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Biocontrol of Aflatoxin in Kenya, R. Bandyopadhyay et al.
- 1. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives Aflatoxin Biocontrol Ranajit Bandyopadhyay IITA Peter Cotty USDA-ARS Charity Mutegi KARI Claudia Probst Univ of Arizona Joseph Atehnkeng IITA Jacob Mignouna AATF Francis Nangayo AATF Margaret McDaniel USDA-FAS
- 7. Biocontrol WORKS In tens of thousands of acres in the US! Aflasafe AF36 Aflaguard IT WORKS In Africa TOO!
- 9. Technology Development: Atoxigenic Strain Identification Collection/characterization VCG/DNA characterization Toxin assay Field Competition assays Lab cnx nia-D Unknown 2 + Field efficacy test
- 10. How does Biocontrol Work? Broadcast @ 10 kg/ha 2-3 weeks before flowering Sporulation on moist soil Spores Insects Inoculum on sorghum grain carrier 3-20 days Wind Soil colonization 30-33 grains m -2 Hyphal network in seed pericarp
- 11. Aflatoxin Biocontrol Facts Crops are infected by complex communities of diverse fungi Fungal communities differ in aflatoxin-producing ability & this influences crop vulnerability to contamination. Atoxigenic strains can be used to reduce aflatoxin-producing ability. There are many native atoxigenics Select safe strains best adapted to cropping systems, ecosystems, & climates Atoxigenics are Already Present on the Crop Just increase the frequency of endemic strains & natural interference with contamination Treatments May have Long-Term Influence & Cumulative Benefits More than One Crop May Benefit From the Applied Strain Atoxigenic Strains can be Applied Without Increasing Infection and without increasing the overall quantity of A. flavus on the crop & throughout the environment
- 15. Outline NAFDAC provisional registration approval letter
- 16. 10-kg boxes of AflaSafe ready for deployment
- 17. Explaining aflatoxin and biological control to farmers in their fields
- 18. B-Aflatoxin Concentration (ng/g) in Groundnut After Poor Storage *Mean of 4 samples ± SE Treatment B-aflatoxin* Reduction (%) Aflasafe TM 0.3 ± 0.4 96 Control 8.2 ± 2.5
- 19. Farmers treating maize and groundnut fields with AflaSafe Aflatoxin reduction at harvest: 2009: 80% 2010: 89% 56 to 73% carry-over of inoculum one year after application
- 20. Farmer Training
- 23. Kenya KARI AATF IITA USDA-ARS USDA-FAS Ministry of Agriculture Partnership Strong support from Min Agri and KARI
- 29. Aflatoxin in Maize Co-Inoculated with a Toxigenic Strain and a Few Kenyan Atoxigenic Strains Isolate co-inoculated Aflatoxin B1 (µg g -1 ) Average Reduction (%) Test 1 Test 2 Toxigenic alone 105 109 C6-E 9 19 87 C8-F 13 21 82 E62-L 8 23 87 E63-I 12 25 82 R1-N 12 25 83 NRRL-21882 9 27 86
- 31. Probst et al. 2011. Plant Disease. Vol. 95, January, 212-218
- 32. Inoculum at Nairobi airport being cleared by Charity Mutegi
- 33. Inoculum transported to KARI-Katumani
- 34. KARI-Katumani Center Director inspecting inoculum
- 35. Inoculum of 13 Kenyan atoxigenic strains in KARI-Katumani Lab
- 36. Soil sample collection before inoculation in KARI-Katumani
- 37. Training field workers in KARI-Katumani
- 38. Workers in protective clothing handling inoculum in KARI-Katumani
- 41. Focus Countries and Stages of Development Yet to start Partially started Completed Country Strain identification Partnerships Commercialization Capacity development Nigeria Senegal Burkina Faso Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Kenya Malawi Mozambique Tanzania Ethiopia Mali
- 42. Aflasafe-SN1 inoculum application in Senegal
- 43. Manufacturing Need for a pilot manufacturing facility Production Room Atoxigenic Strain Manufacturing Facility Arizona Cotton Research & Protection Council
- 44. How do we stimulate demand in the medium term?
- 46. Thank you IITA Campus, Ibadan
Notas do Editor
- Biological control agents act against plant pathogens through different modes of action. Antagonistic interactions that can lead to biological control include antibiosis, competition and hyperparasitism. Competition occurs when two or more microorganisms require the same resources in excess of their supply. These resources can include space, nutrients, and oxygen. In a biological control system, the more efficient competitor, i.e., the biological control agent, out-competes the less efficient one, i.e., the pathogen. Antibiosis occurs when antibiotics or toxic metabolites produced by one microorganism have direct inhibitory effect on another. Hyperparasitism or predation results from biotrophic or necrotrophic interactions that lead to parasitism of the plant pathogen by the biological control agent. Some microorganisms, particularly those in soil, can reduce damage from diseases by promoting plant growth or by inducing host resistance against a myriad of pathogens. Efficient biological control agents often express more than one mode of action for suppressing the plant pathogens.
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