Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units like states or provinces. Under federalism, sovereignty is constitutionally divided between the central government and the states, with each level having its own areas of jurisdiction. There are various models of federalism that have been implemented, including dual federalism, cooperative federalism, creative federalism, and new federalism.

2. FederalismFederalism is ais a political concept in which aconcept in which a groupgroup ofof
members are bound together by covenant with amembers are bound together by covenant with a
governing representative head. The termgoverning representative head. The term federalismfederalism
is also used to describe a system of the government inis also used to describe a system of the government in
which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between awhich sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a
central governing authority and constituent politicalcentral governing authority and constituent political
units (like states or provinces). Federalism is a systemunits (like states or provinces). Federalism is a system
in which the power to govern is shared betweenin which the power to govern is shared between
national and provincial (state) governments, creatingnational and provincial (state) governments, creating
what is often called awhat is often called a federationfederation.. Proponents areProponents are
often calledoften called federalists.federalists.

4. Dual federalismDual federalism
Cooperative federalismCooperative federalism
Creative federalismCreative federalism
New federalismNew federalism

5. Dual federalismDual federalism ,, a legal theory which has prevailed in the Uniteda legal theory which has prevailed in the United
States since 1789, is the belief that the United States consists of twoStates since 1789, is the belief that the United States consists of two
separate and co-sovereign branches of government. This form ofseparate and co-sovereign branches of government. This form of
government works on the principle that the national and stategovernment works on the principle that the national and state
governments are split into their own spheres, and each is supremegovernments are split into their own spheres, and each is supreme
within its respective sphere. Specifically, dual federalism discusseswithin its respective sphere. Specifically, dual federalism discusses
the relationship between the national government and the states'the relationship between the national government and the states'
governments. According to this theory, there are certain limits placedgovernments. According to this theory, there are certain limits placed
on the federal government. These limits are:on the federal government. These limits are:
1. National government rules by rules only.1. National government rules by rules only.
2. National government has a limited set of constitutional purposes.2. National government has a limited set of constitutional purposes.
3. Each governmental unit—state and federal—is sovereign within3. Each governmental unit—state and federal—is sovereign within
its sphere of operations.its sphere of operations.
4. Relationship between nation and states is best summed up as4. Relationship between nation and states is best summed up as
tension rather than cooperationtension rather than cooperation

6. Cooperative federalism emphasized anCooperative federalism emphasized an
expanded role for the nationalexpanded role for the national
government, and cooperation betweengovernment, and cooperation between
the national government and the states.the national government and the states.
This relationship predominatedThis relationship predominated
betweenbetween 19301930 andand 1960.1960.

7. Implementing CooperativeImplementing Cooperative
FederalismFederalism
National government- give grantsNational government- give grants
““Strings-Attached” Federal GrantsStrings-Attached” Federal Grants
Types of grantsTypes of grants
 Categorical GrantsCategorical Grants
 Block GrantsBlock Grants
 Federal MandatesFederal Mandates

8. Creative federalismCreative federalism , also known as "picket, also known as "picket
fence federalism," predominated during thefence federalism," predominated during the
period of 1960 to 1980. This relationship wasperiod of 1960 to 1980. This relationship was
characterized by overloaded cooperation andcharacterized by overloaded cooperation and
crosscutting regulations.crosscutting regulations.

9. New federalismNew federalism, sometimes referred to, sometimes referred to
as "on your own federalism," isas "on your own federalism," is
characterized by further devolution ofcharacterized by further devolution of
power from national to statepower from national to state
governments, deregulation, but alsogovernments, deregulation, but also
increased difficulty of states to fulfill theirincreased difficulty of states to fulfill their
new mandates. This period began innew mandates. This period began in
1981 and continues to the present.1981 and continues to the present.

10. Anti-FederalismAnti-Federalism is a political philosophy which is a political philosophy which
opposes the concept of Federalism. In short, Anti-opposes the concept of Federalism. In short, Anti-
Federalists dictate that the central governingFederalists dictate that the central governing
authority of a nation should be equal or inferior to,authority of a nation should be equal or inferior to,
but not having more power than, its sub-nationalbut not having more power than, its sub-national
states (state government). A book titled states (state government). A book titled "The Anti-"The Anti-
Federalist Papers"Federalist Papers" is a detailed explanation of is a detailed explanation of
American Anti-Federalist thought.American Anti-Federalist thought.

11.  THERE ARE TWO OR MORE LEVELS OF GOV.TTHERE ARE TWO OR MORE LEVELS OF GOV.T
 DIFFERENT TIERS OF GOV.T GOVERN THE SAME CITIZEN ,BUT EACH TIERDIFFERENT TIERS OF GOV.T GOVERN THE SAME CITIZEN ,BUT EACH TIER
HAS ITS OWN JURISDICTIONHAS ITS OWN JURISDICTION
 THE JURISDICTION OF THE RESPECTIVE LEVELS OR TIERS OFTHE JURISDICTION OF THE RESPECTIVE LEVELS OR TIERS OF
GOVERNMENT ARE SPECIFIED IN THE CONSTITUTIONGOVERNMENT ARE SPECIFIED IN THE CONSTITUTION
 NO FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE CAN BE MADE IN THE CONSTITUTION WITHOUTNO FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE CAN BE MADE IN THE CONSTITUTION WITHOUT
THE CONSENT OF ALL LEVELS OF GOV.TTHE CONSENT OF ALL LEVELS OF GOV.T
 AN INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY PREVENTS CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE CENTERAN INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY PREVENTS CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE CENTER
AND THE STATE AND AMONG THE STATEAND THE STATE AND AMONG THE STATE
 EACH LEVEL OF GOV.T HAS CLEARLY SPECIFIED SOURCE OF REVENUE TOEACH LEVEL OF GOV.T HAS CLEARLY SPECIFIED SOURCE OF REVENUE TO
AVOID CONFLICTAVOID CONFLICT
 THE FEDERAL SYSTEM THUS HAS DUAL OBJECTIVES :THE FEDERAL SYSTEM THUS HAS DUAL OBJECTIVES :
1)TO SAFE GUARD AND PROMOTE UNITY OF THE COUNTRY1)TO SAFE GUARD AND PROMOTE UNITY OF THE COUNTRY
 2)TO ACCOMMODATE REGIONAL DIVERSITY2)TO ACCOMMODATE REGIONAL DIVERSITY

12. KINDS OF FEDERATIONSKINDS OF FEDERATIONS
COMING TOGETHER FEDERATIONCOMING TOGETHER FEDERATION
1)INDEPENDENT STATES1)INDEPENDENT STATES VOLUNTARILY FORM AVOLUNTARILY FORM A
BIGGER UNIONBIGGER UNION
2)STATE AND THE CENTER HAVE EQUAL POWERS2)STATE AND THE CENTER HAVE EQUAL POWERS
e.g.- U.S.A ,SWITZERLAND ,AUSTRALIAe.g.- U.S.A ,SWITZERLAND ,AUSTRALIA
HOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATIONHOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATION
1)1) A LARGE COUNTRY DECIDES TO DIVIDE ITSA LARGE COUNTRY DECIDES TO DIVIDE ITS
POWER BETWEEN THE STATES AND CENTRALPOWER BETWEEN THE STATES AND CENTRAL
GOV.TGOV.T
2)2) THE CENTRAL GOV.T IS ALWAYS MORETHE CENTRAL GOV.T IS ALWAYS MORE
POWERFUL THAN THE REGIONAL STATESPOWERFUL THAN THE REGIONAL STATES
e.g.- INDIA ,SPAIN ,BELGIUMe.g.- INDIA ,SPAIN ,BELGIUM

13. WHAT MAKES INDIA A FEDERAL COUNTRY ?WHAT MAKES INDIA A FEDERAL COUNTRY ?
POWERS ARE DIVIDED AS :POWERS ARE DIVIDED AS :
UNION LISTUNION LIST
STATE LISTSTATE LIST
CONCURENT LISTCONCURENT LIST

14. CUNCURRENTCUNCURRENT
LISTLIST
1)has 47 subjects1)has 47 subjects
2)education2)education
marriage,forest aremarriage,forest are
subjectssubjects
3)laws are made3)laws are made
bymembers of statebymembers of state
as well as union listas well as union list
 Union listUnion list
1)Has 99 subjects1)Has 99 subjects
2)banking,2)banking,
communication,currcommunication,curr
encyency
are the subjectsare the subjects
3)Laws made by3)Laws made by
Members of unionMembers of union
listlist
 STATE LISTSTATE LIST
1)has 66 subjects1)has 66 subjects
2)police,trade,2)police,trade,
c ommerce arec ommerce are
subjectssubjects
3)laws are made3)laws are made
by members ofby members of
state liststate list

15. HOW IS FEDERALISMHOW IS FEDERALISM
PRACTICEDPRACTICEDLINGUISTIC STATESLINGUISTIC STATES
**CREATION OF LINGUISTIC STATES WAS DONE ON TWOCREATION OF LINGUISTIC STATES WAS DONE ON TWO
BASES : 1)CULTURE ,ETHNICITY OR GEOGRAPHYBASES : 1)CULTURE ,ETHNICITY OR GEOGRAPHY
2)ON BAISIS OF LANGUAGE2)ON BAISIS OF LANGUAGE
e.g.-nagaland,uttarkhand,jharkhande.g.-nagaland,uttarkhand,jharkhand
**LANGUAGE POLICYLANGUAGE POLICY
# HINDI IS THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF INDIA# HINDI IS THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF INDIA
#BESIDES HINDI THERE ARE 21 OTHER LANGUAGE#BESIDES HINDI THERE ARE 21 OTHER LANGUAGE
#CENTRAL GOV.T PROMOTES HINDI BUT CANNOT#CENTRAL GOV.T PROMOTES HINDI BUT CANNOT
IMPOSE IT ON ANY STATEIMPOSE IT ON ANY STATE
**center state relationscenter state relations
$$THE WAY CONSTITUTION HAS MADE THE CENTER ANDTHE WAY CONSTITUTION HAS MADE THE CENTER AND
THE STATES SHARE POWERS HAS ALSOTHE STATES SHARE POWERS HAS ALSO
STREANGTHENED FEDERALISM IN INDIASTREANGTHENED FEDERALISM IN INDIA

16. DECENTRALISATION INDECENTRALISATION IN
INDIAINDIA
 DECENTRALISATION MEANS THAT SOMEDECENTRALISATION MEANS THAT SOME
POWER IS TAKEN AWAY FROM THE CENTRALPOWER IS TAKEN AWAY FROM THE CENTRAL
AND STATE GOV.T AND GIVEN TO LOCAL GOV.TAND STATE GOV.T AND GIVEN TO LOCAL GOV.T

17. LOCAL GOVERNMENTLOCAL GOVERNMENT
RURAL LOCAL GOVERNMENTRURAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT

18. URBAN LOCAL GOV.TURBAN LOCAL GOV.T

20.  Who is sarpanch?Who is sarpanch?
 Name any two cities with muncipal corporations?Name any two cities with muncipal corporations?
 How many languageshave been sheduled in indian constituion?How many languageshave been sheduled in indian constituion?
 On which amentment of india is the panchayathi raj system based on?On which amentment of india is the panchayathi raj system based on?
 Who is mayor?Who is mayor?
 Which system of government is followed in india?Which system of government is followed in india?
 Which of the indian states enjoys some special powers ,like having its own constitution?Which of the indian states enjoys some special powers ,like having its own constitution?
 Out of 192 countries how many has federal political system ?Out of 192 countries how many has federal political system ?
 prime minister runs the country ,chief minister runs the state,then what dose chair person of zillaprime minister runs the country ,chief minister runs the state,then what dose chair person of zilla
parishad can do ?parishad can do ?
 how much elected representatives are there in the panchayaths and muncipalitieshow much elected representatives are there in the panchayaths and muncipalities

21. PRESENTED BYPRESENTED BY
AMAL JOYSAMAL JOYS
JOSEPH CHETHALANJOSEPH CHETHALAN
ARUN BABUARUN BABU
KEVIN JOSEKEVIN JOSE
DEVIKA .SDEVIKA .S
PRAVEENA PETERPRAVEENA PETER
GAYATHRIGAYATHRI
BENDY ANNBENDY ANN