This document discusses various reproductive technologies and methods for overcoming infertility. It describes infertility as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sex. Common causes of infertility include blocked fallopian tubes, hormonal disorders, and low sperm count. Methods for treating infertility include in vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI), and the use of donor gametes or surrogate mothers. The document also covers various contraceptive methods such as condoms, diaphragms, birth control pills, and IUDs that aim to prevent pregnancy by blocking fertilization or implantation.

1. Reproductive Technologies

2. Infertility:
• The inability to produce children through
normal sexual means after 1 year
• Includes couples who can conceive but,
(due to repeated miscarriages) are unable to
carry a pregnancy to term.

3. Reasons for female infertility
• Blocked Fallopian tube
• Ovulation/hormonal disorders
• Uterine/cervical abnormalities
• Endometriosis
• Thyroid Problems
• Cancer
• Pesticides, certain chemicals,
radiation, medicine, smoking.

4. • When endometrial tissue are found outside the uterus, the
condition is known as endometriosis. It can be very disabling
and painful.

5. Reasons for male infertility
• Low sperm count (less
than 20 million sperm
per ml),
• Out of shape sperm
• Problems with sperm
motility
• Frequent exposure to
heat
• Cancer
• Pesticides, certain
chemicals, radiation,
medicine, smoking.

7. Methods to Overcome Infertility

9. In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Woman takes fertility drugs
 Ova are harvested
 A sperm and an egg are joined in a petri dish
 Embryos are selected, screened for abnormalities
 The embryo is implanted into the mother’s uterus
 Used if the woman is having blocked fallopian tubes or a man
having very few sperm

10. Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
• A catheter is used to inject sperm directly
into the cervix

11. Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

12. Gamete Intra-fallopian Transfer(GIFT)
• the sperm and eggs are placed in the Fallopian
tube

13. Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)
• the zygotes are placed in the oviduct

15. Host mothering (surrogate mother)
58 Year Old
Grandmother To
Give Birth To
Her GRANDCHILD!

16. Host mothering (surrogate mother)
• Surrogacy is when another woman carries and gives
birth to a baby for the couple who want to have a child.
• Surrogacy may be appropriate if you have a medical
condition that makes it impossible or dangerous to get
pregnant and to give birth such as:
• absence or malformation of the womb
• recurrent pregnancy loss
• repeated in vitro fertilisation (IVF) implantation failures.

17. SPERM BANK
• Donor sperms are frozen in liquid nitrogen
at temperature -1960C and kept in a sperm
bank.
• A woman is inseminated by sperms
obtained from a sperm bank.

18. CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
Family
Planning

19. Birth Control
• Human population
increases
exponentially
• Effect:
– shortage of
resources
– problem of
pollution
– overcrowded

28. NATURAL METHODS

29. 1. Abstinence
No Sex

30. 2. Natural (Rhythm) Method
(A Perfect Period)
No copulation during 5 days before and after
ovulation (fertile period)

46. 3. Withdrawal
method
The man withdrawing his penis from the vagina before
ejaculation.
.
Cons: May be hard to do correctly.
Half-million sperm can be in one drop of sperm before
ejaculation.

47. CHEMICAL METHOD
- KILL THE SPERM

50. Spermicides KILLS SPERMS.
FOAM/CREAM/JELLY/FILM
Applied before sexual
intercourse on the woman’s
part.
Some must be put in place 30
minutes ahead of time.
Cons: Tissue irritation, risk of
infections and STDs.
Pros: Easy to use, inexpensive

51. CHEMICAL METHODS
- PREVENT OVULATION

54. Birth Control Patch
Worn on the skin
Changed once a week for three
weeks
Fourth week that is patch-free.
Releases same types of
hormones as the birth control
pill
Effective. As the pill

55. Vaginal Contraceptive Ring
• Small, flexible plastic ring -
about 2 inches wide
• woman places in her vagina
each month
• Same hormones as birth
control pills.

56. Depo-Provera Injection Calculator
A shot that a woman gets
4 times a year (every 12
weeks)
Contains progesterone
Prevents ovulation

57. Emergency Contraception
• Morning after pill.
• Taken within 72 hours after unprotected
intercourse
• Prevent pregnancy
• Used when a condom breaks, after sexual
assault, or after unprotected sexual
intercourse occurs.

58. ARTIFICIAL METHOD
• BLOCK SPERM

59. Male Condom

61. Female Condom
• Thin plastic pouch
• Can be put in place up to 8 hours before sex.
• Less effective than the male condom.
• Noisy, not reusable.
• Should not be used with a male condom.

62. Cervical Cap
Small latex cup - Used with spermicidal cream or jelly
The woman inserts into her vagina before sexual intercourse.
Smaller than the diaphragm

63. Soft latex dome
Fitted over woman’s cervix
Used together with spermicides

65. ARTIFICIAL METHOD
• PREVENTS IMPLANTATION

66. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
Small, T-shaped piece of flexible
plastic
Fits inside a woman's uterus to
prevent pregnancy.
Interfere with implantation
Destroys the fertilized ovum
Can last up to 5 or 10 years

68. SURGICAL METHOD
• PREVENT FERTILISATION
• STERILIZATION

69. Male - Vasectomy
Cutting and tying up of sperm ducts / vas
deferens

71. Tubal Ligation
Cutting and tying up of oviducts / Fallopian tube

77. ABORTION
Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdj7zKGiDNw

78. BABY DUMPING????

79. THE END

80. Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
Infections that are spread from person to
person through intimate sexual contact.

81. Gonorrhea

82. Gonorrhea
• Caused by a bacteria known as Neisseria
gonorrhoeae.
• Gonorrhea is treatable.
Men: urethral infection,
epididymitis
Usually gives pain with
urination and heavy, thick
penile discharge; few may
be asymptomatic carriers
Women: cervical infection,
pain with urination, vaginal
discharge or bleeding

83. Gonococcal urethritis

84. Gonococcal cervicitis

85. Gonorrhea - gram stain of urethral discharge

86. Bartholin’s abscess

87. Bartholin’s abscess

88. Gonococcal ophthalmia

89. Disseminated gonorrhea - skin lesion

90. Disseminated gonorrhea - skin lesion

91. Herpes

92. Genital Herpes (HSV-2)
• HSV-2 is caused by the herpes virus.
• You can still get HSV-2 even when you
use a condom.
• After contracting the herpes virus you
will have it FOREVER. There is NO
cure.
• A doctor can prescribe antiviral
medication to help control recurring
outbreaks and clear up painful sores.

94. Primary herpes, male

95. Recurrent herpes, male

96. Herpes, female

97. Primary herpes, female

98. Same patient, four days later

99. Herpes cervicitis

100. HIV and AIDS
• AIDS is one of the most deadly diseases
in history.
• AIDS is caused by HIV (Human
immunodeficiency virus).
• HIV destroys the body’s defense system
(the immune system).
• HIV can be transmitted from an infected
person to another person through blood,
semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.
• There is NO cure.

101. Symptoms of AIDS
• Extreme weakness
and fatigue
• Rapid weight loss
• Frequent fevers with
not explanation
• Heavy sweating at
night
• Swollen lymph glands
• Minor infections that
cause skin rashes
and mouth, genital,
and anal sores.
• White spots in the
mouth or throat
• Chronic diarrhea
• A cough that won’t go
away
• Short-term memory
loss

102. Kaposi’s sarcoma
(Cancer associated with AIDS)
Oral Thrush (yeast infection)
Common infection associated with AIDS
Oral Leukoplakia

103. Syphilis

104. Syphilis
• Caused by bacteria called Trepenoma
pallidum.
• If not treated Syphilis can be very
dangerous and can cause brain damage
and other serious health problems.

105. Syphilis
Distribution of the Organism
STD Atlas, 1997

106. Primary Syphilis
Photos: Dr. Joseph Engelman, San Francisco City Clinic

107. Rash of Secondary Syphilis
Photo: Dr. Joseph Engelman, San Francisco City Clinic STD Atlas, 1997

108. Secondary Syphilis
Other Symptoms
Comdyloma lata
Photo: Dr. Joseph Engelman
San Francisco City Clinic
DOIA Website, 2000
STD Atlas, 1997

110. Primary syphilis-chancre

111. Primary syphilis - chancre

112. Primary syphilis - chancre

113. Primary syphilis - chancre of anus

114. Primary syphilis - chancre

115. Secondary syphilis - papulosquamous rash

116. Secondary syphilis - papulo-pustular rash

117. Secondary syphilis

118. Secondary syphilis

119. Secondary syphilis

120. Secondary syphilis - alopecia

121. Late syphilis - serpiginous gummata of forearm

122. Late syphilis - ulcerating gumma

123. Cardiovascular syphilis - narrowing of coronary ostia in
aortus

124. Neurosyphilis - spirochetes in neural tissue

125. Congenital syphilis - mucous patches

126. Congenital syphilis - - Hutchinson’s teeth

127. Congenital syphilis - perforation of palate

128. What Happens if I don’t get
treated?
• If you have an STD and don’t get
treatment you can have some long-term
effects such as:
– Infertility (Unable to have babies)
– Cancer
– Long-term pain
– Can pass disease from mother to baby
– Death

129. FINALLY
THE END OF HUMAN
REPRODUCTION

130. hatching

131. Birth Control Pill
• Contains female sex
hormones oestrogen and
progestin
• Prevent ovulation.
• Must be taken daily
• Highly effective.
• Side effects, including
breast tenderness,
spotting, blood clots, and
raised blood pressure.

132. Male Condoms
• Prevent semen from entering the
female reproductive tract.
• Protection from transmission of
sexually transmitted diseases
• Has expiration date!!!!!

133. Female Condom
• Thin plastic pouch
• Lines the vagina
• Can be put in place up to 8
hours before sex.
• Users grasp a flexible,
plastic ring at the closed
end to guide it into
position.
• Less effective than the
male condom.
• Noisy, not reusable.
• Should not be used with a
male condom.

134. Diaphragm
Soft latex dome
Fitted over woman’s cervix
before sexual intercourse.
Prevents passage of the sperm
into the cervix,
Used together with spermicides

135. Cervical Cap
Small latex cup
The woman inserts into her
vagina before sexual intercourse.
Fits snugly over the woman's
cervix.
Smaller than the diaphragm
Used with spermicidal cream or
jelly.