1. THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

2. Revolution
Introduction
A revolution is a fundamental change in power or
organizational structures that takes place in a relatively
short period of time. Revolutions have occurred
through human history and vary widely in terms of methods,
duration, and motivating ideology. Their results include
major changes in culture, economy, and socio political
institutions.
Revolutions can be of many types. Some of the revolutions
are stated below:-
Green Revolution
Scientific Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Chemical Revolution

3. During the 1700s changes in technology began based on the use of
power-driven machinery. This era is called the Industrial Revolution.
Factors for Success
• Exploration and colonialism
• Seapower
• Political stability
• Government support
• Growth of private investment
Agricultural Factors
• Research and development on
farms
• Jethro Tull, seed drill
• Improved livestock breeding
• Better varieties of food crops
– Increased food supply
– Population grew
• Enclosure movement
A Revolution in Great Britain

4. Britain’s Big Advantage
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain.
• Had essential elements for economic success
• Factors of production
Land
Labor
Capital

5. Textile Industry
• Beginning of Industrial Revolution
• Weaving was a cottage industry
• Labour performed at home
• Industrialization transformed this
New Way of Making Cloth
• Fabric made of wool or cotton
• Supply of fibers increased in the
1700s
• Slave labor in America
• Invention of cotton gin
• Invention of spinning jenny
• Invention of flying shuttle
Cloth-making in Factories
• Cottages too small
• Factory invented
• Power for factories?
• Water frame for water power
• Output increased 8x by 1770
A Revolution in Textiles

6. Coal for Steam Engines
• Steam engines needed large
amounts of fuel
• Wood scarce
• Coal mining industry
• Changing landscapes
• Dangers of mining
Development of Steam
Engine
• First successful steam engine in
1712
• Innovations by James Watt
• Steam power versus water power
• Steam locomotives
• Steamships
• Robert Fulton
Steam Powers the Revolution

7. JAMES WATT

8. Industrialization soon spread to western Europe and the United States. Other
regions did not industrialize in the 1800s. What was it about Western
countries that encouraged them to embrace industry?
Why Western
Countries?
• Political liberty
• Freedom to compete
• Rewards reaped
• Exploitation and
improvements
America
• British restrictions
• Hamilton, 1791
• Samuel Slater
– Water frame
– Slater’s Mill
• Lowell’s Mill
Europe
• Belgium, 1807
• France, 1815
• Germany, 1850
– Railroads
– Treaties
Industrialization Spreads

9. Industry in Asia
Eventually, industry spread to Asia.
• Japan first in 1868
• Meiji government
• The 1900s—industrialization for
– China
– India
– Russia

10. Industrial Revolution
Thus new innovations grew in the Industrial
Revolution. After that new innovations grew in
the 18 th and 19 th
centuries such as
Roads
Railways
Mining
Coal industries Child Labour
Due to this revolution in Britain it expanded in
U.S.A., France, Germany, Japan etc. But, some
problems grew i.e. child labour, capitalism etc.

11. Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period in the
late 18th and early 19th centuries when major
changes in agriculture, manufacturing,
production, and transportation had a profound
effect on the socioeconomic and cultural
conditions. It firstly took place in Britain.

12. Industrial Revolution
Innovations
Textiles - Cotton spinning using Richard
Arkwright's water frame, James
Hargreaves's Spinning Jenny, and Samuel
Crompton's Spinning Mule (a combination of
the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame).
Steam power - The improved steam
engine invented by James Watt was initially
mainly used for pumping out mines, but
from the 1780s was applied to power
machines.

13. Industrial Revolution
Spinning Mule Watt’s steam engine
James Watt

14. Industrial Revolution
Innovations
Iron founding - In the Iron industry, coke was
finally applied to all stages of iron smelting,
replacing charcoal. This had been achieved much
earlier for lead and copper as well as for
producing pig iron in a blast furnace, but the
second stage in the production of bar
iron depended on the use of potting and
stamping.
Glass making - A new method of producing glass,
known as the cylinder process, was developed in
Europe during the early 19th century.

15. Industrial Revolution
Iron Bridge Glass Making

16. I N D U S T R I A L P O L I C Y
 Protection to Indian Industries
India is probably one of the few countries in the world which
used its import policy for the healthy d e v e l o p m e n t o f
l o c a l i n d u s t r i e s .
 Levying higher tariffs
restricted imports, and there was also a total or partial
physical ban on the imports of products from outside India .
During second and third year plans
In this plans more emphasis was given to capital goods
industries,machines which india wanted to develop for
making new machines,devolpment of textile
machinery,power equipment etc.

17.  Authority
Government bodies like the State Trading Corporation,
Mines & Minerals Trading Corporation controls imports of
products.
HIGH CUSTOMS TARIFFS
Customs tariffs were raised in s o m e c a s e s t o 2 0 0
t o 3 0 0 % o n imported products . This gave protection
to local industries.
FINANCIAL STRUCTURE
Development of banks like Industrial finance corporation of
India (IFCI) 1948, Industrial development bank of India(IDBI)
1964,(UTI) 1963, (LIC) 1956.
•Regulations under the foreign exchange and regulation
act(FERA)
•Restricted foreign investment in a company to 40% .This
ensured that much of the control in companies with foreign
collaboration remained in the hands of Indians. To succeed,
Indian businessmen had to learn and apply modern
management and production techniques.

18. •Encouragement to small scale industries
supports like credit, marketing, technology,
entrepreneurship development, fiscal financial
and infrastructural support.
•Shares Percentage in Final Energy Consumption
Sector 1953-54 1990-91
Industry 39.8 50.4
Transport 46.2 24.5
Domestic 9.9 13.8
Agriculture 1.7 9.0
Others 2.4 2.3
Total 100.0 100.0

19. •First Industrial policy resolution of 1948
The first industrial policy gave emphasis to industry where state had a
monopoly (arms and ammunition etc.) there also existed mixed sector
industries (coal, iron and steel etc.) Government controlled industries
(automobiles, heavy machinery etc.) and private industries. The
industrial policy resolution also stressed the importance of cottage and
small scale industries.
•Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956
This resolution changed mixed economy approach by giving
more importance to public sector.
The resolution brought out the importance of removing regional
disparities in our country. A sufficient attention was paid by the
resolution for providing facilities to labourers. Industrial Policy
1970

20. •National industrial policy(1970)
1) This policy provided that there should be a class of core
industries consisting of basic, critical and strategic industries in
economy.
(2)All new investment prepositions of over Rs. 5 crore shall be
deemed to be in the heavy investment sector.
(3) The joint sector concept should be accepted in principle.
(4)The existing policy of reservation for the small sector will be
continued.
(5)The exemption limit from licensing provision will be raised to
Rs. 1 lakhs .

21. •Industrial Policy of 1980
The main objectives of 1980 industrial policy were the revival of
economy, effective operational management of public sector,
promotion of industries in rural areas, removal of regional
imbalance, concessions for industries engaged in research and
development of optimum utilization of installed capacity.
•Industrial Policy 1999
a) Consolidate the strengths built up during the last four decades of economic
planning and to build on the gains already made.
(b)Correct the weakness that may have crept in the industrial structure as it
has developed over the last four decades.
(c) Maintain a sustained growth in productivity and gainful employment.
(d)To attain international competitiveness government has decided to
liberalize industrial licensing policy, foreign investment, foreign technology
agreement, public sector policy and MRTP for the sake of realization of
objectives of the policy. The new industrial policy has abolished industrial
licensing. The new industrial policy has also scrapped the asset limit of MRTP
companies.

22. Industries in India
Iron & Steel Plants
Jamshedpur (Tesco
Plants) Jharkhand
Burnpur Harapur Kulti
(TISCO Plants) West Bengal
Vijay Nagar Plants Karnataka
Bhadravati Karnataka
Salem Tamil Nadu
Vishakhapatnam Plants Andhra Pradesh
Bhilai Steel Plant Chhattisgarh
Raurkela Steel Plant Orissa
Durgapur Plants Bengal
Bokaro Plants (BS), Steel
Limited (BSP) Jharkhand

23. At last these revolutions played a great role in
the world history. The future revolution will
be 4G and we should be ready to welcome it
and be a part of it.

24. “You cannot buy the Revolution,
You cannot make the Revolution,
You can only be the Revolution”.
Thank You