awesome groovy

Dr Paul King
Groovy Lead for Object Computing Inc.
@paulk_asert
http:/slideshare.net/paulk_asert/awesome-groovy
https://github.com/paulk-asert/awesome-groovy
Apache Groovy:
The Awesome Parts
FRIEND OF GROOVY

What is Groovy?
4
Groovy = Java – boiler plate code
+ closures (1st class FP)
+ extensible type system
+ runtime & compile-time metaprogramming
+ flexible language grammar (DSLs)
+ scripting
+ GDK library
“Groovy is like a super version of Java.
It leverages Java features but adds productivity features
and provides great flexibility and extensibility.”

Why Groovy?
Too verbose
Support
functional
programming
Better
concurrency
Evolves
too slowly
I need
feature
XXX
Too complex
for some
situations
More
flexibility
Java

Why Groovy?
Groovy
Make it
simplerMake it
dynamic
Support
simple
scripting

Why Groovy?
Groovy
Make it
simplerMake it
dynamic
Support
simple
scripting
Java
integration

Why Groovy?
Groovy
Make it
simplerMake it
dynamic
Support
simple
scripting
Good IDE
support
Java
integration

Why Groovy?
Groovy
Make it
simplerMake it
dynamic
Support
simple
scripting
Good IDE
support
Custom
features
Java
integration

Why Groovy?
Groovy
Make it
simplerMake it
dynamic
Support
simple
scripting
Support
concurrency
Good IDE
support
Custom
features
Java
integration

Why Groovy?
Groovy
Make it
simplerMake it
dynamic
Support
simple
scripting
Support
functional
style
Support
concurrency
Good IDE
support
Custom
features
Java
integration

Java code for list manipulation
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ArrayList;
class Main {
private List keepShorterThan(List strings, int length) {
List result = new ArrayList();
for (int i = 0; i < strings.size(); i++) {
String s = (String) strings.get(i);
if (s.length() < length) {
result.add(s);
}
}
return result;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
List names = new ArrayList();
names.add("Ted"); names.add("Fred");
names.add("Jed"); names.add("Ned");
System.out.println(names);
Main m = new Main();
List shortNames = m.keepShorterThan(names, 4);
System.out.println(shortNames.size());
for (int i = 0; i < shortNames.size(); i++) {
String s = (String) shortNames.get(i);
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}

Groovy code for list manipulation
class Main {
result.add(s);
}
}
return result;
}
}
}
}
Rename
Main.java
to
Main.groovy

Some Java Boilerplate identified
class Main {
result.add(s);
}
}
return result;
}
}
}
}
Are the semicolons
needed?
And shouldn’t
we us more
modern list
notation?
Why not
import common
libraries?
Do we need
the static types?
Must we always
have a main
method and
class definition?
How about
improved
consistency?

Java Boilerplate removed
def keepShorterThan(strings, length) {
def result = new ArrayList()
for (s in strings) {
if (s.size() < length) {
result.add(s)
}
}
return result
}
names = new ArrayList()
names.add("Ted"); names.add("Fred")
names.add("Jed"); names.add("Ned")
System.out.println(names)
shortNames = keepShorterThan(names, 4)
System.out.println(shortNames.size())
for (s in shortNames) {
System.out.println(s)
}

More Java Boilerplate identified
def keepShorterThan(strings, length) {
def result = new ArrayList()
for (s in strings) {
if (s.size() < length) {
result.add(s)
}
}
return result
}
names = new ArrayList()
names.add("Ted"); names.add("Fred")
names.add("Jed"); names.add("Ned")
System.out.println(names)
shortNames = keepShorterThan(names, 4)
System.out.println(shortNames.size())
for (s in shortNames) {
System.out.println(s)
}
Shouldn’t we
have special
notation for lists?
And special
facilities for
list processing?
Is ‘return’
needed at end?
Is the method
now needed?
Simplify common
methods?
Remove unambiguous
brackets?

Boilerplate removed = nicer Groovy version
names = ["Ted", "Fred", "Jed", "Ned"]
println names
shortNames = names.findAll{ it.size() < 4 }
println shortNames.size()
shortNames.each{ println it }
["Ted", "Fred", "Jed", "Ned"]
3
Ted
Jed
Ned
Output:

Or Groovy DSL version if required
given the names "Ted", "Fred", "Jed" and "Ned"
display all the names
display the number of names having size less than 4
display the names having size less than 4
// plus a DSL implementation

names = []
def of, having, less
def given(_the) { [names:{ Object[] ns -> names.addAll(ns)
[and: { n -> names += n }] }] }
def the = [
number: { _of -> [names: { _having -> [size: { _less -> [than: { size ->
println names.findAll{ it.size() < size }.size() }]}] }] },
names: { _having -> [size: { _less -> [than: { size ->
names.findAll{ it.size() < size }.each{ println it } }]}] }
]
def all = [the: { println it }]
def display(arg) { arg }

• Or use GDSL (IntelliJ IDEA) or DSLD (Eclipse)

Or typed Groovy DSL version if required
…
enum The { the }
enum Having { having }
enum Of { of }
…
class DisplayThe {
DisplayTheNamesHaving names(Having having) {
new DisplayTheNamesHaving()
}
DisplayTheNumberOf number(Of of) {
new DisplayTheNumberOf()
}
}
…
// plus 50 lines

@TypeChecked(extensions='EdChecker.groovy')
def method() {
}

def method() {
}
afterMethodCall { mc ->
mc.arguments.each {
if (isConstantExpression(it)) {
if (it.value instanceof String && !it.value.endsWith('ed')) {
addStaticTypeError("I don't like the name '${it.value}'", mc)
}
}
}
}


def method() {
}
mc.arguments.each {
}
}
}
}

def method() {
given the names "Ted", “Mary", "Jed" and “Pete"
}
mc.arguments.each {
}
}
}
}

def method() {
given the names "Ted", “Mary", "Jed" and “Pete"
}
mc.arguments.each {
}
}
}
}


What style of language is Groovy?

Groovy Style
• Imperative/OO but somewhat
paradigm agnostic
•Dynamic, optionally static (gradual
extensible typing)
• Extensible language features
through metaprogramming

Part 2: What makes Groovy Awesome?

What makes Groovy Awesome?
• Java integration
• Scripting support
• Multiparadigm
• Gradual typing
• Metaprogramming
• Domain specific
language (DSL) support
• Ecosystem
• Community/Team
Awesome

• Builds up on Java
• Tight integration
• Polyglot friendly
• Multiparadigm
• Gradual typing
• Metaprogramming
• Domain Specific Language support
• Ecosystem
• Community/Team

Java Integration
• Groovy is Java’s friend
Java
Groovy

Java Integration
• Standing on the shoulders of Giants
• Some limitations inherited but much
gained through new releases of Java
• Rock solid foundation
• Can ease migration to new versions
of Java
Java
Groovy

Java Integration
• Seamless integration
• IDEs provide cross-language compile,
navigation, and refactoring
• Arbitrarily mix source language
• Drop-in replace
any class
• Overloaded methods
• Syntax alignment
• Shared data types
Java
Groovy

Java Integration
• Typically integrates well with other
languages which integrate with Java
• JRuby
• Jython
• Scala
• Frege
• Clojure
• R through Renjin
• JavaScript
(Rhino/Nashorn)

Java Integration
• JSR-223 scripting
to talk to JavaScript
import javax.script.ScriptEngineManager
def mgr = new ScriptEngineManager()
def engine = mgr.getEngineByName('nashorn')
assert engine.eval('''
function factorial(n) {
if (n == 0) { return 1; }
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
factorial(4)
''') == 24.0
Java
GroovyJavaScript

Java Integration
• Polyglot friendly: R integration
@GrabResolver('https://nexus.bedatadriven.com/content/groups/public')
@Grab('org.renjin:renjin-script-engine:0.7.0-RC7')
def mgr = new ScriptEngineManager()
def engine = mgr.getEngineByName('Renjin')
engine.with {
eval '''
factorial <- function(x) {
y <- 1
for (i in 1:x) { y <- y * i }
return(y)
}
'''
assert eval('factorial(4)')[0] == 24
}
Java
GroovyR

Grooscript
@Grab('org.grooscript:grooscript:1.2.0')
import org.grooscript.GrooScript
def groojs = GrooScript.convert '''
def sayHello = { println "Hello ${it}!" }
['Groovy','JavaScript','GrooScript'].each sayHello''',
[initialText: 'var console = { log: print }',
addGsLib: 'grooscript.min']
new ScriptEngineManager().getEngineByName("nashorn").eval(groojs)
Hello Groovy!
Hello JavaScript!
Hello GrooScript!
Jorge Franco, grooscript.org
Convert Groovy subset to JavaScript
Support: Gradle, Grails, NPM
Demos: react.js, node.js, Pollock
Converts: Classes, closures, Date
primitives, ranges, String/GString
Special: builder, templates, gQuery

• Builds up on Java
• Tight integration
• Multiparadigm
• Gradual typing
• Metaprogramming
• Ecosystem
• Community/Team
Awesome
• Friend of Java
• Integration
• Good JVM Citizen

• Simplified scripting
• Separation of concerns
• Security sandbox
• Multiparadigm
• Gradual typing
• Metaprogramming
• Ecosystem
• Community/Team
Awesome

Scripting
• Terse format
• Isolation
• Domain-Specific
Languages (DSLs)
• Security
• Flexibility

Scripting
• Leave out surrounding class
• Entire source file:
public class Script {
System.out.println("Hello world");
}
}
println "Hello world"

Scripting
• Various approaches supported
• GroovyShell
• GroovyScriptEngine
• GroovyClassLoader
• Spring
• JSR-223
• Base scripts
• allows predefined methods
• Binding
• allows predefined variables
• Customizers
• add imports, static imports
• lock down AST to a subset
• apply any AST transform transparently

Scripting
class Robot {
void move(dir) {
println "robot moved $dir"
}
}
def robot = new Robot()

Scripting
import static Direction.*
enum Direction {
left, right, forward, backward
}
class Robot {
void move(Direction dir) {
println "robot moved $dir"
}
}
robot.move left

Scripting
move left
def binding = new Binding(
robot: robot,
move: robot.&move,
*: Direction.values().collectEntries {
[(it.name()): it]
}
)
def shell = new GroovyShell(binding)
shell.evaluate new File(args[0]).text

Scripting
move left
def binding = new Binding(/* ... */)
def imports = new ImportCustomizer().addStaticStars('java.lang.Math')
def timeout = new ASTTransformationCustomizer(value: 2, TimedInterrupt)
def secure = new SecureASTCustomizer().with {
closuresAllowed = false
importsWhitelist = []
tokensWhitelist = [ PLUS, MINUS, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, /*...*/ ]
//...
}
def sysExit = new CompilationCustomizer(CANONICALIZATION) {
void call(SourceUnit src, GeneratorContext ctxt, ClassNode cn) {
new ClassCodeVisitorSupport() {
void visitMethodCallExpression(MethodCallExpression call) {
// check for System.exit()
}
// ...
}.visitClass(cn)
}
}
def config = new CompilerConfiguration()
config.addCompilationCustomizers(imports, timeout, secure, sysExit)
def shell = new GroovyShell(binding, config)

Scripting
move left
move forward at 3.km/h
More
examples
later

• Simplified scripting
• Security sandbox
• Multiparadigm
• Gradual typing
• Metaprogramming
• Ecosystem
• Community/Team
Awesome
• Simpler scripting

• Multiparadigm
• Object-oriented
• Functional, Closures
• Logic/Dataflow programming
• Gradual typing
• Metaprogramming
• Ecosystem
• Community/Team

Multiparadigm
• Imperative roots from Java
• OO abstractions: classes,
interfaces, inheritance
• Properties
• Traits
• First class functional support via closures
• External libraries for advanced features
• Other paradigms via libraries
• Logic, dataflow, reactive
Awesome

Multiparadigm
Imperative/OO
Logic programming
Functional

Rich OO features
• Classes (and scripts, GroovyBeans)
• Fields (and properties)
• Methods, constructors, multi-methods, named and default parameters
• Inheritance (behavior and implementation), interfaces, traits
• Type aliases
• Packages
• Special accessor notation, spread operators, GPath, safe navigation

Traits
/**
* Things that hop
* @author Grace
*/
trait Hopper {
String jump() { "I'm jumping!" }
}
class Kangaroo implements Hopper {}
def skip = new Kangaroo()
assert skip.jump() == "I'm jumping!"

Rich functional features
• Closures
• First-class functions
• Higher-order functions
• Map, reduce, filter
• Mutable & immutable data
• Recursion
• Lazy & eager evaluation
• Advanced FP techniques
• Memoization, Trampolines, Composition, Curry
• Concurrency

map/filter/reduce
@Canonical
class Person {
String name
int age
}
def people = [
new Person('Peter', 45),
new Person('Paul', 35),
new Person('Mary', 25)
]
assert people
.findAll{ it.age < 40 }
.collect{ it.name.toUpperCase() }
.sort()
.join(', ') == 'MARY, PAUL'

map/filter/reduce (+ functional style)
@Canonical
class Person {
String name
int age
}
def people = [
]
assert people
.sort()
def young = { person, threshold ->
person.age < threshold
}.rcurry(40).memoize()
assert people
.findAll(young)
.sort()

map/filter/reduce (+ with streams)
@Canonical
class Person {
String name
int age
}
def people = [
]
assert people
.sort()
// requires JRE 8
def commaSep = Collectors.joining(", ")
assert people.stream()
.filter{ it.age < 40 }
.map{ it.name.toUpperCase() }
.sorted()
.collect(commaSep) == 'MARY, PAUL'

Logic/Constraint programming
• Logic programming
• Declarative style
• Logic clauses for example Prolog
• Constraint programming
• Declarative style similar to logic programming but contain constraints which
must be satisfied
• Relations between variables are stated as constraints
• Not a step or sequence of steps to execute, but rather the properties of a
solution to be found

Logic programming example
cranes have 2 legs
tortoises have 4 legs
there are 7 animals
there are 20 legs
How many of each animal?

Constraint programming example
@Grab('org.choco-solver:choco-solver:4.0.4')
import org.chocosolver.solver.Model
def m = new Model()
def totalAnimals = 7
def totalLegs = 20
def numCranes = m.intVar('Cranes', 0, totalAnimals, true)
def numTortoises = m.intVar('Tortoises', 0, totalAnimals, true)
def numCraneLegs = m.intScaleView(numCranes, 2)
def numTortoiseLegs = m.intScaleView(numTortoises, 4)
m.arithm(numCranes, '+', numTortoises, '=', totalAnimals).post()
m.arithm(numCraneLegs, '+', numTortoiseLegs, '=', totalLegs).post()
if (m.solver.solve())
println "$numCranesn$numTortoises"
else
println "No Solutions" Cranes = 4
Tortoises = 3
ChocoCraneTortoise.groovy
See also: JSR-331 Constraint Programming API

Dataflow programming
• Declarative style
• Emphasizes the movement of data
• models programs as a series of connected tasks
• A task has explicitly defined inputs and outputs
• runs as soon as all of its inputs become available
• Inherently parallel

GPars
• Library classes and DSL allowing
you to handle tasks concurrently:
• Data Parallelism map, filter, reduce functionality
in parallel with parallel array support
• Asynchronous functions extend the Java executor
services to enable multi-threaded closure processing
• Dataflow Concurrency supports natural
shared-memory concurrency model, using
single-assignment variables
• Actors provide Erlang/Scala-like actors
including "remote" actors on other machines
• Safe Agents provide a non-blocking mt-safe
reference to mutable state; like "agents" in Clojure
72
Awesome

Concurrency challenge
• We can analyse the example’s task graph:
def (f1, f2, f3, f4) = [{ sleep 1000; it }] * 3 +
[{ x, y -> x + y }]
def a = 5
def b = f1(a)
def c = f2(a)
def d = f3(c)
def f = f4(b, d)
assert f == 10

• We can analyse the example’s task graph:
def (f1, f2, f3, f4) = [{ sleep 1000; it }] * 3 +
[{ x, y -> x + y }]
def a = 5
def b = f1(a)
def c = f2(a)
def d = f3(c)
def f = f4(b, d)
assert f == 10
f2
f3
f1
f4
aa
b
c
d
f

• Manually using asynchronous functions:
def (f1, f2, f3, f4) = [{ sleep 1000; it }] * 3 +
[{ x, y -> x + y }]
import static groovyx.gpars.GParsPool.withPool
withPool(2) {
def a = 5
def futureB = f1.callAsync(a)
def c = f2(a)
def d = f3(c)
def f = f4(futureB.get(), d)
assert f == 10
}
f2
f3
f1
f4
aa
futureB
c
d
f

• And with GPars Dataflows:
def (f1, f2, f3, f4) = [{ sleep 1000; it }] * 3 +
[{ x, y -> x + y }]
import groovyx.gpars.dataflow.Dataflows
import static groovyx.gpars.dataflow.Dataflow.task
new Dataflows().with {
task { a = 5 }
task { b = f1(a) }
task { c = f2(a) }
task { d = f3(c) }
task { f = f4(b, d) }
assert f == 10
}
f2
f3
f1
f4
aa
b
c
d
f

• And with GPars Dataflows:
def (f1, f2, f3, f4) = [{ sleep 1000; it }] * 3 +
[{ x, y -> x + y }]
import groovyx.gpars.dataflow.Dataflows
import static groovyx.gpars.dataflow.Dataflow.task
new Dataflows().with {
task { f = f4(b, d) }
task { d = f3(c) }
task { c = f2(a) }
task { b = f1(a) }
task { a = 5 }
assert f == 10
}
f2
f3
f1
f4
aa
b
c
d
f

• Multiparadigm
• Object-oriented
• Functional, Closures
• Logic/dataflow programming
• Gradual typing
• Metaprogramming
• Ecosystem
• Community/Team
• Ability to use imperative
when needed for speed
• Numerous declarative
approaches available
when it makes sense
Awesome

• Multiparadigm
• Gradual typing
• Dynamic strong typing
• Static type checking
• Extensible
• Type inference
• Metaprogramming
• Ecosystem
• Community/Team

Gradual typing
• Dynamic by default
• Gradual typing
• Extensible type system
Awesome

Dynamic vs static
82
def myPets = ['Lassie', 'Skip']
List<String> yourPets = ['Lassie', 'Skip']
shouldFail(ClassCastException) {
List ourPets = new Date()
}

Dynamic vs static
83
Gradual
Type-time?
}

Dynamic vs static
84
}
def adder = { a, b -> a + b }
assert adder(100, 200) == 300
assert adder('X', 'Y') == 'XY'

Dynamic vs static
85
assert adder(100, 200) == 300
}
Duck-typing

Dynamic vs static
86
assert adder(100, 200) == 300
}
@TypeChecked
def myMethod() {
List yourPets = ['Lassie', 'Skip']
}
shouldFail(CompilationFailedException) {
assertScript '''
@groovy.transform.TypeChecked
def yourMethod() {
}
'''
}

Dynamic vs static
87
assert adder(100, 200) == 300
}
@TypeChecked
def myMethod() {
List yourPets = ['Lassie', 'Skip']
}
shouldFail(CompilationFailedException) {
assertScript '''
@groovy.transform.TypeChecked
def yourMethod() {
}
'''
}
Extensible
Inference

Extensible type checking
import groovy.transform.TypeChecked
import experimental.SprintfTypeChecker
@TypeChecked(extensions=SprintfTypeChecker)
void main() {
sprintf('%s will turn %d on %tF', 'John', new Date(), 21)
}
[Static type checking] - Parameter types didn't match types
expected from the format String:
For placeholder 2 [%d] expected 'int' but was 'java.util.Date'
For placeholder 3 [%tF] expected 'java.util.Date' but was 'int'
sprintf has an Object varargs parameter, hence not normally
amenable to further static checking but for constant Strings
we can do better using a custom type checking plugin.

Extensible type checking
import groovy.sql.Sql
import groovy.transform.TypeChecked
@TypeChecked(extensions='SQLExtension.groovy')
findAthletes(Sql sql) {
sql.eachRow('select * frm Athlete') { row -> println row }
}
SqlTC.groovy: 7: [Static type checking] - SQL query is not
valid: net.sf.jsqlparser.JSQLParserException
@ line 6, column 15.
sql.eachRow('select * frm Athlete') { row -> println row }
^
1 error

Static compilation
import groovy.transform.*
class Actor {
String firstName, lastName
@CompileStatic
String getFullName() { "$firstName $lastName" }
void makePeace() {
new AntBuilder().echo('Peace was never an option')
}
}
def magneto = new Actor(firstName: 'Ian', lastName: 'McKellen')
assert magneto.fullName == 'Ian McKellen'
magneto.makePeace()

Static compilation speed
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Fibonacci micro-benchmark

• Multiparadigm
• Gradual typing
• Dynamic strong typing
• Extensible
• Type inference
• Metaprogramming
• Ecosystem
• Community/Team
• Maximise duck-typing
• Minimise noise
• yet type inference
• Flexibility at runtime
• As strict as you want
when needed
• Fast when needed
Awesome

• Multiparadigm
• Gradual typing
• Metaprogramming
• Runtime
• Compile-time
• Macros
• Ecosystem
• Community/Team

Runtime metaprogramming
• Add instance & static methods, constructors,
properties at runtime
• Intercept method/property access
• Catch missing methods, properties
• Used for dynamic builders, aspect-oriented
programming, test stubs, mocks & dummies
Awesome*
* Individual levels of awesomeness may vary

• Adding methods at runtime
assert 'Hello'.reverse() == 'olleH'
String.metaClass.swapCase = { delegate.collect{
it in 'A'..'Z' ? it.toLowerCase() : it.toUpperCase()
}.join() }
assert 'Hello'.swapCase() == 'hELLO'

• Intercepting methods
class Foo {
def one() { println "Called one()" }
def methodMissing(String name, params) {
println "Attempted $name($params)"
}
}
def f = new Foo()
f.one()
f.two()
f.three('Some Arg')
Called one()
Attempted two([])
Attempted three([Some Arg])

XML Parsing/GPath expressions
def xml = '''
<hosts>
<host name='MyHost'>
<service name='MyMicroService'/>
<service name='MyNanoService'/>
</host>
</hosts>
'''
def hosts = new XmlParser().parseText(xml)
assert hosts.host.service[0].@name=='MyMicroService'

def xml = '''
<hosts>
<host name='MyHost'>
<service name='MyMicroService'/>
<service name='MyNanoService'/>
</host>
</hosts>
'''
def hosts = new XmlParser().parseText(xml)
assert hosts.host.service[0].@name=='MyMicroService'
XML Parsing/GPath expressions

Compile-time metaprogramming
• Gives you the ability to change the language by augmenting the
compilation process
Awesome

• Modify the program
at compile-time
@ToString
class Person {
String first, last
}
println new Person(first: 'John',
last: 'Smith')
// => Person(John, Smith)

• Modify the program
at compile-time
class Person {
String first, last
String toString() {
"Person($first, $last)"
}
}
println new Person(first: 'John',
last: 'Smith')
// => Person(John, Smith)

Parsing Summary
public run()
...
L1
ALOAD 1
LDC 1
AALOAD
ALOAD 0
LDC "Howdy Y'all"
INVOKEINTERFACE callCurrent()
ARETURN
...
println "Howdy Y'all"
BlockStatement
-> ReturnStatement
-> MethodCallExpression
-> VariableExpression("this")
-> ConstantExpression("println")
-> ArgumentListExpression
-> ConstantExpression("Howdy Y'all")
MyScript.groovy
> groovy MyScript.groovy
> groovyc MyScript.groovy
> groovysh
> groovyConsole

• 9 phase compiler
– Early stages: read source code
and convert into a sparse syntax
tree
– Middle stages: iteratively build up
a more dense and information rich
version of the syntax tree
– Later stages: check the tree and
convert it into byte code/class files
Initialization
Semantic Analysis
Instruction Selection
Parsing
Conversion
Canonicalization
Class Generation
Output
Finalization
Parsing Summary

Parsing - Early Stages
Initialization
Semantic Analysis
Parsing
Conversion
Canonicalization
Class Generation
Output
Finalization
@ToString
class Greeter {
String message = "Howdy Y'all"
void greet() {
println message
}
}
ClassNode: Greeter
MethodNode: greet
Property: message
type: unresolved(String)
AnnotationNode:
ToString
type:
unresolved(ToString)
methods:
properties:
annotations:
BlockStatement
MethodCall:
this.println(message)

Parsing - Middle Stages
Initialization
Semantic Analysis
Parsing
Conversion
Canonicalization
Class Generation
Output
Finalization
ClassNode: Greeter
MethodNode: greet
FieldNode: message
type: resolved(String)
methods:
fields:
constructors:
ConstructorNode
MethodNode:
getMessageMethodNode:
setMessageMethodNode: toString
MethodNode:
getMetaClass…

Parsing - Final Stages
106
Initialization
Semantic Analysis
Parsing
Conversion
Canonicalization
Class Generation
Output
Finalization
public greet()V
...
L1
...
ALOAD 0
GETFIELD Greeter.message
INVOKEINTERFACE callCurrent()
POP
...

Immutable Classes
• Some Rules
• Don’t provide mutators
• Ensure that no methods can
be overridden
o Easiest to make the class final
o Or use static factories & non-public
constructors
• Make all fields final
• Make all fields private
o Avoid even public immutable constants
• Ensure exclusive access to any mutable components
o Don’t leak internal references
o Defensive copying in and out
• Optionally provide equals and hashCode methods
• Optionally provide toString method

@Immutable...
• Java Immutable Class
• As per Joshua Bloch Effective Java
public final class Person {
private final String first;
private final String last;
public String getFirst() {
return first;
}
public String getLast() {
return last;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int prime = 31;
int result = 1;
result = prime * result + ((first == null)
? 0 : first.hashCode());
result = prime * result + ((last == null)
? 0 : last.hashCode());
return result;
}
public Person(String first, String last) {
this.first = first;
this.last = last;
}
// ...
// ...
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj)
return true;
if (obj == null)
return false;
if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
return false;
Person other = (Person) obj;
if (first == null) {
if (other.first != null)
return false;
} else if (!first.equals(other.first))
return false;
if (last == null) {
if (other.last != null)
return false;
} else if (!last.equals(other.last))
return false;
return true;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person(first:" + first
+ ", last:" + last + ")";
}
}

...@Immutable...
public final class Person {
private final String first;
private final String last;
public String getFirst() {
return first;
}
public String getLast() {
return last;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int prime = 31;
int result = 1;
result = prime * result + ((first == null)
? 0 : first.hashCode());
result = prime * result + ((last == null)
? 0 : last.hashCode());
return result;
}
public Person(String first, String last) {
this.first = first;
this.last = last;
}
// ...
// ...
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj)
return true;
if (obj == null)
return false;
if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
return false;
Person other = (Person) obj;
if (first == null) {
if (other.first != null)
return false;
} else if (!first.equals(other.first))
return false;
if (last == null) {
if (other.last != null)
return false;
} else if (!last.equals(other.last))
return false;
return true;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person(first:" + first
+ ", last:" + last + ")";
}
}
boilerplate• Java Immutable Class
• As per Joshua Bloch Effective Java

...@Immutable
@Immutable class Person {
String first, last
}
Awesome

With Macros (Groovy 2.5+)
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.*
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.stmt.*
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.*
def ast = new ReturnStatement(
new ConstructorCallExpression(
ClassHelper.make(Date),
ArgumentListExpression.EMPTY_ARGUMENTS
)
)
def ast = macro {
return new Date()
}

Awesome
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.*
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.stmt.*
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.*
def ast = new ReturnStatement(
new ConstructorCallExpression(
ClassHelper.make(Date),
ArgumentListExpression.EMPTY_ARGUMENTS
)
)
def ast = macro {
return new Date()
}

• Variations:
• Expressions, Statements, Classes
• Supports variable substitution,
specifying compilation phase
def ast = macro {
return new Date()
}

• AST Matching:
• Selective transformations, filtering, testing
• Supports placeholders
Expression transform(Expression exp) {
Expression ref = macro { 1 + 1 }
if (ASTMatcher.matches(ref, exp)) {
return macro { 2 }
}
return super.transform(exp)
}

Macro method examples
class X {
String name
}
class Y {
List<X> list
}
class Z {
Y y
}
Adapted from https://github.com/touchez-du-bois/akatsuki
but adapted for the experimental Antlr4 “Parrot” parser.
def getName(Z z) {
z.y.list[0].name
}
• nullSafe

class X {
String name
}
class Y {
List<X> list
}
class Z {
Y y
}
def getName(Z z) {
z.y.list[0].name
}
• nullSafe

class X {
String name
}
class Y {
List<X> list
}
class Z {
Y y
}
def getName(Z z) {
z.y.list[0].name
}
Prone to NPE
• nullSafe

• nullSafe
class X {
String name
}
class Y {
List<X> list
}
class Z {
Y y
}
def getName(Z z) {
def result = null
if (z != null && z.y != null &&
z.y.list != null && z.y.list[0] != null) {
result = z.y.list[0].name
}
result
}

class X {
String name
}
class Y {
List<X> list
}
class Z {
Y y
}
def getName(Z z) {
def result = null
if (z != null && z.y != null &&
z.y.list != null && z.y.list[0] != null) {
result = z.y.list[0].name
}
result
}
Verbose
• nullSafe

def getName(Z z) {
z?.y?.list?[0]?.name
}
class X {
String name
}
class Y {
List<X> list
}
class Z {
Y y
}
• nullSafe

class X {
String name
}
class Y {
List<X> list
}
class Z {
Y y
}
• nullSafe
def getName(Z z) {
nullSafe(z.y.list[0].name)
}

@Macro
static Expression nullSafe(MacroContext macroContext, Expression expression) {
if (expression instanceof PropertyExpression) {
// exp.prop -> exp?.prop …
} else if (expression instanceof MethodCallExpression) {
// exp.method() -> exp?.method() …
}
return expression
}
• nullSafe
def getName(Z z) {
nullSafe(z.y.list[0].name)
}

def fact(num) {
return match(num) {
when String then fact(num.toInteger())
when(0 | 1) then 1
when 2 then 2
orElse num * fact(num - 1)
}
}
assert fact("5") == 120
See: https://github.com/touchez-du-bois/akatsuki

• Spock inspired
@Grab('org.spockframework:spock-core:1.0-groovy-2.4')
import spock.lang.Specification
class MathSpec extends Specification {
def "maximum of two numbers"(int a, int b, int c) {
expect:
Math.max(a, b) == c
where:
a | b | c
1 | 3 | 3
7 | 4 | 7
0 | 0 | 0
}
}

See: https://github.com/touchez-du-bois/akatsuki
doWithData {
dowith:
assert a + b == c
where:
a | b || c
1 | 2 || 3
4 | 5 || 9
7 | 8 || 15
}

• Multiparadigm
• Gradual typing
• Metaprogramming
• Runtime
• Compile-time
• Macros
• Ecosystem
• Community/Team
• Ability to change the language
at runtime
• Ability to change the language
during the compilation process
• Macros provide a
homogeneous form
for writing AST
transformations
Awesome

• Multiparadigm
• Gradual typing
• Metaprogramming
 Command chains
• Cranes and tortoises revisited
• Ecosystem
• Community/Team

Command Chains
• Ability to chain method calls without parentheses and dots
Awesome

Command Chains

Command Chains
• Equivalent to:
move(forward).at(3.getKm().div(h))

Command chains in DSLs
Number.metaClass.getShares = { delegate }
Number.metaClass.getDollars = { delegate }
String GOOG = 'Google'
def sell(int nShares) {
[of: { String ticker ->
[at: { int price ->
println "Sold $nShares $ticker at $$price"
}]
}]
}
sell 100.shares of GOOG at 1000.dollars

show = { println it }
square_root = { Math.sqrt(it) }
def please(action) {
[the: { what ->
[of: { n -> action(what(n)) }]
}]
}
please show the square_root of 100
// ==> 10.0

[the: { what ->
}]
}
please(show).the(square_root).of(100)
// ==> 10.0

[the: { what ->
}]
}
please(show).the(square_root).of(100)
// ==> 10.0
… and again in another language …

// Japanese DSL
Object.metaClass.を =
Object.metaClass.の =
{ clos -> clos(delegate) }
まず = { it }
表示する = { println it }
平方根 = { Math.sqrt(it) }
まず 100 の平方根を表示する
// First, show the square root of 100
// => 10.0 // source: http://d.hatena.ne.jp/uehaj/20100919/1284906117
// http://groovyconsole.appspot.com/edit/241001

• Multiparadigm
• Gradual typing
• Metaprogramming
• Command chains
 Cranes and tortoises revisited
• Ecosystem
• Community/Team

Recall: Constraint programming example
@Grab('org.choco-solver:choco-solver:4.0.0')
import org.chocosolver.solver.Model
def m = new Model()
def totalAnimals = 7
def totalLegs = 20
def numCranes = m.intVar('Cranes', 0, totalAnimals, true)
def numTortoises = m.intVar('Tortoises', 0, totalAnimals, true)
def numCraneLegs = m.intScaleView(numCranes, 2)
def numTortoiseLegs = m.intScaleView(numTortoises, 4)
m.arithm(numCranes, '+', numTortoises, '=', totalAnimals).post()
m.arithm(numCraneLegs, '+', numTortoiseLegs, '=', totalLegs).post()
if (m.solver.solve())
println "$numCranesn$numTortoises"
else
println "No Solutions" Cranes = 4
Tortoises = 3
ChocoCraneTortoise.groovy

dslUntyped/ChocoCraneTortoiseDSL.groovy
50 lines to define the DSL

cranes have 2 legs
there are 7 animals
there are 20 legs
display solution
Cranes 4
Tortoises 3

cranes have 2 legs
millipedes have 1000 legs
there are 8 animals
there are 1020 legs
display solution
Cranes 4
Tortoises 3
Millipedes 1

Crane(2), Tortoise(4), Beetle(6), Centipede(100), Millipede(1000)
Solution: Tortoise = 3, Beetle = 23
Solution: Crane = 1, Tortoise = 1, Beetle = 24
Solution: Crane = 25, Centipede = 1
dslTyped/ChocoCraneTortoiseDSL.groovy
@TypeChecked
def main() {
animals seen include Crane, Tortoise, Beetle, Centipede
leg count is 150
head count is 26
display solution
}

@TypeChecked
def main() {
animals seen include Crane, Tortoise, Beetle, Centipede
leg count is 150
head count is 26
display solution
}
dslTyped/ChocoCraneTortoiseDSL.groovy

DSL Type Provider
unresolvedVariable { var ->
if (!cachedAnimalNames) {
def accessKey = '72ddf45a-c751-44c7-9bca-8db3b4513347'
// for illustrative purposes, just download xml for a few animals
def uid = 'ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104550,ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105196,ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.120227'
def base = "https://services.natureserve.org/idd/rest/ns/v1.1/globalSpecies"
def url = "$base/comprehensive?uid=$uid&NSAccessKeyId=$accessKey"
def root = new XmlParser().parse(url)
def names = root.globalSpecies.classification.names
cachedAnimalNames = names.natureServePrimaryGlobalCommonName*.text()*.replaceAll(' ','')
}
if (var.name in cachedAnimalNames) {
storeType(var, STRING_TYPE)
handled = true
enclosingClassNode.addField(var.name, 0, STRING_TYPE, new ConstantExpression(var.name))
}
}

DSL Type Provider
@TypeChecked(extensions='NatureServeAnimalProvider.groovy')
def main() {
animals seen include SandhillCrane, GopherTortoise, ChihuahuanMillipede
leg count is 1020
head count is 8
display solution
}
Custom checker
provider/ChocoCraneTortoiseProvider.groovy
25 lines to define the provider

Awesome
Awesome
Awesome
Awesome
Ecosystem

Groovy's Awesome Team
+100's of others
Direct downloads:
2013: approx. 3 million
2014: 4+ million
2015: 12+ million
now: 2+ million/month

Groovy's Awesome Team
+100's of others just like YOU!

http://www.manning.com/koenig2
Groovy in Action 2nd edition
Manning promo code:
ctwg3sum
(39% off all Manning books)
152

awesome groovy

Recomendados

Recomendados

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Mais procurados (20)

Destaque

Destaque (20)

Semelhante a awesome groovy

Semelhante a awesome groovy (20)

Mais de Paul King

Mais de Paul King (15)

Último

Último (20)

awesome groovy