDFXPSULURVREMHFWLYRVGHVWDLQLFLDWLYDHVW¡DVHU
HODERUDGRXPSURJUDPDHPFRQMXQWRFRPRXWURV
RUJDQLVPRVGD,JUHMDSDUDQ£RHVWDUFDGDXPQRVHX
FDQWLQKRRXQDVXDFRPXQLGDGHQDVXDVDFULVWLDD
IDODUSDUDQ³VŕDILUPDRSUHVLGHQWHGDRQIHUªQFLDGRV
,QVWLWXWRV5HOLJLRVRVGH3RUWXJDOSDGUH$UWXU7HL[HLUD
Ŕ7HPRVYLQGRDWUDEDOKDUHVWHSURJUDPD
FRQMXQWDPHQWHXPSURJUDPDVLPSOHVFULDWLYRH
GLYHUVLILFDGRTXHSRVVDFRPELQDUDVLQLFLDWLYDV
PXQGLDLVDTXHODVTXHDSDUWLUGH5RPDVHRIHUHFHU£RD
WRGDD,JUHMDWDPE©PFRPDVLQLFLDWLYDVTXH
SURFXUDUHPRVRIHUHFHUHPVRORSRUWXJXªVŕH[SOLFDR
VDFHUGRWH
$O©PGHVWHWHPDVHU£RDLQGDWUDWDGRVDW©TXDUWDIHLUD
DVVXQWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRPDYLGDGRVLQVWLWXWRV
UHOLJLRVRVŔ1DFRQWLQXLGDGHGRFDPLQKRTXHWHPRV
IHLWRTXHUHPRVUHIOHFWLUVREUHDJUDP¡WLFDGD
SUR[LPLGDGHSRUTXHYHPRVTXH©RTXHUHDOPHQWHQRV
DMXGDDHVWDUPRVPDLVDRVHUYL§RGDVRFLHGDGHHGD
,JUHMDŕLQGLFDRSDGUH$UWXU7HL[HLUDTXH©WDPE©P
VXSHULRUSURYLQFLDOGRV0LVVLRQ¡ULRVGRRUD§£RGH
0DULD
2VºOWLPRVGDGRVGLYXOJDGRVUHIHUHQWHVD-DQHLURGHVWH
DQRPRVWUDPTXHK¡LQVWLWXWRVGLIHUHQWHVGHYLGD
DSRVW³OLFDRPXQLGDGHVPHPEURVH
MRYHQVHPIRUPD§£R
$VXDSUHVHQ§DHQFRQWUDVHHPGLIHUHQWHV¡UHDVFRPR
DHYDQJHOL]D§£RPLVV£RF¡HDO©PIURQWHLUDVRXQRV
FDPSRVGDHGXFD§£RVDºGHH¡UHDVRFLDO
'H]PLOKµHVGH
HVWUHODVSHODSD]
RPDLQLFLDWLYDTXHDUUDQFDWHU§DIHLUDD
¡ULWDVSURSµHDFRPSUDGHXPDYHODTXH
GHYHU¡VHUDFHVDHPQRPHGDSD]QRGLD
GH'H]HPEUR
)RWR)DFHERRN¡ULWDV
$¡ULWDV3RUWXJXHVDYDLDSRVWDUGHQRYRQD
FDPSDQKDŔPLOKµHVGHHVWUHODVXPJHVWRSHODSD]ŕ
TXHUHDOL]DGHVGH
$SURSRVWD©GDFRPSUDGHXPDYHODSRUXPHXURTXH
GHYHU¡VHUDFHVDHPQRPHGDSD]QRGLDGH
'H]HPEUR
2SUHVLGHQWHGD¡ULWDV3RUWXJXHVD(XJ©QLRGD
)RQVHFDVXEOLQKDHPGHFODUD§µHV 5HQDVFHQ§DTXH