1.
Lecture L16
A WORLD WIDE NETWORK

2.
A Brief History of the Internet
1969-1995 Computer Networking!
Simple net run by pioneers
1995-2000 Commercialisation and Growth!
Enter the ISPs and the public
2000-2005 Stretching the Limit!
New applications and digital media
2005-2010 Reinventing the Network!
The New Internet emerges
2010 - ?!
Death?

3.
“The Internet works because a lot of people
cooperate to do things together”
- Jon Postel
1969-1995 Computer Networking

4.
Computer Networking
Efforts on connecting computers started early
Two principal groups: Defence and Academia
Defence
Strategic reasons during the Cold
War
Any computer could be reached,
and if one goes down, the others
still work
Academia
Economic reasons
Mainframes are expensive and could
be justified only by the collective
needs of many departments

5.
ARPANET
▪ Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
The Soviet Union
– Founded in 1958
– Attributed Sputnik 1
lunched by the Russian on
Sputnik satellite
October to th 1954
– Renamed 4 DARPA
▪ Two main objectives
– Computers had to talk to each
other to share information
– Links had to be robust

6.
Arpanet
Packet switching
Open Architecture

7.
TCP/IP
Communication protocol
Written by Bob Kahn & Vint Cerf

8.
1979
46 military sites
16 academic campus sites

9.
Network Layers
Application Layer is for specific application
Transport Layer is for reliable communication
Network Layer is for routing packages

10.
Packet Switched
Source:
What
is
a
packet?

11.
Example: Email message
The e-mail is about 3,500 bits (3.5 kilobits) in size
The network you send it over uses fixed-length packets of 1,024
bits (1 kilobit)
The header of each packet is 96 bits long and the trailer is 32 bits
long, leaving 896 bits for the payload
To break the 3,500 bits of message into packets, you will need four
packets divide 3,500 by 896)
Three packets will contain 896 bits of payload and the fourth will
have 812 bits
Source:
What
is
a
packet?

12.
WHAT WAS THE
KILLER APP OF
THE EARLY
INTERNET?

13.
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
Telnet
Email
Usenet
Source:
Internet
protocol
suite

14.
HOW
DO
YOU
WIRE
ALL
THESE
MACHINES
TOGETHER?

15.
Connecting Computers
The phone system was already there
!
Modem - modulate and demodulate
A device that modulates an
analog carrier signal to encode
digital information, and also
demodulates such a carrier
signal to decode the
transmitted information
Source:
Modem

16.
The Early Internet Community
The Internet is a simple peer to peer network
Designed to be simple rather than secure
!
The Internet became a community
Most users where highly educated scientists
Respect for others – spam nearly nonexistent
Antisocial behaviour was rare
!
Netiquette!
How to behave on the net
Violators are removed from the network

17.
“On the Internet,
nobody knows you're a dog.”
- Peter Steiner cartoon in
The New Yorker
1995-2000 Commercialisation and growth

18.
Metcalfe’s Law
The value of a network equals
approximately the square of
the number of users of the system (n2)

19.
Metcalfe’s Law
Everything will be connected

20.
Internet Growth

21.
WHY
DID
THE
INTERNET
BECOME
WIDESPREAD?

22.
Maybe these gentlemen had something to do with it… inadvertently

23.
Enter WinSock
In the early 1990 the most popular operating systems were Windows and DOS
!
Designed for Personal Computers
!
Network support was later added LANs – NetBIOS
!
WinSock – Windows Sockets!
Microsoft had completely ignored TCP/IP
Due to demand from IT companies, efforts started in 1991
WinSock 1.0 became available in 1992

24.
World Wide Web
Tim Berners-Lee started his efforts on
information sharing in the 1980s
Working for CERN, he proposed
the creation of non-hierarchical
hypertext based system!
The system was to be based on
the established TCP/IP protocols

25.
World Wide Web
Due to lack of support he started work on his
ideas himself
Using a NeXT computer he
set out to create a program for
building, browsing and editing
hypertext pages

26.
The Basic Idea of WWW
Hypertext
To move from one document to another
Resource identifiers – URL
To locate a particular resource (computer, document or other
resource) on the network
Client-server model of computing – HTTP
Client software requests of server software resources such as
data or files
Markup language – HTML
Tags embedded in text indicate to a computer how to print or
display the text, e.g. as in italics or bold type

27.
The Rise and Fall of Gopher
The WWW has not the only idea for a distributed
hyperlink system
!
Gopher
Created at the University of Minnesota
A distributed document
search and retrieval system
Hierarchical menu structure
Released in 1991
Became popular until the
UoM decided to license it

28.
WHY
DID
THE
WWW
SUCEDE?

29.
Lesson: Why did the WWW succeed?
▪ This design was simple
– Simple syntax
– Uniform URL to any resource using any protocols
– No security, not authentication, no tracking
▪ HTTP
– Simple protocol – GET, POST
▪ HTML
– Not an advanced markup – enough to display text in
different sizes
▪ Did not try to solve the problem of back-links
– Avoided a huge problem

30.
Lesson: Why did the WWW succeed?
▪ WWW was FREE
▪ Gopher failed
– More rigid system
– Tree structure – not free format
– NOT FREE

31.
First Browsers
Without browsers, the Web would not take off
And without content, no one would create browsers
!
Mosaic
NCSA developed Mosaic Web Browser
Developed by Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina
!
The Internet became synonymous
with “mosaic”

32.
First Browsers

33.
First Browsers

34.
New Business Emerges
Internet Service Providers – ISP
The business of connecting the public to the Internet
Many new companies entered this market
AOL became a giant
New services
Domain name registration and hosting
Dial-up access, Leased line access
Web Design, Email services
Laying the Tracks
Companies like Cisco Systems

35.
Netscape
Marc Andreesen and Jim Clark formed Mosaic
Communication Corporation 1994
Few months later renamed to Netscape
Netscape became the Internet leader
IPO in 1995 raised $140 million
The decline came just as fast
Did not establish sound business
models nor build an infrastructure
Went head-on into competition
with Microsoft
Later bought by AOL

36.
PHONE COMPANIES
COMPLETELY IGNORED THE INTERNET
LEFT THE SPACE
OPEN FOR NEW COMPANIES

37.
“...
an
Internet
browser
is
a
very
trivial
piece
of
software.
There
are
at
least
30
companies
that
have
written
very
credible
Internet
browsers,
so
that’s
nothing...”
-­‐
Bill
Gates

38.
Enter the Giants
The telephone business and software giants initially
ignored the Internet
Their focus was on voice or software
Internet traffic was using the phone lines
Classic example of the RPV theory
!
Left the field open for new companies
!
Seeing the success they entered the market
Today most ISPs are phone companies

39.
Enter the Giants
Microsoft
Came late to the Internet
Bill Gates wrote The Road Ahead
Were trying to establish a proprietary
“Information Superhighway”
!
Microsoft Network
MSN was released
in 1995 with Windows 95

40.
INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY

41.
WHY
DID
THE
INTERNET
WIN?

42.
The Generative Pattern

43.
Lessons: Internet
▪ The Internet works because of the simplicity
– Dumb routing
– No security
– Anonymity
▪ The core of the network is always the same
– Innovation is at the edges
– No need to upgrade the core when new protocols
are invented

44.
Lessons: Internet
▪ Network infrastructure companies like the
telecoms ignored the internet
– Did not see any business in consumer connections
– RVP theory explains this: their customer were
companies
▪ Software vendors like Microsoft ignored the
Internet
– Saw no revenue model
▪ Left the field open for the Yahoos, Googles
etc.

45.
“Doing research on the Web is like using a library assembled
piecemeal by pack rats and vandalized nightly”
- Roger Ebert (attributed)
2000-2005 Stretching the Limit

46.
Rise of P2P
Peer-to-peer Networks
Relies on the computing power and bandwidth of
the participants in the network
Peers act as both clients and servers
No central server
!
Legal controversy

47.
Digitalization of Content
Netflix represents 32.7% of North America´s
peak Web traffic

48.
Stretching the Limits
The Internet has scaled up to 2+ billion users
Tweaked over the years
Designed to be simple
Innovation only happens at the edges
The end-to-end principle
Has prevented innovations at its core

49.
Testing the Limits
Visionaries only partially saw the future
!
The net was designed to be simple peer
to peer network
!
Things like security and social
responsibility were not a main concern

50.
Problems with the Internet
Limited IP numbers
Dumb routing – content unaware
Spam, Viruses and DoS attacks
Illegal distribution of content
Antisocial behaviour
Lack of security
Not possible to update the
Internet protocols

51.
“If a planet-wide network were built on Mars,
what would it look like?”
- Reinventing the Internet (Economist)
2005-2010 Reinventing the Network

52.
The Internet Infrastructure
Several efforts for reinventing the Internet
GENI – Global Environment for Networking Innovations
FIND – Future Internet Design
Internet2
PlanetLab
!
Challenge
How can we replace the current Internet infrastructure?
How can we run multiple protocols at the same time?

53.
Content Delivery Network
Source: Akamai

54.
“Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer
industry caused by the move to the Internet as
platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for
success on that new platform.”
- Tim O'Reilly
Web 2.0

55.
....for seizing the reins of the global media, for
founding and framing the new digital
democracy, for working for nothing and
beating the pros at their own game, TIME's
Person of the Year for 2006 is you
Read
more:
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/
0,9171,1569514,00.html#ixzz1FjqlB9yO

56.
Web 2.0
New web developments
Popularized by O’Reilly
and others
Refers to a new phase in
architecture and application
development of web
applications
Buzzword that is not easy to define
!
Trend
Desktop Application and Web Application will become the same

57.
The Community
The smartest people in the room is everybody

58.
The Hype Cycle
“Web 2.0”

59.
The Brief History of the Internet
▪ 1969-1995 Computer Networking
– Simple net run by pioneers
▪ 1995-2000 Commercialization and Growth
– Enter the ISPs and the public
▪ 2000-2005 Stretching the Limit
– New applications and digital media
▪ 2005-2010 Reinventing the Network
– New business models
▪ 2010-2015 ?

60.
Vint Cerf on the Internet's future

61.
Kevin Kelly on Internet of Things, 2007

62.
Visions of the Future
Trends
!
Mobile phones are connecting to the Internet
Sensors will be connected – Internet of Things
New media content is emerging
All content will be digital
Internet of things is estimated to be worth $309 billion by 2020
We are just starting this revolution…

63.
2010 – 2015 The App Internet - Smart and Local

64.
Local

65.
Smart

66.
Theory of Data Overload
Linear
Simple
Web
sites
Categorized
Yahoo!
Search
Google
Smart
Siri,
Watson
Local

67.
Applications are small and pieced together

68.
Data is in the cloud

69.
Run on any device

70.
INTERNET
OF
THINGS

71.
NIKE + FUELBAND
ACTIVITY
SENSOR

72.
JAWBONE UP
BODY TRACKER

73.
HUE
LIGHTING
SYSTEM

74.
NEST
THERMOSTAT

75.
LOCKITRON
LOCK
FOR ACCESS
CONTROL

76.
IGRILL
COOKING
THERMOMETER

77.
SCANADU
MEDICAL
SENSOR

78.
SAMSUNG
SMART WASHER

79.
SAMSUNG
SMART FRIDGE

80.
Future of the Internet
The App Internet
Smart and Local – knowledge about you
Fragmented
Sensor driven
Connecting the online and offline worlds
!
Threats: Powerful content owners and politicians

81.
Summary
▪ 1969-1995 Computer Networking
– Simple net, TCP/IP, FTP, Telnet, HTTP and the
web
▪ 1995-2000 Commercialization and growth
– Enter the ISPs and the public, huge growth –
dot-com
▪ 2000-2005 Stretching the Limit
– New applications and digital media, bandwidth
increases
▪ 2005-2010 Reinventing the Network
– IPv6, faster networks
▪ 2010-2015 APPs, Smart and Local