8. 工具:六頂思考帽
● White Hat: Info Data, Fact, Number, Available Info
● Red Hat: Feeling, Emotion, Intuition,
● Black Hat: 事實與判斷是否與證據相符,有效,安全,可
行性,風險 (Judge, Evaluation, Critics)
● Yellow Hat: 利害關係, Benefit, Advantage
● Green Hat: Free Discovery/Craetive,
Investigating/Understanding, Proposal/Plan/Suggestion, Al-
ternatives,New Idea/Concept, Problem Solving, Action
● Blue Hat: Control, Process, current situation, next step,
summary/conclusion
9. 工具: CoRT thinking program
● AGO: Aim, Goal, Objectives
● CAF: Consider All Factors,
● OPV: Other People's View
● APC: Alternatives, Possibilities, Choices
● FIP: First Important Priority
● C&S: Consequence and Sequel
● PMI: Plus, Minus, Interesting
15. 批判性思維 : 價值觀假設
● 假設 : 隱藏,未明述;視為理所當然;可能似是而非;對結論有確定
影響
● 理由 + 價值觀假設 (Value Assumption/judgment) ==> 結論
● Prescriptive Issue ,指示性:與應當,對錯有關
●
● Value Conflicts: What is the Choice, Stance, Preference
● 價值觀 : 人們認為有真實價值,作為行為準繩,以衡量行為品質
● 價值觀假設 : 於特定情境脈絡中,價值觀的偏好或優先順序
● 典型的 Value Conflicts :秩序 vs 言論自由;集體責任 vs 個人責任
● 確定價值觀的可能線索:作者背景,對預期後果的反應;類比議題;
Reverse Role Play( 唱反調 )
● Why the reader has to adopt the assumption behind?
16. 批判性思維 : 證據,事實,因果
● Q: Why should I believe it, How good is the evidence?
● Absolute true or false ( 正確 )<---> Dependable( 可信 )
● Opinion(taste, judgment) vs Fact
● → the greater quality/quantity of evidence
→ more dependable
→ the more we can call the claim “fact.”
● Major Kinds of evidence: Intuition, personal experience,
testimonials, appeal to authorities, personal observation, case
example, research study, analogies.
● Fallacy
● Cause & Effects: Rival Cause, Contributory Cause, Associ-
ation or Correlation, Statistics number
17. 批判性思維:有效性
● 有效性判斷標準
● Deductively valid( 演繹方法上有效 )
● 存在理由為真,而結論為誤的情況?
● Proved beyond reasonable doubt( 證明確切無疑 )
● 若理由為真 (or 可接受的 ) ,有合理的懷疑結論為
真?
● 刑事案件
● More likely than not on balance of evidence( 根據證據顯示
很可能發生 )
● 民事案件
19. 線性 向前躍進
Logic
AA BB C 推測的層次
C 完全有把握
相當有把握
猜測
AA D 可能
D 嘗試
Po( 誘發新思想 )
假說,推測,誘發 Jump
Open Minded
Or, Thinking Experiment
20. 創造性思維:水平思考
● 跳離大腦慣常模式
● 誘因 ===> 運動 ( 非判斷 )
● 產生誘因 : 他人,反過來思考,脫離常規,不理會事實的願
望,異想天開 (Po) ,非線性
● 讓點子運動:向前的態度 ( 不要判斷 ) ,時刻注意,提取原則
( 種子 ) ,注意相異點,尋找價值,有趣的面向
● 為沒有答案的問題尋找答案
NO Judge
Logic
New Idea Black Hat
New Idea
PO
運動
水平思考
Green Hat
23. Bono's 思維結構 ( 流程 )
● TO
Where are we going, Aim, Focus, Problem, AGO, Blue Hat
● LO:
Situation Observation, Info gathering, White hat, CAF, OPV
● PO:
Ideas/Solutions development generation, APC, Constructive,
Green Hat
● SO:
Comparison, Check, Selection, FIP, C&S, Yellow/Black Hat
Decision, Conclusion
● GO:
Action Plan, Backup