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Chapter05
1.
Chapter 5 Locating Information
on the WWW
2.
Learning Objectives • Explain
how a Web search engine works • Find information by using a search engine • Use logical operators, filtering to express complex queries • Recognize and find authoritative information sources • Decide whether Web information is truth or fiction Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
3.
Web Search Fundamentals •
A search engine is a collection of computer programs that help us find information on the Web • No one organizes the information posted on the Web • Search Engines must look around to find out what’s out there and then organize what is found Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
4.
How a Search
Engine Works • The first step, crawling, visits every Web page that it can find • How are the pages found? – The crawler has a todo list that is loaded with a set of pages to start – When a URL is found while crawling a page, it adds that URL to the todo list • The main work of the crawler is to build an index Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
5.
Copyright © 2013
Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
6.
How a Search
Engine Works • The index is a list of tokens (or words) that are associated with the page • The token might be part of the page’s title • There are other ways for a token to be associated with a page • For each token, the crawler creates a list of the URLs associated with that token Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
7.
How a Search
Engine Works • The second step is query processing • The user presents tokens (aka search terms) to the query processor • The search engine then looks up the word in the index and returns to you a hit list • By creating the index ahead of time, search engines are able to answer user queries very quickly Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
8.
Multiword Searches • With
a multiple-word query, the pages returned should be appropriate for all of the queried words • AND-query – Each page returned should be associated with all the words – There is no index entry corresponding to a set – There is only a list for the individual words Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
9.
Intersecting Queries • For
multiple words, the query processor fetches the index lists for each of the terms • URLs that are in all of the lists are looked at and compared • The query processor intersects the lists • The URL lists are alphabetized to speed up the processing … it is easier to notice when the same URL is on multiple lists Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
10.
Copyright © 2013
Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
11.
Rules for Intersecting Alphabetized
Lists • To intersect several alphabetized lists: 1. Put a marker (arrow) at the start of each token’s index list. 2. If all markers point to the same URL, save it, because all tokens are associated with the page. 3. Move the marker(s) to the next position for whichever URL is earliest in the alphabet. 4. Repeat Steps 2–3 until some marker reaches the end of the list. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
12.
Copyright © 2013
Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
13.
Power of an
Indexed Search • The computer: – takes the time to crawl the data (Web pages) – build an index first – find the index entries for each word – intersect the lists to find the information for an AND-query • Search engines can look at billions of Web pages and return an answer in less than a fifth of a second Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
14.
Copyright © 2013
Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
15.
Descriptive Terms • ―Hits‖
on a page means the search term is ―associated‖ with the page • This does not mean the word is ―on‖ the page • Web page structure helps a lot to identify descriptive text Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
16.
Descriptive Terms • Descriptive
text: – Title—The <title> encloses a short phrase describing the whole page – Anchor text—The highlighted link text, inside <a . . . > tags, describes the page it links to – Meta—A <meta . . . > tag in the head section can hold a several sentence description of the page – Alt attributes—The <img . . . > tag has an alt attribute that gives a textual description Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
17.
Page Rank • Why,
when the hit list is returned, the page you’re looking for is often first on the hit list or in the top 10? • The order in which hits are returned to a query is determined by a number called the PageRank • The higher the PageRank, the closer to the top of the list Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
18.
Links to Other
Pages • Google pioneered page ranking as a way to determine which pages are likely to be most important • PageRanking works like a voting system: – If page A links to page B, A’s link adds to B’s importance • Pages that are linked-to by many pages have a higher page ranking and are assumed to be more important Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
19.
Links to Other
Pages • Links from pages with a high page ranking are also viewed as more • PageRank is computed by the crawler: – The crawler looks at page A – It notices the links to page B – It scores one for B • Counting the number of links to a page is not sufficient Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
20.
Links to Other
Pages • After the crawling is completed, the PageRank computation is completed • The query processor is puts together the hit list • The URLs are sorted by their page ranking, highest to lowest, and returned in that order Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
21.
Copyright © 2013
Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
22.
Advanced Searches human AND
powered AND flight • The Logical Operator AND – Basic queries are AND-queries – All words given must be associated with the page for a hit – The word AND is a logical operator – Logical operators specify a logical relationship between the words it connects Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
23.
Advanced Searches human AND
powered AND flight • The Logical Operator AND – Search engines treat search words as three independent words – The words can appear anywhere on the page in any order – Use of quotes mean the exact phrase must appear as given…this is more than an AND query Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
24.
Complex Queries marshmallow OR
strawberry OR chocolate • Another logical operator is OR – OR-queries hit on pages that are associated with at least of the words Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
25.
Complex Queries tigers AND
NOT baseball • Another logical operator is NOT – NOT queries specify words that are not to be associated with the page – AND is included because we want both requirements to be true Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
26.
Combining Logical Operators (marshmallow
OR strawberry) AND sundae • The logical operators work like arithmetic • They can be combined and grouped using parentheses • Google also uses a minus (–) as an abbreviation for NOT Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
27.
Restricting Global Search •
Many sites offer the opportunity to perform a site search • A site search means looking only on the current site • The site search is usually offered on the homepage with a search window and a Go button Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
28.
Filtered Searches • Constraints
can be used to help pinpoint specific pages • Using these areas on the advanced search, can limit our search hits Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
29.
Filtered Searches • Site
searches don’t necessarily use PageRanking to order the hits • Use of the advanced search filters can be used to get PageRanked hits Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
30.
Web Searching • Research
on the web requires serious consideration and strategies: 1. Selecting Search Terms choosing good words to include in a query 2. The Anatomy of a Hit how to use the information returned 3. Using the Hit List skimming to find what you want quickly 4. Once You Find a Likely Page locating the desired data on the page Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
31.
1. Selecting Search
Terms • How do you find the best search terms? • It is a sequence of finding ever-more precise terms: I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Advanced Search General Topic Descriptive Terms Refining (Adding Words) Avoiding Over Constraining Removing Words Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
32.
1. Selecting Search
Terms I. Use Advanced Search – Google’s Advanced Search gives control over the results returned – You can do complex queries, but Advanced Search provides control Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
33.
1. Selecting Search
Terms II. Begin with the General Topic – Words have multiple meanings – Giving the topic can eliminate most of those conflicting words – Many hits can be eliminated – Start with the topic word(s) Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
34.
1. Selecting Search
Terms III. Choose Descriptive Words – Be picky about the words we select – Select precise terms – Take care using terms that have many other meanings—they become less useful Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
35.
1. Selecting Search
Terms IV. Refine by Adding Words – Begin with a ―first guess‖ search – Check the results – Check the initial hit list to see what you’ve found – The initial list often suggests additional terms to search – This may require several rounds of adding a word to the query each time Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
36.
Copyright © 2013
Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
37.
1. Selecting Search
Terms V. Avoid Over Constraining – Adding more words one at a time works best because interesting pages might be accidentally overlooked – Care is required in this process: Add a word only if you are sure the pages you want will have it Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
38.
1. Selecting Search
Terms VI. Remove Specific Words (Minus or NOT) – It is useful to consider eliminating pages with certain words – It is the opposite of adding words that may/will appear on a page – The minus sign is a good way to eliminate wrong interpretations of words Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
39.
2. Anatomy of
a Hit • What is displayed with each hit? – Title • This is the text between the page’s <title> and </title> tags. – Snippet • This information is a preview of what might be on the page • Usually a short phrase from the page containing one or more of the searched words Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
40.
2. Anatomy of
a Hit • What is displayed with each hit? – URL • The URL that is linked from the title line – Site Links • These are useful links from the site, which are basically shortcuts • These links are found algorithmically • They are not ―sponsored‖ links – no one is paying for them Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
41.
3. Using the
Hit List • Checking the hits is a process of filtering • Skim the top level of information, and look deeper if it looks promising • If not, continuing skimming Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
42.
3. Using the
Hit List • ―Looking deeper‖ ranks the information: – Title • It’s the first source of information • When the title checks out, look at the . . . – Snippet • Search terms are shown in bold • The context around the occurrence is given • If the snippet checks out, look at the . . . Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
43.
3. Using the
Hit List • ―Looking deeper‖ ranks the information: – URL • The domain of the site hosting the page is given • The site name is the first check of how authoritative the information is • If the URL checks out, look at the . . . – Pageitself • At this point, there is some likelihood that the page includes information you need Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
44.
4. Once You
Find a Likely Page • A page has been found! – A suggestive title – A promising snippet – A reliable domain • How close are we to what is wanted? – First, ―roll through the page‖ checking out its main features – Next, look for a date to see how current it is – Finally, find the location of one of the keywords Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
45.
4. Once You
Find a Likely Page • The goal is still to determine whether you want to stay on the page. – If you’ve found what you want, you’re done – If not, return to the hit list • If the site is good, decide how important it is that the information is perfectly correct: • If the importance is high, cross-check the information with another site • Find corroborating information! Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
46.
Authoritative Information • Don’t
Believe Everything You Read – No one in charge of the WWW, so no one checks to see that the information is correct – Some information is inaccurate – Most information on the Web should be considered suspect – Anyone can post a Web page and make random statements or claims…true, partly true, and completely false Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
47.
Wikipedia • Wikipedia is
an open source document created by knowledgeable and community-minded Internet users • Anyone can contribute to Wikipedia • Wikipedia covers an enormous number of topics • The information contained might not be included in a printed encyclopedia Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
48.
Wikipedia • Its coverage
and timeliness make it a valuable resource • The fact that many people contribute to Wikipedia is both a weakness and a strength – Anyone can add anything to or edit an entry without control – Use Wikipedia as a starting point for research Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
49.
Using the Web
for Research • Applying good research practices will ensure highly reliable information: – Question the information • Does it make sense? Is it believable? Is it consistent? Does the information fit with everything you already know? – Never rely on a single source; always use multiple sources. – Assess the site’s authoritativeness – Vary the kinds of resources you use, including off-line resources. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
50.
What Is Authoritative? •
Authoritative means that we are looking for what experts say – We assume that experts are well informed on the topic – We assume that what experts say is true • There is no way to verify that what ―they‖ say is true, so we accept that it’s the best available information Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
51.
Respected Sources • Authoritative
information can be gotten from respected organizations • Thousands of professional organizations host trustworthy Web sites • Individuals are also good sources of information as long as we have some reason to believe them Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
52.
Primary Sources • A
primary source is a person who has direct knowledge of the information • People who interview primary sources are secondary sources – They are not as reliable as primary sources • People who watch journalists on TV or read newspaper reports are tertiary sources – They are three levels removed from direct knowledge of the event Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
53.
Copyright © 2013
Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
54.
Primary Sources • A
secondary source does not mean that the information is wrong, only that the possibility exists • There is no guarantee that even primary sources tell the truth Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
55.
Authoritative Sources • The
easiest way to get authoritative information is to go to a site that you know to be authoritative • Many agencies and organizations publish information you can depend on • By going directly to an authoritative source, you are ensured that the information is reliable Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
56.
Site Analysis… Good?
Bad? • Possible issues for bad sites: – – – – – – Broken links Failure to give contact information Failure to have a non-Web identity Simplistic design No recent updates or blog entries Spelling mistakes • Legitimate sites may have these issues, too! • To decide if a site is legitimate, do a little direct research on the information found there Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
57.
Summary • In this
chapter we have learned the following: – We need software and our own intelligence to search the Internet effectively. – Search engines are composed of a crawler and a query processor. – We create queries using the logical operators AND, OR, and NOT, and specific terms to pinpoint the information we seek. – Filtering and ―subtracting‖ search terms removes extraneous hits. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
58.
Summary • In this
chapter we have learned the following: – Once we’ve found information, we must judge whether it is correct by investigating the organization that publishes the page, and examining the facts claimed on the page. – We must cross-check the information with other sources, especially when the information is important. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
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