4. MODELS – CSCW MATRIX
Time x Space [Ellis 91]
Time x Space x Previsibility [Grudin 94]
Time x Space x Group size
[Nunamaker 91]
5. MODELS 3C Collaboration
model
Prisioner’s dilemma
3C Collaboration
model
6. BEYOND BEING THERE
A seminal paper by Hollan and Stornetta [Holland and
Stornetta 91]
Question: “(…) those at a distance will be at no real
disadvantage to those colocated?”
Not about the quality, but about the imitation of the ‘being
there’ felling
Analogy: crutches (broken leg) x shoes (enhance
performance)
Other characteristics: anonymity, semisynchronous
discussions, feedback, archiving, and others
7. DESINING – WHY CSCW APPS FAIL?
[Grudin 88] discussed problems in the design and
evalution of organizational interfaces:
Disparity among user’s benefits and extra work
Problems with intuitive decision-making (managers)
Underestimating dificulty of evaluting CSCW applications
8. DESINING – COMMON
CHARACTERISTICS
Synchronous CSCW has some well-know and
common characteristics [Ellis et al. 89]:
Short response times
Real-time notifications
Distributed environment
Volatile participation
Ad hoc information access
High degree of access conflicts
Connection by external channel (audio or video)
9. DESINING CSCW – 8 CHALLENGES
[Grudin 94] list 8 challenges for CSCW developers:
1. Disparity in work and benefit
2. Critical mass and the Prisioner’s dilemma problems
3. Disruption of social processes
4. Exception handling
5. Unobtrusive accessibility
6. Difficulty in evaluation
7. Failure of intuition
8. The adoption process
10. DESINING CSCW – APPROCHES
Ad hoc implementation
Toolkits [Greenberg & Roseman 98]
Component-based approches [Begole et al. 99]
Collaboration Transparent Systems (CTS)
Screen sharing – 1º generation [MS NetMeeting]
Intelligent Collaboration Transparency (ICT) and ICT 2
– 2º generation [Li & Li 2002]
Transparent Adaptation (T.A.) [Xia et al. 2004]
Mapping of Components [Pichiliani & Hirata
2006]
11. AWARENESS – EARLY STUDIES
[Heath & Luff 92] studied the coordination of
activities of London Control Rooms (trains)
Two actors: Line controller’s and DIA
Seat side by side without direct communication
Awareness by indirect interation: listen to
conversations, gaze direction, monitoring displays, and
indirect cues
Implicit actions to coordinate the tasks: unobtrusive
awareness
Many implications for the design of CSCW applications
Social focus on communication and coordination
12. AWARENESS – SHARED WORK
SPACES
Awareness: “(…) understanding of the activities
of others, which provides a context for your own
activity.” [Dourish & Bellotti 92]
Argue that the user must not explicit provide
awareness information
Focus on synchronous collaborative writing
systems (ShrEdit)
Shared feedback: Information about individual
activities by presenting feedback on operations
within the shared workspace
[Greenberg et al.
96]
13. AWARENESS – WIDGETS (1)
a) Telecarets b) Telepointers c) Multi-user scrollbars
[Telecarets] [Telepointers] [MUS]
d) RadarView [Radar] e) Read and Write Shadows
f) FishEyeView
[RWS]
[FishE]
14. AWARENESS – WIDGETS (2)
DragMag View [DMG] Two-level view [TLV]
Audio cues [Gaver 91], [Kansas 2008]
Widgets x Focus of attention
Few studies about gaze awareness in CSCW.
Example: [Vertegal & Ding 2002]
15. AWARENESS – TELEEYE
MOO [Pichiliani et al. 2008]:
Two users wearing the MOO eye Tracker
Hardware
User’s A Workspace User’s B Workspace
Iris detection application
16. ARCHITECTURES
“The architecture of a collaborative application is characterized by
the modules, layers, replicas, threads, and processes into which
the application is decomposed; the awareness in these components
of collaboration functions; and the interaction among these
components.” [Dewan 99]
Decomposition of the system into components
Synchronous, Assynchronous, Multi-synchronous
and Quasi-synchronous
WYSIWIS x relaxed WYSIWIS x WYSIWYG
Many architectural models
17. ARCHITECTURES – EXAMPLES
PAC* architectural model
[Galvary 97] Clover architectural model
[Laurillau 2002]
Generic
Collaboration
architecture [Dewan 95]
18. ARCHITECTURES – DISTRIBUTION
Distributed system aspects in the architecture for
synchronous groupware [Phillips 99]:
Centralized: “(…)application on a single server and only
the display services are found at the users’ sites.”
Replicated: “(…) all data and computation is replicated at
all sites”
Semi-replicated: “(…) some aspects of computation and
state are replicated while others are centralized.”
Flexible: “(…) adjust the run time distribution architecture
to suit application needs.”
Many variations of these basic distribution architectures
19. ARCHITECTURES – MVC ACHITECTURES
A classification of architectures in the MVC
architectural style [Suthers 2001]:
Centralized architecture
Replicated architecture
Distributed architecture
Hybrid architecture
21. CONCLUSIONS
Collaboration models help the design from the
theoretical point of view
Designers must provide more than the
immitation of face to face meetings
Design of synchronous applications have many
challenges (and opportunities)
Awareness is a central focus for communication,
coordination and cooperation
Different approches for developer synchronous
CSCW applications
Architectures help organize and distribute the
components
22. REFERENCES – ITA CSCW
[Pichiliani & Hirata 2006] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M. A Guide to map application components
to support multi-user real-time collaboration. Second International Conference on Collaborative
Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom 2006), Georgia, Atlanta, EUA,
Novembro de 2006.
[Pichiliani & Hirata 2007] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M. Multi-Level Locks to Control
Collaborative Modeling Sessions. Third International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking,
Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom 2007), White Plains, New York, EUA, Novembro de 2007.
[Pichiliani et al. 2008] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M., Soares, Fabricio S., Forster, Carlos H. Q.
TeleEye: an Awareness Widget for providing the Focus of Attention in Collaborative Editing Systems. Forth
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[Pichiliani & Hirata 2009] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M. A Technical Comparison of the Existing
Approaches to Support Collaboration in Non-Collaborative Applications. Proceedings of the 2009
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[Berkenbrock et al. 2009] Berkenbrock, Carla D. M., Hirata, Celso M. , Fernandes, Clovis T., Pichiliani,
Mauro C. Requisitos de Usabilidade para o Desenvolvimento e Avaliação de Aplicações Cooperativas
Móveis. Artigo publicado no VI Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Colaborativos (SBSC), pp.10-18, Fortaleza,
Outubro de 2009.
[Pichiliani & Hirata 2009] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M., A Digital Ink Sketch-Based
Application for Collaborative Design and Kinematic Simulation. Artigo publicado no VI Simpósio Brasileiro
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Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom 2009), Washington D. C., EUA, Novembro de
2009.
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Communications of the ACM, v.34, n.1, p.38-58, jan., 1991.
[Dewan 95] DEWAN, Prasun. Multiuser architectures. In: Proceedings of the IFIP TC2/WG2.7 Working
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[Dewan 99] Dewan, P. . Computer Supported Co-Operative Work. 1, ed. Nova York: John Wiley & Sons,
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[Galvary 97] CALVARY, Gaëlle; COUTAZ Joëlle; NIGAY, Laurence. From single-user architectural design
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[Greenberg & Roseman 98] Greenberg, S., Roseman, M.: Groupware Toolkits for Synchronous Work.
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[Grudin 88] Grudin, J. Why CSCW applications fail: Problems in the design and evaluation of
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[Grudin 94] GRUDIN, Jonhatan. Computer Supported Collaborative Work: History and Focus, IEEE
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[Telecarets] Greenberg, S., Marwood, D.: Real Time Groupware as a Distributed System: Concurrency
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