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1. Diversity in living
organisms
Submitted to:Submitted to:
Mrs. GitaMrs. Gita

2. classification
Early Attempts at Classification
• Organisms need to be grouped into
meaningful categories
• Over time categorization has become much
more specific
• and simplified
• Naming organisms
• John Ray - first to use the term “species”
• SPECIES - Organisms that are similar in
• shape/structure and they reproduce with
each other to
• create viable offspring

3. evolutionevolution
• EvolutionEvolution, or change over, or change over
time, is the process by whichtime, is the process by which
modern organisms havemodern organisms have
descended from ancientdescended from ancient
organisms.organisms.
• Charles Darwin firstCharles Darwin first
described this idea ofdescribed this idea of
evolution in 1859 in hisevolution in 1859 in his
book origin of species .book origin of species .

4. Seven classification groups
of living things
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

6. Monera• They don’t well defined body.
• Unicellular structure
• Mode of nutrition –
heterotropes/autotropes

7. PROTISTA

8. Protist kingdom
• Unicellular; microscopic
• Nucleus present
– Eukaryotic
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic

9. Fungus kingdom
• Eukaryotic
• Made up of hyphae
• No root, stem and leaf
• No chlorophyll
– Saprophytic or
parasitic
• Reproduce by forming
spores

11. Plant Kingdom
• Eukaryotic
• Most plants contains photosynthetic
pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for
photosynthesis
– Autotrophic
• Can be divided into two groups:
– Non-flowering plants
– Flowering plants

12. Thallophyta
• Aquatic
• May be unicellular or
multicellular
• No root, stem or leaf
• Contain
photosynthetic
pigments (e.g.
chlorophyll) for
photosynthesis

14. Bryophyta
• Amphibians of plant kingdom .
• Have stems & leaves of the
structure.
• No tissues for water .
• E.g –finaria, marcantia

15. PTERIPHYTES

16. Well defined body.
Specialised tissues present .
Presence of naked embryos called
as spores.
These have 2 types of plants –
• Angiosperms
• Gymnosperms

17. Gymnosperms
• Reproduction by
producing seeds
– Seeds develop in
cones, not enclosed
by fruits
⇒ naked seeds
• Needle-shaped
leaves to reduce
water loss

18. Angiosperms
• These are called
flowering plants.
• These have two
types of plants -
Monocotyledons
Dicotyledons
• With flowers for
reproduction
• Seeds are
produced inside
the fruit (matured
ovary)

20. The Animal KingdomThe Animal Kingdom
Most complex of all kingdoms
Multicellular (made of many cells)
They obtain food from OUTSIDE
SOURCES
They swallow their food and they
digest food inside the body.
They move from place to place to
get food
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

21. 9 Phyla of the Animal9 Phyla of the Animal
kingdomkingdom
• Porifera 6) Mollusca
• Coelenterata 7) Echinoderm
• Flatworms 8) Arthropoda
• Roundworms 9) Chordata
• Segmented worms

22. The Animal KingdomThe Animal Kingdom
• Means “having pores
Ex: sponges
Porifera:

23. The Animal KingdomThe Animal Kingdom
Sac-like body
Have tentacles
Ex: hydras, jelly fish, coral, sea
anemones
Coelentrata:

24. Plathy-helminthes
• Bilateral symmetry of body
• Tissue organisations
• Triploblastic
• Lack of body cavity
• Types : 1. free leaving – eg :planaria
• 2. parasitic –eg : tapeworms

25. Echinoderms:
Means “spiny-skin”
Star shaped
Spiny
Ex: Starfish & Sea urchin

26. Arthropoda:
Makes up 75% of the animal kingdom
Basic Characteristics:
hard external skeleton
segmented body
jointed legs
Ex: beetle, milli & centipede, spider, crab

27. Chordata:
Vertebrates
Have internal skeleton
Vertebral column
Limbs
Ex: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
mammals

28. Molluska:
 Hard shell surrounding soft body parts
 Live in water & damp places
 Examples:
Snail, & Sea Scallop
 Only a few do not have shells:
 Octopus & Sea slug

29. Nematoda
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Triploblastic
• Pseudocoelum
• Tissues present, no real organs
present
• Normal parasitic eg: ascaries
• Filaria worm

30. Annelida
• Triploplastic, well differentiated
• True coelum present
• Well organised body
• Segmented
• Habitat – soil, water
• eg : earthworm, leech

31. Protochordata
• Long rod-like structure which
separte the nerve system from gut
• Muscles helps into movement attach
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Triploblastic
• Body cavity - eg : harmonia, aphiorus

33. Vertabrata
• Presence of vertebral column
• Presence of moto chord
• Dorsel nerve chord
• Triploblastic
• Body cavity present
• These are grouped into 5 classes

34. Pisces
• Acquatic organisms
• Streamlined body
• Respiratory organ – gills
• Scales are present
• Two chambered heart
• Skeleton structure

35. Amphibia
• Oviporous
• Scales present
• Mucus skin
• 3 chambered heart
• Respiratory organ: lungs or gills
• Habitate – water and land
• Eg : toad, frog

37. Reptilla
• Oviporous, lay egg in land
• Tough skin
• Respiratory system : Lung
• 3 chambered heart
• Eg : snake, cobra, flying lizards

39. Aves
• Oviporous, lay egg in land
• Skin covered with feathers
• Respiratory organ: lung
• 4 chambered heart
• Eg : ostrich, crow, etc

41. Mammals
• Viviporous, give birth to young ones
• Respiratory organ – lung
• 4 chambered heart
• Warm blooded organisms
• Presence of sweet, oil, mammary
glands – eg: whale, dolphin.

43. Exercise
1) What are the
advantages of
classifying
organisms ?

44. Ans - There are millions of species on
this earth. For anybody, it is
impossible to study about each of
them in his lifetime. Classification
makes it easy to study the organisms;
on the basis of certain common
characters.

45. 2) How would you
choose between two
characteristics to be
used for developing a
hierarchy in
classification?

46. Ans - We need to look at the fact if
given character is present in a small
number of organisms or a larger
number of organisms. In the first
case, the commonality of characters
would represent a species. In the
latter case, the commonality of
characters would represent a higher
taxa; like genus, family, order or
phylum.

47. 3) Explain the basis
for grouping
organisms into five
kingdoms.

48. Ans - Organization of nucleus:
Organisms with unorganized nucleus
are kept under the kingdom Monera.
Those with organized nucleus are
kept in other kingdoms.
Number of cells:- Unicellular
eukaryotes are kept in the kingdom
Protista, while multicellular
eukaryotes are kept in other
kingdoms.

49. 4)What are the major
divisions in the
Plantae? What is the
basis for these
divisions?

50. Ans -The major divisions of Plantae and
the basis for these divisions are :
Thallophyta: Simple body design; with no
differentiation into root, stem and
leaves.
Bryophyta: Body is differentiated into
stem and leaf-like structures. Vascular
system is absent. Pteridophyta: Body is
differentiated into root, stem and
leaves. Vascular system is present.
Reproductive organs are inconspicuous.
Seeds are not produced.

51. 5) How are the
criteria for deciding
divisions in plants
different from the
criteria for deciding
the subgroups among
animals?

52. Ans - In the plant kingdom,
morphological characters are taken
into consideration while deciding
about the divisions. Morphology is
the study of shapes and forms of
various parts. In the animal kingdom,
anatomical characters are taken into
consideration while deciding about
subgroups. Anatomy is the study of
various organs’ design in animals.

53. 6) Explain how animals
in Vertebrata are
classified into
further subgroups.

54. Ans -Vertebrates are classified into further
subgroups on following bases:
Pisces: The body is streamlined. Muscular
tail is present which assists in locomotion.
Body is covered with scales. Paired gills are
present; which can breathe oxygen
dissolved in water. They are cold-blooded
animals. The heart has only two chambers.
They lay eggs.
Tetrapoda: Animals have four limbs for
locomotion and hence the name tetrapoda.
Tetrapoda is divided into four classes, viz.
amphibia, reptilia, aves and mammalia.

55. PROJECT BY
NISHANT MAURYA
CLASS – 9th
‘c’
ROLL NO. – 9317