2. Six Kingdoms of
Classification
Eubacteria Archebacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals
Cell type Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Number of Unicellular Unicellular Mostly Mostly Multicellular Multicellular
Cells unicellular multicellular
Mode of Autotroph or Autotroph or Autotroph or Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph
nutrition heterotroph heterotroph heterotroph
Chemistry Made No Made of Made of Made of No cell walls.
of cell walls Peptidoglycan peptidoglycan cellulose (in chitin. cellulose
some).

3. What do we already know
about bacteria?
 Small, unicellular
 Prokaryotic, no nucleus, not many organelles
 Independent, non-specialized
 First life on Earth

4. Kingdoms of Bacteria
1. Eubacteria
• Larger of the two kingdoms
• Found in most environments
• Cell wall contains carbohydrate “peptidoglycan”
• Ex) E.coli – bacteria in your intestine helps with
digestion

5. Kingdoms of Bacteria
2. Archaebacteria
• Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan.
• Live extremely harsh
environments
• Ex.) Methanogens -live in
animal digestive tracts (no
oxygen gas).

6. Identifying Bacteria
 Bacteria can be identified by…
1. Shape and Arrangement
2. Chemical nature of cell wall
3. Gram staining
4. How they obtain energy (food)

7. Shape and Arrangement
 3 Shapes of Bacteria
1. Bacilli (rod)
2. Cocci (sphere)
3. Spirilla
 Colony Arrangement
1. Staphlo (clump)
2. Strepto (chain)

8. Typical Bacteria Cell
 Cell wall and cell
membrane
 DNA
 Ribosomes

9. Chemical Nature of Cell
Wall
 Eubacteria identified by make-up of their cell walls.
 Method called Gram staining is used.
 Gram Positive – “thick” cell wall of peptidoglycan,
purple
 Gram Negative – “thin” cell wall of peptidoglycan,
pink or red – can NOT be treated by many antibiotics

10. Obtaining Energy
 All living things need a method for obtaining …
-Energy (ATP)
-Organic Compounds (Carbon)
1. Heterotrophs (cannot make own food)
 Chemoheterotrophs- take in food for both energy
and organic compounds.
ex) Salmonella bacteria eat foods and release “toxins”
cause food poisoning
 Photoheterotrophs- Use sunlight for energy and
obtain food for a source of organic compounds.

11. Obtaining Energy (cont.)
2. Autotrophs (make own food)
 Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight to make energy
and organic compounds (glucose).
 These bacteria are all green (kind of like little plants).
 Many live on surface of ocean (cyanobacteria).
 Chemoautotrophs- Do not use light. Instead, use
chemicals in their environment to make food and
organic compounds.
 Live where there is no light (ocean floor).

12. Few Other Characterisitcs of
Bacteria…
 Obligate aerobes- Bacteria that require a
constant supply of oxygen. Ex.) Tuberculosis
 Obligate anaerobes- Bacteria that do not
require oxygen. Ex) Bacteria causes botulism
 Facultative anaerobes- Can survive with or
without oxygen. Can live anywhere. Ex) E.coli

13. Few Other Characteristics
of Bacteria…
 How do bacteria
reproduce?
 Binary fission
-asexual = “clones”
-1st growth
-2nd DNA copied
-3rd splits - 2 cells

14. Conjugation
 Since binary fission results in clones, bacteria need a
way to gain variety.
 They do this through exchanging DNA in a process
called “conjugation.”
 Genetic material exchanged; allows bacteria obtain new
traits = antibiotic resistance
 Sometimes called “transformation.”