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Management and Governance of
Open Data Initiatives

UNDESA and ITU – Future Government: A Global
Perspective in Connection to Open Government Data
and Citizen Engagement – Geneva, May 16th 2012

Dr. Matthias Stürmer,
Senior Consultant Ernst & Young
My perspectives on open data


                            • Fan: Founding board member of Swiss OGD association Opendata.ch
                            • Lobbyist: Secretary of Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability
                            • Politician: Parliament member of the City of Bern
                            • Advisor: Senior Consultant at Ernst & Young
                            • Former researcher: PhD at ETH Zurich on open source communities
                            • Former programmer: Co-founder of two Internet startups


Dr. Matthias Stürmer
Phone: +41 58 286 61 97
Mobile: +41 58 289 61 97
Email: matthias.stuermer@ch.ey.com




Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives                                  Seite 2
Agenda


1. Observations from the Swiss open data movement
2. Comparing open data initiatives to open source projects
3. How to govern open data projects

• Appendix: Swiss Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability




Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives        Seite 3
Milestones Swiss Open Data Movement




July 2010: First meeting                                  June 2011: Opendata.ch conference         Sept 2011: Hackdays




December 2011: Parliamentarian„s dinner and manifest                  January 2012: Association Opendata.ch founded

Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives                                                     Seite 4
Swiss Open Data Hacking Events


• First Swiss OGD Hackdays on September 30/October 1, 2012 in Zürich and Lausanne
• Hackday on March 30/31, 2012 in Zürich and Geneva on the topic of mobility
• First OGD Hackday in Bern on April 27, 2012 on various topics
• Hackday on September 28/29, 2012 in Basel and Geneva on the topic of health




Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives                   Seite 5
Open Data Hackday in Bern, April 27th 2012




Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives   Seite 6
Open Budget App on Expenses of the City of Bern




                                                                Source:
                                                                http://t.preus.se/bernbudget2012
Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives                                      Seite 7
Not comparable to the New York Times App…




Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives   Seite 8
Agenda


1. Observations from the Swiss open data movement
2. Comparing open data initiatives to open source projects
3. How to govern open data projects

• Appendix: Swiss Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability




Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives        Seite 9
OGD and OSS on the Technology Hype Cycle




                    OGD




                                                                OSS




Source: Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle

Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives         Seite 10
OGD Communities Compared to OSS Communities


                         Open Data Initiatives                  Open Source Projects             Comments

                                                                                                 Different: Long way to
  Hype Cycle             „Peak of Inflated Expectations“        „Plateau of Productivity“
                                                                                                 go for OGD
                         1. Individuals                         1. Individuals                   Similar: Both top-down
 Initialization          2. Foundations                         2. Companies                     and bottom-up
                         3. Public Administrations              3. Public Administrations        approaches possible
                                                                                                 Equal: Heterogenic mix
  Motivation             Intrinsic to extrinsic                 Intrinsic to extrinsic
                                                                                                 of motivation
                         1. Data Knowhow                                                         Similar: Mostly
                                                                1. Programming
Required Skills          2. Programming
                                                                2. GUI Design
                                                                                                 technology-driven
                         3. Design                                                               communities
                                                                                                 Different: OGD has more
                         Much local development with            Much global development with
Development              lots of physical meetings              few physical meetings
                                                                                                 local solutions, OSS has
                                                                                                 more global solutions

                                                                                                 Similar: Distributed
                         Mostly independent foundations         Mostly independent foundations
 Governance              sponsored by public funds              sponsored by IT companies
                                                                                                 power of decision
                                                                                                 making




Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives                                                        Seite 11
Agenda


1. Observations from the Swiss open data movement
2. Comparing open data initiatives to open source projects
3. How to govern open data projects

• Appendix: Swiss Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability




Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives        Seite 12
Motivation is Key for Community Governance


• Loss of control through publishing data and source code
• Voluntary initiatives are governed through incentivizing groups and individuals
• 10 different reasons for individuals to contribute to open source software projects:
 Intrinsic Motivation                                                   1. Ideology
 Enjoyment- or obligation-based incentives
                                                                        2. Altruism
                                                                        3. Kinship
                                                                        4. Fun
 Internalized Extrinsic Motivation                                      5. Reputation
 Non-monetary incentives
                                                                        6. Reciprocity
                                                                        7. Learning
                                                                        8. Own-use
 Extrinsic Motivation                                                   9. Career
 Monetary incentives
                                                                        10. Pay

Source:
G. F. von Krogh, S. Haefliger, S. Spaeth, M. W. Wallin “Open Source Software: a Review of Motivations to Contribute”

Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives                                                Seite 13
Open Data Players in German Speaking Area

                                      Government and Public Administration

                         National                 AT              Regional                CH              Local
                        government                               government                            government
        DE
                                  Single Point
                                 of Orientation                                                   Policy
                                                                     APIs                         making

                               Bottom-Up                                                   Bottom-Up

                   Studies                 Competitions
                                                                 Top-Down         Conferences
                                                                                                               Swiss
                                                                                                            OGD Manifest
                                                           Civil Society

      DE           Open Data                                                                                  CH
                                           Hackdays                                   Local meetings
                    Network                                                 AT
                                                                                                         Opendata.ch
           OKFN
                                                       Web Portals
          Germany                                                       OGD Austria
                                                                                                      Digital
              Government               OGD Apps                                                    Sustainability
              2.0 Network                                                     open3



Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives                                                          Seite 14
Still at the beginning in 2012


Tim Berners-Lee at TED University in 2010:


"We have only just started."




Source: „Tim Berners-Lee: The year open data went worldwide “
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YcZ3Zqk0a8

Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives   Seite 15
Agenda


1. Observations from the Swiss open data movement
2. Comparing open data initiatives to open source projects
3. How to govern open data projects

• Appendix: Swiss Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability




Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives        Seite 16
Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability

Co Presidents
                 Edith Graf-Litscher                                      Christian Wasserfallen
                 National Councilor of                                    National Councilor of
                 Social Democratic Party                                  Liberals Party



Core Team
                 Balthasar Glättli                                        Kathy Riklin
                 National Councilor of                                    National Councilor of
                 Green Party                                              Christian Democratic
                                                                          People's Party

                 Thomas Weibel
                 National Councilor of
                 Green Liberal Party                            Blog, members, policy recommendations:
                                                                www.digitale-nachhaltigkeit.ch
                                                                www.durabilite-numerique.ch
Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives                                      Seite 17
Members of the Parliamentarian Group


1.      Alec von Graffenried, Nationalrat Grüne Kt. Bern              16.   Kathrin Bertschy, Nationalrätin GLP Kt. Bern
2.      Barbara Schmid-Federer, Nationalrätin CVP Kt. Zürich          17.   Liliane Maury Pasquier, Ständerätin SP Kt. Genf
3.      Brigitte Häberli-Koller, Nationalrätin CVP Kt. Thurgau        18.   Louis Schelbert, Nationalrat Grüne Kt. Luzern
4.      Carlo Sommaruga, Nationalrat SP Kt. Genf                      19.   Luc Recordon, Ständerat Grüne Kt. Waadt
5.      Cédric Wermuth, Nationalrat SP Kt. Aargau                     20.   Lukas Reimann, Nationalrat SVP Kt. St. Gallen
6.      Claude Janiak, Ständerat SP Kt. Basel-Landschaft              21.   Maja Ingold, Nationalrätin EVP Kt. Zürich
7.      Evi Allemann, Nationalrätin SP Kt. Bern                       22.   Maria Roth-Bernasconi , Nationalrätin SP Kt. Genf
8.      Felix Gutzwiller, Ständerat FDP Kt. Zürich                    23.   Marianne Streiff-Feller, Nationalrätin EVP Kt. Bern
9.      Francine John-Calame, Nationalrätin Grüne Kt. Neuenburg       24.   Matthias Aebischer, Nationalrat SP Kt. Bern
10.     Franziska Teuscher, Nationalrätin Grüne Kt. Bern              25.   Peter Malama, Nationalrat FDP Kt. Basel-Stadt
11.     Geri Müller, Nationalrat Grüne Kt. Aargau                     26.   Philipp Hadorn, Nationalrat SP Kt. Solothurn
12.     Hans Altherr, Ständerat FDP Kt. Appenzell Ausserrhoden        27.   Raphaël Comte, Ständerat FDP Kt. Neuenburg
13.     Hugues Hiltpold, Nationalrat FDP Kt. Genf                     28.   Sylvia Flückiger-Bäni, Nationalrat SVP Kt. Aargau
14.     Ignazio Cassis, Nationalrat FDP Kt. Tessin                    29.   Thomas Aeschi, Nationalrat SVP Kt. Zug
15.     Jacqueline Badran, Nationalrätin SP Kt. Zürich                30.   Yvonne Gilli, Nationalrätin Grüne Kt. St. Gallen


 • 14% of the Swiss Parliament are members of the
   Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability

      Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives                                                  Seite 18
Previous policy recommendations

1. Freie Veröffentlichung von digitalen Kartografiedaten der swisstopo
   07.12.2009 – Frage 09.5644 – Christian Wasserfallen
2. Open Source – auch für Meteodaten
   18.06.2010 – Interpellation 10.3602 – Kathy Riklin
3. Aktueller Stand von Open Government Data in der Schweiz
   02.03.2011 – Frage 11.5039 – Edith Graf-Litscher
4. Potenzial von Open Government Data in der Schweiz
   02.03.2011 – Frage 11.5040 – Edith Graf-Litscher
5. E-Government und Open Government Data
   12.04.2011 – Interpellation 11.3346 – Christian Wasserfallen
6. Anwendung des Öffentlichkeitsgesetzes
   13.04.2011 – Interpellation 11.3358 – Edith Graf-Litscher
7. Open Government Data. Wie weiter?
   14.04.2011 – Interpellation 11.3445 – Kathy Riklin
8. Digitale Nachhaltigkeit in der Strategie des Bundesrates für eine Informationsgesellschaft in der Schweiz
   14.04.2011 – Interpellation 11.3380 – Thomas Weibel
9. Öffnung der Datenbestände des Bundes. Open Government Data
   28.09.2011 – Motion 11.3871 – Edith Graf-Litscher
10. Masterplan für Open Government Data
    29.09.2011 – Postulat 11.3902 – Kathy Riklin
11. Open Government Data als strategischer Schwerpunkt im E-Government
    29.09.2011 – Postulat 11.3884 – Christian Wasserfallen

Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives                                              Seite 19

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Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives

  • 1. Management and Governance of Open Data Initiatives UNDESA and ITU – Future Government: A Global Perspective in Connection to Open Government Data and Citizen Engagement – Geneva, May 16th 2012 Dr. Matthias Stürmer, Senior Consultant Ernst & Young
  • 2. My perspectives on open data • Fan: Founding board member of Swiss OGD association Opendata.ch • Lobbyist: Secretary of Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability • Politician: Parliament member of the City of Bern • Advisor: Senior Consultant at Ernst & Young • Former researcher: PhD at ETH Zurich on open source communities • Former programmer: Co-founder of two Internet startups Dr. Matthias Stürmer Phone: +41 58 286 61 97 Mobile: +41 58 289 61 97 Email: matthias.stuermer@ch.ey.com Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 2
  • 3. Agenda 1. Observations from the Swiss open data movement 2. Comparing open data initiatives to open source projects 3. How to govern open data projects • Appendix: Swiss Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 3
  • 4. Milestones Swiss Open Data Movement July 2010: First meeting June 2011: Opendata.ch conference Sept 2011: Hackdays December 2011: Parliamentarian„s dinner and manifest January 2012: Association Opendata.ch founded Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 4
  • 5. Swiss Open Data Hacking Events • First Swiss OGD Hackdays on September 30/October 1, 2012 in Zürich and Lausanne • Hackday on March 30/31, 2012 in Zürich and Geneva on the topic of mobility • First OGD Hackday in Bern on April 27, 2012 on various topics • Hackday on September 28/29, 2012 in Basel and Geneva on the topic of health Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 5
  • 6. Open Data Hackday in Bern, April 27th 2012 Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 6
  • 7. Open Budget App on Expenses of the City of Bern Source: http://t.preus.se/bernbudget2012 Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 7
  • 8. Not comparable to the New York Times App… Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 8
  • 9. Agenda 1. Observations from the Swiss open data movement 2. Comparing open data initiatives to open source projects 3. How to govern open data projects • Appendix: Swiss Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 9
  • 10. OGD and OSS on the Technology Hype Cycle OGD OSS Source: Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 10
  • 11. OGD Communities Compared to OSS Communities Open Data Initiatives Open Source Projects Comments Different: Long way to Hype Cycle „Peak of Inflated Expectations“ „Plateau of Productivity“ go for OGD 1. Individuals 1. Individuals Similar: Both top-down Initialization 2. Foundations 2. Companies and bottom-up 3. Public Administrations 3. Public Administrations approaches possible Equal: Heterogenic mix Motivation Intrinsic to extrinsic Intrinsic to extrinsic of motivation 1. Data Knowhow Similar: Mostly 1. Programming Required Skills 2. Programming 2. GUI Design technology-driven 3. Design communities Different: OGD has more Much local development with Much global development with Development lots of physical meetings few physical meetings local solutions, OSS has more global solutions Similar: Distributed Mostly independent foundations Mostly independent foundations Governance sponsored by public funds sponsored by IT companies power of decision making Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 11
  • 12. Agenda 1. Observations from the Swiss open data movement 2. Comparing open data initiatives to open source projects 3. How to govern open data projects • Appendix: Swiss Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 12
  • 13. Motivation is Key for Community Governance • Loss of control through publishing data and source code • Voluntary initiatives are governed through incentivizing groups and individuals • 10 different reasons for individuals to contribute to open source software projects: Intrinsic Motivation 1. Ideology Enjoyment- or obligation-based incentives 2. Altruism 3. Kinship 4. Fun Internalized Extrinsic Motivation 5. Reputation Non-monetary incentives 6. Reciprocity 7. Learning 8. Own-use Extrinsic Motivation 9. Career Monetary incentives 10. Pay Source: G. F. von Krogh, S. Haefliger, S. Spaeth, M. W. Wallin “Open Source Software: a Review of Motivations to Contribute” Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 13
  • 14. Open Data Players in German Speaking Area Government and Public Administration National AT Regional CH Local government government government DE Single Point of Orientation Policy APIs making Bottom-Up Bottom-Up Studies Competitions Top-Down Conferences Swiss OGD Manifest Civil Society DE Open Data CH Hackdays Local meetings Network AT Opendata.ch OKFN Web Portals Germany OGD Austria Digital Government OGD Apps Sustainability 2.0 Network open3 Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 14
  • 15. Still at the beginning in 2012 Tim Berners-Lee at TED University in 2010: "We have only just started." Source: „Tim Berners-Lee: The year open data went worldwide “ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YcZ3Zqk0a8 Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 15
  • 16. Agenda 1. Observations from the Swiss open data movement 2. Comparing open data initiatives to open source projects 3. How to govern open data projects • Appendix: Swiss Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 16
  • 17. Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability Co Presidents Edith Graf-Litscher Christian Wasserfallen National Councilor of National Councilor of Social Democratic Party Liberals Party Core Team Balthasar Glättli Kathy Riklin National Councilor of National Councilor of Green Party Christian Democratic People's Party Thomas Weibel National Councilor of Green Liberal Party Blog, members, policy recommendations: www.digitale-nachhaltigkeit.ch www.durabilite-numerique.ch Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 17
  • 18. Members of the Parliamentarian Group 1. Alec von Graffenried, Nationalrat Grüne Kt. Bern 16. Kathrin Bertschy, Nationalrätin GLP Kt. Bern 2. Barbara Schmid-Federer, Nationalrätin CVP Kt. Zürich 17. Liliane Maury Pasquier, Ständerätin SP Kt. Genf 3. Brigitte Häberli-Koller, Nationalrätin CVP Kt. Thurgau 18. Louis Schelbert, Nationalrat Grüne Kt. Luzern 4. Carlo Sommaruga, Nationalrat SP Kt. Genf 19. Luc Recordon, Ständerat Grüne Kt. Waadt 5. Cédric Wermuth, Nationalrat SP Kt. Aargau 20. Lukas Reimann, Nationalrat SVP Kt. St. Gallen 6. Claude Janiak, Ständerat SP Kt. Basel-Landschaft 21. Maja Ingold, Nationalrätin EVP Kt. Zürich 7. Evi Allemann, Nationalrätin SP Kt. Bern 22. Maria Roth-Bernasconi , Nationalrätin SP Kt. Genf 8. Felix Gutzwiller, Ständerat FDP Kt. Zürich 23. Marianne Streiff-Feller, Nationalrätin EVP Kt. Bern 9. Francine John-Calame, Nationalrätin Grüne Kt. Neuenburg 24. Matthias Aebischer, Nationalrat SP Kt. Bern 10. Franziska Teuscher, Nationalrätin Grüne Kt. Bern 25. Peter Malama, Nationalrat FDP Kt. Basel-Stadt 11. Geri Müller, Nationalrat Grüne Kt. Aargau 26. Philipp Hadorn, Nationalrat SP Kt. Solothurn 12. Hans Altherr, Ständerat FDP Kt. Appenzell Ausserrhoden 27. Raphaël Comte, Ständerat FDP Kt. Neuenburg 13. Hugues Hiltpold, Nationalrat FDP Kt. Genf 28. Sylvia Flückiger-Bäni, Nationalrat SVP Kt. Aargau 14. Ignazio Cassis, Nationalrat FDP Kt. Tessin 29. Thomas Aeschi, Nationalrat SVP Kt. Zug 15. Jacqueline Badran, Nationalrätin SP Kt. Zürich 30. Yvonne Gilli, Nationalrätin Grüne Kt. St. Gallen • 14% of the Swiss Parliament are members of the Parliamentarian Group for Digital Sustainability Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 18
  • 19. Previous policy recommendations 1. Freie Veröffentlichung von digitalen Kartografiedaten der swisstopo 07.12.2009 – Frage 09.5644 – Christian Wasserfallen 2. Open Source – auch für Meteodaten 18.06.2010 – Interpellation 10.3602 – Kathy Riklin 3. Aktueller Stand von Open Government Data in der Schweiz 02.03.2011 – Frage 11.5039 – Edith Graf-Litscher 4. Potenzial von Open Government Data in der Schweiz 02.03.2011 – Frage 11.5040 – Edith Graf-Litscher 5. E-Government und Open Government Data 12.04.2011 – Interpellation 11.3346 – Christian Wasserfallen 6. Anwendung des Öffentlichkeitsgesetzes 13.04.2011 – Interpellation 11.3358 – Edith Graf-Litscher 7. Open Government Data. Wie weiter? 14.04.2011 – Interpellation 11.3445 – Kathy Riklin 8. Digitale Nachhaltigkeit in der Strategie des Bundesrates für eine Informationsgesellschaft in der Schweiz 14.04.2011 – Interpellation 11.3380 – Thomas Weibel 9. Öffnung der Datenbestände des Bundes. Open Government Data 28.09.2011 – Motion 11.3871 – Edith Graf-Litscher 10. Masterplan für Open Government Data 29.09.2011 – Postulat 11.3902 – Kathy Riklin 11. Open Government Data als strategischer Schwerpunkt im E-Government 29.09.2011 – Postulat 11.3884 – Christian Wasserfallen Management and Governance of Open Government Data Initiatives Seite 19