Presentation - turbine

1. Chemical engineering department 2nd stage
Fluid mechanics
Turbines
Supervised by :Ms.lameha
Prepared by:
Sima muhammed
Sarezh hassan
Ahmad muhammad
Muhamed akram
Rekan kazm

2. Contents
• Turbine definitions
• Working principles
• Types of turbine
• Applications of each types
• Advantages and disadvantages of turbine
• Conclusion
• References

3. what is turbine??
1-A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fast moving
flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and converts it into useful work.
2-A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part called a rotor
assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached.
3-Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy
to the rotor.

4. WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The working principle is very much simple.
-When the fluid strikes the blades of the turbine, the blades are
displaced, which produces rotational energy.
-When the turbine shaft is directly coupled to an electric gene-rator
mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.
-This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power.

5. Basic types of turbines
.Water Turbine :
A) impulse turbine B) reaction turbine
.Steam Turbine
.Gas Turbine
.Wind Turbine
Although the same principles apply to all turbines, their specific designs
differ sufficiently to merit separate descriptions.

6. impulse turbine:
in an impulse turbine, the fluid is forced to Hit the turbine At high
speed.
Types of impulse turbines:
1-pelton wheel
2-cross-flow turbine

7. 1-The Pelton wheel
The Pelton wheel turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine used for
high heads of water and It is invented by Lester Allan Pelton, an American
Engineer.
The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy.
The pressure energy at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmospheric.

8. Applications
• Pelton wheels are preferred turbine for hydro-power, when the available water
source has relatively high hydraulic head at low
flow rates.
• Pelton wheels are made in all sizes . For maximum power and efficiency ,the
wheel and turbine system is designed such that the water jet velocity is twice the
velocity of the rotating buckets
• There exist in multi ton pelton wheels mounted on vertical oil pad bearing in
hydroelectric power.

9. 2-cross-flow turbine:
Cross-flow Turbine
.As with a water wheel, the water is admitted at the turbine's edge.
After passing the .runner, it leaves on the opposite side.
Going through the runner twice provides additional efficiency.
.The cross-flow turbine is a low-speed machine that is well suited for
locations with a low head but high flow.

10. Applications
• The peak efficiency of a cross-flow turbine is somewhat less than a kaplon ,
francis or pelton turbine.
• It has a low price ,and good regulation.
• As water going through the runner twice , provides additional efficiency .
• Cross-flow turbines are mostly used in mini and micro hydro power units.
• It is good point as when he water leaves the runner ,it also helps clean the runner
of small debris and pollutions.

11. Reaction Turbine
• In a reaction turbine, forces driving the rotor are achieved by the
reaction of an accelerating water flow in the runner while the pressure
drops.
.In reaction turbines torque developed by reacting to the fluid's
pressure. The pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the
turbine rotor blades.
Types of Reaction Turbines :
Kaplan Turbine
Francis Turbine
Kinetic Turbine

12. Kaplan Turbine
• The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has adjustable blades and
is used for low heads and high discharges.
.The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means
that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine
and gives up its energy.

13. Francis Turbine
.The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine and are used for medium
head(45-400 m) and medium discharge.(10-700 m^3/s)
.The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of turbine
in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under immense
pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine blades from the
working fluid.

14. Applications
• Francis type units cover a head range from 40 to 600m (130 to 2000ft).
• Its efficiency decrease as flow decreases .
• They may also be used for pumped storage, where a reservoir is filled by the
turbine (acting as a pump) driven by the generator acting as a large electrical
motor during periods of low power demand.

15. Kinetic Turbines
.Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow turbines, generate
electricity from the kinetic energy present in flowing water.
.The systems may operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal waters,
or ocean currents.
.Kinetic systems utilize the water stream's natural pathway.

16. Steam Turbine
.A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal from pressurized
steam and uses it to do energy mechanical work on a rotating output
shaft.
.Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricity in thermal
power plants, such as plants using coal fuel oil or nuclear fuel.

17. Applications
• Fuel used are biomass , coal etc.
• Modern steam turbines has automatic control system.
• Steam heated processes in plants and factories.
• Steam driven turbines in electric power plants.
• Because the turbine generates rotary motion , it is particularly suited to be used
to drive an electrical generator about 90% of all electricity generation in the
united states (1996) .

18. Gas turbine
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion
engine.
.Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators or
even tanks.

19. Wind Turbine
.A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind
into electrical power .
.Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into three
components.
.Wind turbine used for charging batteries may be referred to as a wind
charger.

20. Applications
• Our small wind turbines are used in a variety of industries and applications,
including marine applications, off-grid systems.
• Industrial applications including road signage , remote telemetry , mobile base
stations and for houses, schools and farms.

21. Advantages of Turbine:
• Steam turbine they require less mass flow rates compared to gas
turbines.
• Wind energy has low operating costs.
• Wind energy is clean and renewable.
• Gas turbine they are small in size, weigh less and have low initial cost per
unit output.
• They are quick-starting and smooth running.
• Water turbine the creation of hydroelectricity.
• Create lakes.

22. Disadvantages of Turbine:
• They take long startup time compared to gas turbines and reciprocating
engines.
• Wind turbines have some negative impacts on their surrounding environment.
• Wind energy causes noise and visual pollution.
• Gas turbine requires vast amounts of air with huge.
• high noise level.
• Water turbine Flood Risk.
• Limited plant locations.
• Impact on fish.
• Higher initial Costs.

23. Conclusion
-Turbine lades make the flow more tangential
-This is very common
-Turbine blades accelarate the flow
-boundary layers thin and losses in efficiency are small

24. References
bakerhughes.com. 2021. Steam Turbines | Baker Hughes. [online] Available at:
<https://www.bakerhughes.com/steam-turbines> [Accessed 7 March 2021].
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2021. Turbine. [online] Available at:
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/turbine> [Accessed 7 March 2021].
Energy.gov. 2021. Types of Hydropower Turbines. [online] Available at:
<https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/types-hydropower-turbines> [Accessed 7 March 2021].
IAccessed 7 March 2021mages.app.goo.gl. 2021. Google Image Result for
https://slideplayer.com/slide/10515828/35/images/35/Conclusion%E2%80%A6+Turbine+blades+m
ake+the+flow+more+tangential.jpg. [online] Available at:
<https://images.app.goo.gl/r3gSuDW4AC1LShiVA> [].
MechStuff. 2021. What are Turbines ? | Types of turbines & their applications – MechStuff. [online]
Available at: <https://mechstuff.com/turbines-types-of-turbines-applications-in-powerplant/>
[Accessed 7 March 2021].
Sciencedirect.com. 2021. Turbine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. [online] Available at:
<https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/turbine> [Accessed 7 March
2021].