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Basic Income Guarantee

Guaranteed Minimum Income

     Citizen Dividend

     Kansalaispalkka

        Perustulo

          etc....
BIEN Finland – Suomen
              perustuloverkosto
- osa kansainvälistä BIEN (Basic Income Earth Network) -verkostoa
- Kansalaisaloite 1.2.2013 -> kuusi kuukautta aikaa kerätä 50.000
nimeä (jonka jälkeen, jos nimiä on tarpeeksi, eduskunnan on pakko
ottaa asia käsittelyyn)
- Ideologisesti riippumaton: sekä oikeistoa että vasemmistoa
edustettuna, puoluekartalta lähes kaikki puolueet edustettuina
- Suomessa muodosti itsensä järjestöksi marraskuussa 2012.
- Edistää perustulosta käytävää keskustelua ja ajaa perustuloa
"Perustulolla tarkoitetaan järjestelmää, jossa kaikille maksetaan toimeentuloa
   varten säännöllisesti tietty tasasuuruinen rahasumma. Perustulo maksetaan
  henkilön muista tuloista riippumatta eikä sen saamiseen liity mitään ehtoja tai
            velvoitteita. Maksajana toimii valtio tai muu julkinen taho.

 Perustulosta on olemassa erilaisia malleja, joissa tulon suuruus, sen rahoitustapa
ja suhde muuhun sosiaaliturvaan vaihtelevat. Useimmissa Suomessa esillä olleissa
 malleissa perustulolla korvattaisiin nykyisen perusturvan vähimmäisetuudet ja se
  toteutettaisiin siten, ettei se heikentäisi pieni- tai keskituloisten asemaa. Riittävä
  perustulo turvaisi kaikille toimeentulon elämäntilanteesta riippumatta, vähentäisi
        sosiaaliturvan byrokratiaa sekä joustavoittaisi työn ja sosiaaliturvan
     yhteensovittelua. Perustulon rahoitus voidaan hoitaa esimerkiksi ansio- ja
 pääomatuloja, kulutusta, ekologisesti haitallista toimintaa tai rahoitusmarkkinoita
                                       verottamalla.

   Suomessa perustulosta on käytetty myös termiä kansalaispalkka. Lisäksi on
     keskusteltu negatiivisesta tuloverosta, jolla tarkoitetaan pienituloisille
  minimitulotakuun takaavaa verotuksen ja sosiaaliturvan kokonaisuudistusta.
  Osallistumistulolla puolestaan tarkoitetaan järjestelmää, jossa tulon saamisen
       vastineeksi on osallistuttava johonkin yleishyödylliseen toimintaan.

    Täysimääräistä perustuloa ei vielä toistaiseksi ole käytössä missään, mutta
    erilaisia kokeiluja ja perustulon suuntaisia uudistuksia on tehty eri puolilla
                            maailmaa." (www.perustulo.org)
KANSALAISALOITTEEN TEKSTI:

  “Me tämän aloitteen allekirjoittajat esitämme, että Suomessa otetaan käyttöön vähintään
nykyisen perusturvan vähimmäisetuuksien suuruinen, kaikille täysi-ikäisille maassa pysyvästi
  asuville maksettava perustulo. Perustulo pitää toteuttaa siten, ettei se heikennä pieni- tai
                              keskituloisten tuloja tai etuuksia.

   Yleinen ja yhtäläinen perustulo tekee taloudellisesta toimeentulosta ilman tarveharkintaa
  toteutuvan kansalaisoikeuden ja yksinkertaistaa sosiaaliturvaa. Perustulon avulla voidaan
turvata perustuslain 19§:ssä mainittu ihmisarvoinen toimeentulo, johon Suomi on sitoutunut
 myös kansainvälisin sopimuksin. Perustulo takaa kattavan toimeentulon kaikille ja kaikissa
            tilanteissa, jolloin väliinputoajaryhmiä ei synny, mitä myös eduskunnan
 perustuslakivaliokunta on edellyttänyt käsitellessään nykyisen perustuslain pohjana olevaa
                                       perusoikeusuudistusta.

 Perustulo maksetaan automaattisesti kaikille henkilön muista tuloista tai elämänvalinnoista
riippumatta. Suurituloisilta perustulo peritään käytännössä takaisin verotuksessa. Perustulon
 käyttöönotolle on välitön tarve, koska työmarkkinoilla vallitseva rakenteellinen epävarmuus,
   kuten lyhyet ja osa-aikaiset työsuhteet sekä itsensä työllistäminen, on yleistynyt. Lisäksi
   syyperusteisen sosiaaliturvan eri etuudet ovat huonosti yhdistettävissä muihin etuuksiin,
   ansiotuloihin ja yrittäjyyteen. Ansiotyö ja nykyinen sosiaaliturva eivät enää tarjoa riittävää
     jatkuvuutta toimeentuloon. Perustulolla voidaan rakentaa nykyistä tasa-arvoisempi ja
                              oikeudenmukaisempi hyvinvointivaltio.

    Vaadimme, että eduskunta ryhtyy perustulon käyttöönottoa koskevan lainsäädännön
                          valmisteluun.” (www.perustulo.org)
Perustulo ja liberalismi?

1) "Why surfers should be fed: The liberal case for an unconditional basic
  income" - Philippe Van Parijs (Philosophy and Public Affairs 20 (2):101-131.
                                    1991.)

  2) “Real Freedom for All: What (if anything) can justify capitalism?" -
             Philippe van Parijs (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995)

3) “Radical liberalism, Rawls and the welfare state: justifying the politics
of basic income” - Simon Bimbaum (Critical Review of International Social and
                  Political Philosophy, 13:4, 495-516. 2010.)

  4) “Oikeus vapauteen: Perustulon normatiivinen oikeutus filosofisen
vasemmistolibertarismin näkökulmasta" – Jukka Jonninen (progradu, 2007)
Milton Friedman (1)



   Capitalism and Freedom (1962) -

Chapter XII – The Alleviation of Poverty
Milton Friedman (2)
"It can be argued that private charity is insufficient because the
  benefits from it accrue to people other than those who make the
gifts -- again, a neighborhood effect. I am distressed by the sight of
poverty; I am benefited by its alleviation; but I am benefited equally
 whether I or someone else pays for its alleviation; the benefits of
          other people's charity therefore partly accrue to me.

To put it differently, we might all of us be willing to contribute to
the relief of poverty, provided everyone else did. We might not
 be willing to contribute the same amount without such assurance.
  In small communities, public pressure can suffice to realize the
      proviso even with private charity. In the large impersonal
communities that are increasingly coming to dominate our society,
                 it is much more difficult for it to do so."
Milton Friedman (3)

 “Suppose one accepts, as I do, this line of reasoning as
justifying governmental action to alleviate poverty; to
  set, as it were. a floor under the standard of life of
             every person in the community.

There remain the questions, how much and how. I see no
       way of deciding "how much" except in terms of the
 amount of taxes we -- by which I mean the great bulk of
 us -- are willing to impose on ourselves for the purpose.
The question, "how," affords more room for speculation.”
Milton Friedman (4)
                 “Two things seem clear.

First, if the objective is to alleviate poverty, we should
have a program directed at helping the poor. There is
every reason to help the poor man who happens to be a
  farmer, not because he is a farmer but because he is
                            poor.

   [...] Second, so far as possible the program should,
  while operating through the market, not distort the
  market or impede its functioning. This is a defect of
price supports, minimum-wage laws, tariffs and the like.”
Milton Friedman (5)


      “The arrangement that recommends itself on purely
        mechanical grounds is a negative income tax.

    [...] Under the proposal, if [one's] taxable income [fell below a
 certain level], he would pay a negative tax. i.e. receive a subsidy.
[...] The rates of subsidy could, of course, be graduated just as the
     rates of tax above the exemption are. In this way, it would be
 possible to set a floor below which no man's net income (defined
now to include the subsidy) could fall -- in the simple example $300
      per person. The precise floor set would depend on what the
                       community could afford.”
Milton Friedman (6)

  “The advantages of this arrangement are clear. It is directed
 specifically at the problem of poverty. It gives help in the form
  most useful to the individual, namely, cash. It is general and
 could be substituted for the host of special measures now in
 effect. It makes explicit the cost borne by society. It operates
    outside the market. Like any other measures to alleviate
    poverty, it reduces the incentives of those helped to help
themselves, but it does not eliminate that incentive entirely, as
     a system of supplementing incomes up to some fixed
  minimum would. An extra dollar earned always means more
                 money available for expenditure.”
James Tobin

   "At present, calculations of the tax form lead to
 two alternative outcomes: either the citizen owes
       something or he owes nothing. Under the
   proposal there would be a third possibility: the
government owes him something. This would not
  carry the stigma of charity or relief; it would be a
    right of national citizenship symmetrical to the
obligation to pay taxes. It would be uniform across
                       the nation."
F. Hayek (1)


    "I have always said that I am in favor of a
minimum income for every person in the country."

  (from Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical
  Dialogue by F. A. Hayek, edited by Stephen
 Kresge and Leif Wenar (Chicago: University of
            Chicago Press, 1994)
F. Hayek (2)

 "There is no reason why in a society which has reached
  the general level of wealth which ours has attained the
first kind of security [of which he uses "minimum income"
  as an example] should not be guaranteed to all without
   endangering general freedom," and, "there can be no
       doubt that some minimum...can be assured to
                          everybody."

                             (The Road to Serfdom, p.148)
F. Hayek (3)

       “[T]he danger from foreign enemies (or possibly internal
insurrection) is not the only danger to all members of society which
       can be effectively dealt with only by an organization with
    compulsory powers. [...] The assurance of a certain minimum
   income for everyone, or a sort of floor below which nobody
 need fall even when he is unable to provide for himself, appears
not only to be a wholly legitimate protection against a risk common
     to all, but a necessary part of the Great Society in which the
  individual no longer has specific claims on the members of the
             particular small group into which he was born."

 - Friedrich A. Hayek (1979). Law, Legislation, and Liberty vol. 3.
                  Taylor and Francis, pp. 54-55.
Walter Block on Hayek


 “The spectre of [...] socialists pushing Hayek into
 socialist positions would be bad enough, but the
 truth of the matter is that they really didn’t have
to push too hard. Hayek was in effect their willing
 collaborator. [...] Hayek is indeed way further to
     the left than many people had assumed."
Ludwig von Mises is angry:




"YOU'RE ALL A BUNCH
  OF SOCIALISTS!"
Bertrand Russell

      “Stated in more familiar terms, the plan we are
advocating amounts essentially to this: that a certain
  small income, sufficient for necessaries, should be
  secured to all, whether they work or not, and that a
larger income – as much larger as might be warranted by
  the total amount of commodities produced – should be
  given to those who are willing to engage in some work
    which the community recognizes as useful…When
   education is finished, no one should be compelled to
work, and those who choose not to work should receive a
        bare livelihood and be left completely free.”
               (< "Roads to Freedom," 1918)

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Otto lehto perustulo liberaalista näkökulmasta

  • 1. Basic Income Guarantee Guaranteed Minimum Income Citizen Dividend Kansalaispalkka Perustulo etc....
  • 2. BIEN Finland – Suomen perustuloverkosto - osa kansainvälistä BIEN (Basic Income Earth Network) -verkostoa - Kansalaisaloite 1.2.2013 -> kuusi kuukautta aikaa kerätä 50.000 nimeä (jonka jälkeen, jos nimiä on tarpeeksi, eduskunnan on pakko ottaa asia käsittelyyn) - Ideologisesti riippumaton: sekä oikeistoa että vasemmistoa edustettuna, puoluekartalta lähes kaikki puolueet edustettuina - Suomessa muodosti itsensä järjestöksi marraskuussa 2012. - Edistää perustulosta käytävää keskustelua ja ajaa perustuloa
  • 3. "Perustulolla tarkoitetaan järjestelmää, jossa kaikille maksetaan toimeentuloa varten säännöllisesti tietty tasasuuruinen rahasumma. Perustulo maksetaan henkilön muista tuloista riippumatta eikä sen saamiseen liity mitään ehtoja tai velvoitteita. Maksajana toimii valtio tai muu julkinen taho. Perustulosta on olemassa erilaisia malleja, joissa tulon suuruus, sen rahoitustapa ja suhde muuhun sosiaaliturvaan vaihtelevat. Useimmissa Suomessa esillä olleissa malleissa perustulolla korvattaisiin nykyisen perusturvan vähimmäisetuudet ja se toteutettaisiin siten, ettei se heikentäisi pieni- tai keskituloisten asemaa. Riittävä perustulo turvaisi kaikille toimeentulon elämäntilanteesta riippumatta, vähentäisi sosiaaliturvan byrokratiaa sekä joustavoittaisi työn ja sosiaaliturvan yhteensovittelua. Perustulon rahoitus voidaan hoitaa esimerkiksi ansio- ja pääomatuloja, kulutusta, ekologisesti haitallista toimintaa tai rahoitusmarkkinoita verottamalla. Suomessa perustulosta on käytetty myös termiä kansalaispalkka. Lisäksi on keskusteltu negatiivisesta tuloverosta, jolla tarkoitetaan pienituloisille minimitulotakuun takaavaa verotuksen ja sosiaaliturvan kokonaisuudistusta. Osallistumistulolla puolestaan tarkoitetaan järjestelmää, jossa tulon saamisen vastineeksi on osallistuttava johonkin yleishyödylliseen toimintaan. Täysimääräistä perustuloa ei vielä toistaiseksi ole käytössä missään, mutta erilaisia kokeiluja ja perustulon suuntaisia uudistuksia on tehty eri puolilla maailmaa." (www.perustulo.org)
  • 4. KANSALAISALOITTEEN TEKSTI: “Me tämän aloitteen allekirjoittajat esitämme, että Suomessa otetaan käyttöön vähintään nykyisen perusturvan vähimmäisetuuksien suuruinen, kaikille täysi-ikäisille maassa pysyvästi asuville maksettava perustulo. Perustulo pitää toteuttaa siten, ettei se heikennä pieni- tai keskituloisten tuloja tai etuuksia. Yleinen ja yhtäläinen perustulo tekee taloudellisesta toimeentulosta ilman tarveharkintaa toteutuvan kansalaisoikeuden ja yksinkertaistaa sosiaaliturvaa. Perustulon avulla voidaan turvata perustuslain 19§:ssä mainittu ihmisarvoinen toimeentulo, johon Suomi on sitoutunut myös kansainvälisin sopimuksin. Perustulo takaa kattavan toimeentulon kaikille ja kaikissa tilanteissa, jolloin väliinputoajaryhmiä ei synny, mitä myös eduskunnan perustuslakivaliokunta on edellyttänyt käsitellessään nykyisen perustuslain pohjana olevaa perusoikeusuudistusta. Perustulo maksetaan automaattisesti kaikille henkilön muista tuloista tai elämänvalinnoista riippumatta. Suurituloisilta perustulo peritään käytännössä takaisin verotuksessa. Perustulon käyttöönotolle on välitön tarve, koska työmarkkinoilla vallitseva rakenteellinen epävarmuus, kuten lyhyet ja osa-aikaiset työsuhteet sekä itsensä työllistäminen, on yleistynyt. Lisäksi syyperusteisen sosiaaliturvan eri etuudet ovat huonosti yhdistettävissä muihin etuuksiin, ansiotuloihin ja yrittäjyyteen. Ansiotyö ja nykyinen sosiaaliturva eivät enää tarjoa riittävää jatkuvuutta toimeentuloon. Perustulolla voidaan rakentaa nykyistä tasa-arvoisempi ja oikeudenmukaisempi hyvinvointivaltio. Vaadimme, että eduskunta ryhtyy perustulon käyttöönottoa koskevan lainsäädännön valmisteluun.” (www.perustulo.org)
  • 5. Perustulo ja liberalismi? 1) "Why surfers should be fed: The liberal case for an unconditional basic income" - Philippe Van Parijs (Philosophy and Public Affairs 20 (2):101-131. 1991.) 2) “Real Freedom for All: What (if anything) can justify capitalism?" - Philippe van Parijs (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995) 3) “Radical liberalism, Rawls and the welfare state: justifying the politics of basic income” - Simon Bimbaum (Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 13:4, 495-516. 2010.) 4) “Oikeus vapauteen: Perustulon normatiivinen oikeutus filosofisen vasemmistolibertarismin näkökulmasta" – Jukka Jonninen (progradu, 2007)
  • 6. Milton Friedman (1) Capitalism and Freedom (1962) - Chapter XII – The Alleviation of Poverty
  • 7. Milton Friedman (2) "It can be argued that private charity is insufficient because the benefits from it accrue to people other than those who make the gifts -- again, a neighborhood effect. I am distressed by the sight of poverty; I am benefited by its alleviation; but I am benefited equally whether I or someone else pays for its alleviation; the benefits of other people's charity therefore partly accrue to me. To put it differently, we might all of us be willing to contribute to the relief of poverty, provided everyone else did. We might not be willing to contribute the same amount without such assurance. In small communities, public pressure can suffice to realize the proviso even with private charity. In the large impersonal communities that are increasingly coming to dominate our society, it is much more difficult for it to do so."
  • 8. Milton Friedman (3) “Suppose one accepts, as I do, this line of reasoning as justifying governmental action to alleviate poverty; to set, as it were. a floor under the standard of life of every person in the community. There remain the questions, how much and how. I see no way of deciding "how much" except in terms of the amount of taxes we -- by which I mean the great bulk of us -- are willing to impose on ourselves for the purpose. The question, "how," affords more room for speculation.”
  • 9. Milton Friedman (4) “Two things seem clear. First, if the objective is to alleviate poverty, we should have a program directed at helping the poor. There is every reason to help the poor man who happens to be a farmer, not because he is a farmer but because he is poor. [...] Second, so far as possible the program should, while operating through the market, not distort the market or impede its functioning. This is a defect of price supports, minimum-wage laws, tariffs and the like.”
  • 10. Milton Friedman (5) “The arrangement that recommends itself on purely mechanical grounds is a negative income tax. [...] Under the proposal, if [one's] taxable income [fell below a certain level], he would pay a negative tax. i.e. receive a subsidy. [...] The rates of subsidy could, of course, be graduated just as the rates of tax above the exemption are. In this way, it would be possible to set a floor below which no man's net income (defined now to include the subsidy) could fall -- in the simple example $300 per person. The precise floor set would depend on what the community could afford.”
  • 11. Milton Friedman (6) “The advantages of this arrangement are clear. It is directed specifically at the problem of poverty. It gives help in the form most useful to the individual, namely, cash. It is general and could be substituted for the host of special measures now in effect. It makes explicit the cost borne by society. It operates outside the market. Like any other measures to alleviate poverty, it reduces the incentives of those helped to help themselves, but it does not eliminate that incentive entirely, as a system of supplementing incomes up to some fixed minimum would. An extra dollar earned always means more money available for expenditure.”
  • 12. James Tobin "At present, calculations of the tax form lead to two alternative outcomes: either the citizen owes something or he owes nothing. Under the proposal there would be a third possibility: the government owes him something. This would not carry the stigma of charity or relief; it would be a right of national citizenship symmetrical to the obligation to pay taxes. It would be uniform across the nation."
  • 13. F. Hayek (1) "I have always said that I am in favor of a minimum income for every person in the country." (from Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue by F. A. Hayek, edited by Stephen Kresge and Leif Wenar (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994)
  • 14. F. Hayek (2) "There is no reason why in a society which has reached the general level of wealth which ours has attained the first kind of security [of which he uses "minimum income" as an example] should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom," and, "there can be no doubt that some minimum...can be assured to everybody." (The Road to Serfdom, p.148)
  • 15. F. Hayek (3) “[T]he danger from foreign enemies (or possibly internal insurrection) is not the only danger to all members of society which can be effectively dealt with only by an organization with compulsory powers. [...] The assurance of a certain minimum income for everyone, or a sort of floor below which nobody need fall even when he is unable to provide for himself, appears not only to be a wholly legitimate protection against a risk common to all, but a necessary part of the Great Society in which the individual no longer has specific claims on the members of the particular small group into which he was born." - Friedrich A. Hayek (1979). Law, Legislation, and Liberty vol. 3. Taylor and Francis, pp. 54-55.
  • 16. Walter Block on Hayek “The spectre of [...] socialists pushing Hayek into socialist positions would be bad enough, but the truth of the matter is that they really didn’t have to push too hard. Hayek was in effect their willing collaborator. [...] Hayek is indeed way further to the left than many people had assumed."
  • 17. Ludwig von Mises is angry: "YOU'RE ALL A BUNCH OF SOCIALISTS!"
  • 18. Bertrand Russell “Stated in more familiar terms, the plan we are advocating amounts essentially to this: that a certain small income, sufficient for necessaries, should be secured to all, whether they work or not, and that a larger income – as much larger as might be warranted by the total amount of commodities produced – should be given to those who are willing to engage in some work which the community recognizes as useful…When education is finished, no one should be compelled to work, and those who choose not to work should receive a bare livelihood and be left completely free.” (< "Roads to Freedom," 1918)