This document discusses prejudice, taboos, and collective behavior. It defines prejudice as a preconceived opinion not based on reason or experience, and identifies its two essential ingredients as an attitude of favor or disfavor related to an overgeneralized belief. Taboo is defined as a social or cultural prohibition, with examples like cannibalism, homosexuality, and offensive gestures given. Collective behavior is defined as spontaneous group actions that do not reflect existing laws or norms, with crowds, publics, masses, and social movements provided as its four traditional forms in sociology.

1. B Y
N O S H A D A H M E D 1 5 C R P 4 6
C I T Y A N D R E G I O N A L P L A N N I N G D E PA R T M E N T M U E T
J A M S H O R O
PREJUDICES, TABOOS AND
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR

2. Prejudice:
The word prejudice is derived from the Latin noun
praejudicium, which means a precedent, a judgment based
on previous decisions and experiences.
Prejudice is preconceived opinion that is not based on reason
or actual experience.
It is an irrationally based negative or occasionally positive
attitude towards certain groups and their members.

3. Causes of Prejudice:
The word is often used to refer to preconceived, usually unfavourable,
judgments toward people or a person because of
 Gender
 political opinion
 social class
 Age
 disability
 religion
 sexuality
 race/ethnicity
 language
 Nationality
 or other personal characteristics

4. Prejudice contains two essential ingredients:
1. There must be an attitude of favor or disfavor
2. It must be related to an overgeneralized-belief.
Two essential ingredients:

5. Examples:
1. By looking appearance we took decision which is
Unfavourable and not based on reality

6. 2. People having same culture and language wants to stay together
And without checking the potential and talent of new one ,He is rejected
Due to language and appearance.

7. TABOO
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PROHIBATATION

8. Taboo:
 Taboo is a Polynesian word, first encountered by Captain Cook, meaning
literally ‘marked off’.
 Taboo is the prohibition of an action based on the belief that such
behaviour is either too sacred and consecrated or too dangerous and
accursed for ordinary individuals to undertake.
 A taboo is social or cultural prohibition. Disregarding taboo is generally
considered a deviant act by society.
 Taboo is putting of a person or thing under temporary or permanent
prohibition or interdict, especially as a social custom.

9.  Addiction - addiction to legal or illegal drugs, including alcoholism
 Bigotry - speaking negatively about someone of another race
 Cannibalism - a human being eating the flesh of another human being
 Flowers - giving an even number of flowers is taboo in Russia because they are for
the dead.
 Fornication - sexual relations between people not married to one another
 Gestures - certain gestures are considered obscene
 Head position - in Indonesia, it is taboo to have your head higher than an elder
person
 Homosexuality - sexual attraction or relations with people of the same gender
 Infanticide - killing an infant
 Intermarriage - marriage between people who are closely related.
 Inter-religion marriage - marriage between people of different religions.
 Matricide - killing one’s mother
 Murder - considered taboo unless in war or self-defense
 Offensive language - obscenity or vulgarity
 Patricide - killing one’s father
 Slavery - humans are treated as property and made to work for no pay
 Suicide - the taking of one’s own life
 Wearing shoes inside - in some places, shoes are not worn inside a house
Examples OF TABOO:

10. A lady having tattoos almost through out the body.

11. A LADY HAVING STEEL HOOKS IN HER
SKIN

14. COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR
GROUP BEHAVIOUR

15. Collective Behavior:
1. Collective behavior is reference to be social processes and event which do not
reflect existing( Laws conventions and institution) but which emerge in a
spontaneous way.
2. Collective behavior can also be defined as;
Action which is neither confirming (in which actors follow prevailing norms) nor
deviant(in which actors violate those norms).
3. Collective behaviour, a third form of action take place, when norms are absent or
unclear or when they contradict each other.

16. C R O W D I S A N E X A M P L E O F C O L L E C T I V E B E H AV I O U R
CROWD

17. Collective behavior differs from group
behaviour:
1. Collective behaviour involves limited, short lived, social inter action while
group tends to remain together longer.
2. Collective behaviour has no clear social boundaries; any one can be a
member of collective behaviour, while group membership is usually more
discriminating.
3. Collective behaviour generates weak and un conventional norms, while
group tend to have stronger and more conventional norms.

18. Traditionally collective behavior in sociology include four forms.
1. The crowd
2. The public
3. The mass
4. The social movement.
Four forms of Collective behaviour
in sociology