for engineering students

2. Guided by:-
Neha mam
Prepared by:-
Pranav purohit(m-34)
Rabari tagesh(m-35)
Nikul pithva(m-36)
Shilay nilesh(m-37)

3. POPULATION EXPLOSION

4. POPULATION

5. TOPICS
 Development of Habitat patterns Environmental factors
governing settlement
 Population and Pollution
 Reasons for Over Population
 Production of Food
 Population Growth Demographic Projections

6. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS GOVERNING
SETTLEMENT
 The environment has considerably affected human being right
from his evolution. The environment effects human in many
ways. The environment has affected humans settlements in many
ways. The main factors which affect the distribution of
population and human settlement are
 1) Relief of a land
 2)Climate
 3) Soils
 4) Mineral Deposits
 5) Water Supply
 Environment plays an Important role in deciding population
distribution, density, settlement type and patterns.

7. POPULATION
 POPULATION may be defined as a group of organisms of
the same species occupying a particular space.
 OVER POPULATION: Over population is a condition when
an organism number exceeds the carrying capacity of its
habitat.
 Over population is not a function of size or density it is
determined using the ratio of population to available
resources.

8. OVER POPULATION

9. REASONS FOR OVER POPULATION
 Increase in birth rate
 Decrease in death rate
 Better medical facilities
 Increase Immigration
 Decrease in Emigration
 Illiteracy

10.  Increase in birth rate: Birth rate is
the no of child born /1000
people/year. With the advent of
better medical facility, economic
prosperity, social beliefs the birth
rate increases which causes
increase in population
 Decrease in Death Rate: Death
rate is expressed in units of deaths/
1000 persons/year. The
development of technologies has
resulted in decrease in death rate.
Good and clean atmosphere,
sufficient nutrients, better medial
facility has provided longer and
healthy life.

11.  Better Medical facility: New
inventions of medicines, awareness
towards better health and control of
various diseases like TB, Small pox,
cancer, has resulted in increase of
population
 Increase Immigration: The countries
like USA where the development had
brought good environment for citizens
to stay, earn , and enjoy had resulted in
increase in immigration
 Decrease Emigration: In case of
Developing Countries the basic
requirement of citizens like peace,
development opportunities are
satisfied hence migration is avoided
this may cause over population

12.  Illiteracy: Due to some social beliefs, lack of knowledge towards
family planning, desire for male child are some of the factors
which causes increase in population

13. POPULATION EXPLOSION
 Effects of Population explosion
• Over use of natural resources
• Increase in Food Demand
• Increase in waste generation
• Other effects like
 Unemployment
 Poverty
 Increase in crime rate
 Energy crisis
 Over crowding of cities

14. POPULATION GROWTH
 Population growth is the change in population overtime
and can be quantified as the change in number of
individuals in a population per unit time of measurement
 According to population clock every second on an average
4-5 children's are born, and 2 persons die, thus resulting
increase is of 2.5 persons every second. That means every
hour there is a growth of 9000 persons and in one day
population increase is of the order of 2,14,000
 Current Population of India in 2012 - 1,170,938,000
(1.17,938 billion)

15. POPULATION FORECASTING
 To Design various infrastructures facilities like water
supply scheme, sewage disposal unit, the basic record of
current population and future population is must
 Therefore an estimate of future population is necessary for
designing this facilities.

16. VARIOUS POPULATION FORECASTING
 Arithmetic Increase method
 Geometric Increase method
 Incremental Increase method
 Decrease rate of growth method
 Graphical extension method
 Graphical Comparison Method

17. ARITHMETIC INCREASE METHOD
 This method is based on the assumption that population
increase at a constant rate
 Thus future population is given as
 Pn= Po + n X
 Where,
 P n= Future population
 P o= Population at present
 n= No of decades between now and future
 X= average of population increase
 This method of population forecasting is used for large
cities which have reached their saturation population

18. GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD
In this method per decade percentage increase or growth rate is
assumed to be constant and the increase is compounded over the
existing population every decade.
Where,
 Pn= Future Population
 Po= Initial Population
 r= rate of growth
 N= no of decades

19. INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
 In this method per decade growth rate is not assumed to
be constant as in the arithmetic or geometric increase
method but it is progressively increased or decreased
depending on past data
 P n= Po + n X +
 P n= Future Population
 P o= Initial Population
 X= Average increase in population
 Y= Average of Incremental Increase
 n= no of decades

20. DECREASE RATE OF GROWTH METHOD
 Since the growth rate of Increase in population goes on
reducing as the cities reach their saturation, a method
which makes use of decrease in the percentage increase, is
many a times used. In this method, average decrease in the
percentage increase is found out and is then subtracted
from the latest percentage increase for each successive
decades. This method is however applicable only in cases,
where the growth rate shows a downward trend.

21. SIMPLE GRAPHICAL METHOD
 In this method a graph is plotted from the available
data between time and population. The curve is then
extended smoothly up to the desired year. This
method however gives very approx results

22. COMPARATIVE GRAPHICAL METHOD
 In this method, Cities having Condition and characteristics
similar to cities whose future population is to be predicted
are first of all selected. It is then assumed that the city
under consideration will develop, as the selected city has
developed in past. This method has logical background
and if statics of similar cities are available vary precise
readings can be obtained.

23. CONTROL OF POPULATION GROWTH
 Education: Literacy plays a major role in
checking population growth. Improving
the literacy rate particularly in woman,
can help in population control
 Incentives: Certain Incentives in the form
of government benefits, scholarships, to
children, subsidies, exemptions from tax,
promotion In jobs, should be offered

24.  Government Benefits: The government benefits should be
allowed only for those having smaller families.
 Publicity: The Importance of birth control methods for family
planning, the significance of small families and related
information should be published through various media, schools,
books, and other sources.

25. FOOD PRODUCTION
 Nutritious food is the basic need of
human beings at every stage of life
 Sources of Food
 Agriculture crop: Like wheat, rice,
maize, pulses, vegetables etc
 Meat and Milk: The meat of
domestic animals like sheep, goat,
hens are used as important food
resource. The other important food
resource, like milk produced by
goat, cow, buffalo etc
 Sea Food: Fish and sea food
contributes 70 MMT of high quality
protein to world’s diet.

26. WORLDS FOOD PROBLEM
 Food is one of the basic requirement of human beings it is
the most important material that our body needs. During
last 50 years food production has increased by 50 % by at
the same time the population growth has out stripped
food production. The FAO estimated that about 840
million people remain chronically hungry, nearly 820
million of them in the developing countries

27. FOOD PROBLEMS
 Undernourishment
 Malnutrition
 Every year 40 million people die of
undernourishment and malnutrition.
 Undernourishment: It is lack of
sufficient calories in available food, so
that one has little or no ability to move
or work. People who receive less than
90 % of their minimum dietary intake
on a long term basis are considered
undernourished.
 Unnourished children can suffer from
stunted growth and mental retardation.
 This can be prevented by better diet,
clean water, and simple medicines.

28. MALNUTRITION
 Malnutrition is the lack of specific
components of food such as protein,
vitamins, or essential elements in diet. It is
nutritional imbalance due to lack of specific
dietary component. It may occur In both
rich and poor .Major problems due to
malnutrition
 Marasmus: Lack of protein and calories
 Anemia: Lack of Iron
 Goiter: Due to Iodine deficiency

29. POPULATION THEORIES
 There are three important theories of population, which
are of relevance to the present trends of population
growth. The theories are
 The Demographic Transition theory
 Malthusian Theory of maximum population
 The Optimum population theory

30. THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY
 This Method is used to represent the process of shift from
high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and
death rates as a part of the economical development of a
country from a pre-industrial to an industrialized
economy. It is based on an interpretation begun in 1929 by
American demographer Warren Thomson who observed
changes in birth and death rates in industrialized society
over the past 200 years.

31.  This method represents that there is a relationship between the
population change and industrial growth with time.
 Stage 1 In pre-industrial society , death rates and birth rates
were both high and fluctuated rapidly accordingly to natural
events, such as droughts, and diseases, to produce a relatively
constant and young population
 Stage 2 In developing countries the death rate drops rapidly due
to improvement in food supply and sanitation, which increases
life span and reduces diseases, basic health care units and the
countries in this stage experiences great increase in population
 Stage 3 In this stage birth rate falls due to increase in status and
education of women, increase in parental investments.
Population growth begins to level off.
 Stage 4 There are both low birth rates and low death rates. Birth
rate has dropped due to change and life style and due to medical
advances and death rate has dropped too. As a result total
population is high and stable.

32.  Stage 5 This stage represents developed countries where
population are now reproducing well below their replacement
level. And the population growth may tend to be zero or negative.

33. MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF MAXIMUM
POPULATION
 English economist and demographer Dr. Robert Malthus
gave this theory, according to this theory
 In his first Proposition Population if unchecked, increases
at a faster geometric rate (i.e. 1,2,4,8,16…) whereas the
food supply grow at an arithmetic rate (i.e. 1,2,4,6,8…) .
The necessary effect of these two different rate of increase
will be striking as after sometime the population will
outgrow the food supply and people will starve and
undergo misery.

34.  In the second preposition Malthus suggests that the food is
essential for the survival of the man and that the size of
population is determined by availability of the food. Greater is
the production of food larger the size of population which can be
sustained, this result Less production per capita. This will
ultimately lead to a situation where the number of people will
out weight the food production and the population will plunge
into starvation & misery.
 In the third proposition, Malthus concludes that the tendency of
the population to indefinite increase may be controlled by two
types of checks viz.
 Preventive checks: reduce birth rate
 Positive checks: Increase death rate
 Preventive checks:
 The preventive checks are moral restrained adopted by the
people voluntarily. Such checks includes marrying late or not at all.
It reduces the birth rate.

35.  The positive checks are more savage and are natural. If people do
not act on their own, the nature acts in the form of famines, wars,
outbreak of diseases. They increase in death rate.

36. Population grows in quick
geometric progression
(2,4,8,16,32)
Food supply grows in
slow arithmetic
progression
(2,4,6,8,10)
Imbalance between population and food supply
Corrective measure of imbalance
Positive
checks
Preventive
checks
Malthusian Theory of population

37. THE OPTIMUM THEORY OF POPULATION
 This is the modern theory of population, propagated by
modern economist such as Sidewide, Cannon, Dalton, and
Robbins
 Optimum means the best or the ideal. Optimum
population means the ideal population or the ideal
number of population the nation should have relative to
the natural resources, stock of capital investment and state
of technology. In other words, optimum population is that
size of population at which the per capita output is the
highest.

38.  A country is said to be under-populated if the population is less
than the optimum and over-populated if it is more than the
optimum. Initially population is small relative to availability of
resources hence due to specialization and efficient use of
resources per-capita output/ income increases to a maximum.
This size of population is the optimum population.
 Beyond this point, if population increases, the country will
become over populated and per capita output will start
decreasing. Overpopulation leads to low living standards,
frustration and unemployment
 Both under and overpopulation have short comings . It is the
optimum population which is best suited for a country. The
optimum population is not static number as it keep on changing
with discovery of new resources and technological
developments.

39.  The theory is further explained graphically, by plotting size of
population on X- Axis and per capita output on y-axis
P
R
Q
A
Per
Capita/Income
Population Size
P: Under population
Q: Optimum Population
R: Over Population

40. POPULATION DYNAMICS
 Population Dynamics is the study of Change in population.
 The basic Equation of Population Dynamics
 The rate of change in the size of population (N), in the
course of time, is the function of population size (N) itself.
i.e. the rate of change of N is the function of N

41. Where,

𝑑𝑁
𝑑𝑡
= Rate of change of N with time ‘t’
 r= Instantaneous rate of increase
 N= The size of Population

42. THE EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
 The basic equation of population Dynamics,
relates the Increase with the population size itself, but doesn’t
establish a relation between population at two different
times, i.e. who to calculate Nt, population after time ‘t’ in
years
 Therefore Integrating eq

 Leads to Nt=No.ert

43. THE EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
 In case of Exponential growth, the rate of change of
population is directly proportional to the size of
population at that time.
 If in a specified time ‘t’ the population size be Nt the
population growth or rate of change of population can be
expressed as

44. 𝒅𝑵 𝒕
𝒅𝒕
⍺ 𝑵 𝒕
𝒅𝑁𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑅 𝑁𝑡
𝑑𝑁𝑡
𝑁𝑡
= 𝑅 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑁𝑡
𝑁𝑡
= 𝑅𝑑𝑡
ln Nt = Rt + Z ( R & Z are Constants)
When t=0, the initial size of pollution is ‘No’ i.e.
Nt= No

45. Thus,
ln No= R.0+ Z -------------I
Z= ln No
Now, putting value of Z in eq I,
ln Nt= Rt + ln No
ln Nt - ln No= Rt
ln
𝑁𝑡
𝑁 𝑜
= 𝑅𝑡
𝑁𝑡
𝑁𝑜
= 𝑒 𝑅𝑡
Nt = No e Rt

46. CASE STUDY
THE STORY OF DHARAVI: LARGEST SLUM, ENTERPRISING
PEOPLE
 The Story of Dharavi: Largest Slum, Enterprising People
 There are around 5000 small industries in the area with a total
annual turnover of Rs. 20 billion. The industries include plastic
recycling, garment making, printing, zari making, leather
products, and pottery. Leather products made here are exported
to France & Germany. Everyday, about 200 tons of snacks like
banana wafers, and groundnut sweets are produced in over 1000
units. Surely it is a prosperous and developed place with good
roads and nice buildings? Well, it happens to be Asia’s largest
slum and all the people here are ‘ illegal’ occupants!

47. THE STORY OF DHARAVI: LARGEST SLUM, ENTERPRISING
PEOPLE
Spread over 175 hectares and swarming with one million people
during the day, Dharavi in Mumbai is extraordinary mix of most
unusual people’. They have come from many parts of India.
Living in Dharavi is not easy. Within congested Mumbai, Dharavi has
the highest density of population, an unbelievable 45,000 persons per
hectare.
Everywhere there are open drains, piles of uncleaned garbage, filth,
and pitiful shakes. The other parts of the city’s population would like
to believe that Dharavi does not exist. For them, the slums are dirty,
and the inhabitants are criminals.
Over the years, unsuccessful attempts were made to ‘develop’ Dharavi.
The story of Dharavi tell us that managing the urban population
is becoming a bigger and more complex problem with each
passing day.

48. DHARAVI

49. DHARAVI

50. THANK YOU