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Peter M. Dahlgren
doktorand, medieeffekter
peterdahlgren.com @peterdalle
Finns filterbubblor?
”En filterbubbla uppstår till följd av
personligt anpassade resultat av
sökningar efter information, till exempel
då en användare använder en sökmotor
på Internet eller delar och gillar saker på
ett socialt medium”
Människor föredrar
bekräftande info
Du klickar på
bekräftande info
Tjänsten lär sig
vad du vill ha
Tjänsten ger mer
av det du vill ha
Inga delade erfarenheter, politisk
polarisering, kunskapsklyftor
1
2
3
4
5
6
Du ser bara det som
bekräftar dina övertygelser
Vänstern Högern
Bakshy, Messing, & Adamic (2015)
Högern
Vänstern
RT
2010 U.S.
congressional
midterm elections
n = 250 000
Conover et al. (2011)
Människor föredrar
bekräftande info
Du klickar på
bekräftande info
Tjänsten lär sig
vad du vill ha
Tjänsten ger mer
av det du vill ha
Inga delade erfarenheter, politisk
polarisering, kunskapsklyftor
1
2
3
4
5
6
Du ser bara det som
bekräftar dina övertygelser
Messing & Westwood (2014)
Högern
Vänstern
@
Conover et al. (2011)
2010 U.S.
congressional
midterm elections
n = 250 000
Sverige är inte USA:
fler partier + public service
Fletcher & Nielsen (2017)
Internet breddar
nyhetskonsumtionen
Exponeras för
motsägande
information
Letar upp
bekräftande
information
Webster (2017)
Människor föredrar
bekräftande information…
p.g.a. människans psykologi
…men exponeras för
motsägande information
p.g.a. informationsmiljön
Individens
övertygelser
Nyheter och
information
Massmedier
Sociala medier
Katz (1957)
Massmedier
Sociala medier
Katz (1957)
Dessutom
• Preferenser är inte val
• Vänner inte alltid homogena
• Polarisering började innan sociala medier
• Politiskt intresserade rör sig över gränserna
• Alla algoritmer skräddarsyr inte informationsflödet
Vad vi hoppas människor gör
Bekräftande
information
Motsägande
information
Slutsats
Haidt (2001), Gilovich (1996), Kunda (1990), Lord, Ross, & Lepper (1979)
Vad människor faktiskt gör
Haidt (2001), Gilovich (1996), Kunda (1990), Lord, Ross, & Lepper (1979)
Bekräftande
information
Motsägande
information
Slutsats
Måste jag tro
på det här?
Kan jag tro
på det här?
Illusionen av
objektivitet
Motivated reasoning
Vem?
• De med hög motivation
• De med hög kunskap
När?
• Politisk konflikt
• Ämne som lockar fram
ställningstagande
Haidt (2001), Gilovich (1996), Kunda (1990), Lord, Ross, & Lepper (1979)
Argument är allra
mest polariserande
Isenberg (1986)
De mest mottagliga för att påverkas av information
exponeras inte för den, och de minst mottagliga för att
påverkas av information exponeras mest för den.
Påverkansparadoxen
Klapper (1960)
Om filterbubblor inte finns,
varför påstår medier det?
Nov
2016
nov 2016
github.com/peterdalle/filterbubblor
Nov
2016
nov 2016
github.com/peterdalle/filterbubblor
48 % förutsätter kunskap, nämns i
förbifarten, begreppet får ny innebörd
42 % negativa
31 % alarmistiska
6 % positiva
Henriksson (2017)
83 artiklar
”omslutande och … inlåsande rum där det nästan
enbart förekommer farliga och hotfulla åsikter …
nästan helt utan att ifrågasättas” (Henriksson, 2017)
Henriksson (2017)
”Journalistiken beskrivs … som hederligt och
trovärdigt” (Henriksson, 2017)
Wolfgang och djävulen
av Michael Pacher, bild från Wikipedia
Concept creep = när definitionen av de negativa
aspekterna expanderar så att de omfamnar
mycket bredare fenomen än tidigare
Haslam (2016)
Tid
Koncept
KonceptKoncept
”En filterbubbla uppstår till följd
av personligt anpassade resultat
av sökningar efter information, till
exempel då en användare
använder en sökmotor på
Internet eller delar och gillar
saker på ett socialt medium”
”På Facebook och andra
sociala medier finns
miljontals filterbubblor … I
stort sett varje klick du gör
på en social sajt flyttar dig
ännu djupare in i din egen
bubbla”
När vi tar del av samma
information, ser vi olika saker?
När vi tar del av olika
information, ser vi olika saker?
Nytt?
Erasmus av Rotterdam (1500)
Francis Bacon (1620)
John Stuart Mill (1864)
William James (1890)
Paul Lazarsfeld m.fl. (1948)
“Is there anywhere on
earth exempt from these
swarms of new books? …
can do far more damage
where good things are
concerned, or simply from
the fact that men’s
distractions call them away
from the reading of ancient
authors”
Erasmus & Barker (2001, s. 145)
Erasmus av Rotterdam
Idéer om vad vi bör göra
För Mot
För Mot
Institutionaliserad diskonfirmering
Mercier & Sperber (2010)
Filterbubbla Filterhåven
Peter M. Dahlgren
doktorand, medieeffekter
Inst. för journalistik, medier och kommunikation
Göteborgs universitet
@peterdalle
peterdahlgren.com
peter.dahlgren@jmg.gu.se marionett.net

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Filterbubblor: ett mediefenomen – Internetdagarna 2017