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History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled

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Naveen Emmanuel
Naveen Emmanuel

This document is the introduction to the history book of the Kizhakkekara family. It acknowledges the contributions of the ancestors who established and maintained the family and its traditions over generations. It hopes that recording the history will help preserve the memories and legacy for future generations. The introduction honors the ancestors and seeks blessings for the well-being and unity of current and future family members. It concludes with a prayer asking God to protect the family and fulfill their needs and aspirations.

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i Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw
ii Name of the Book Kizhakkekara Kudumbacharithram (History of Kizhakkekara Family) Written Malayalam K.T. Thomas, Mob: 9447139489 English K.C. Mani, Mob: 09542029226 Editorial Board Chief Editor: K.T. Thomas Sub Editors Johney George Dr. Jose Francis K.V. Mammen K.C. Mani Published on: 08.10.2011 Published by: The President & Secretary Kizhakkekara Kudumbayogam Kizhathadiyoor P. O. Pala D.T.P. & Lay Out & Printing Printech Multi Color Press, Thodupuzha Ph: 227191 President : Prof. Jose Joseph Secretary: K.T. Thomas For Private Circulation only Website : www.kizhakkekarakudumbayogam.com
iii ka¿∏Ww c‡w hnb¿∏m°n cm]-Iset∂y A≤zmn®v, ∑-bpsS hnØp-Iƒ hnX-®p-sIm-bvXv,- IpSpw-_sØ imtJm-]-im-J-I-fm°n hf¿Øn hmKvZm--tZ-i-tØbv°v t]mb ]q¿∆o-I¿°v Cu IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
iv Xmfp-Iƒ adn-°p-tºmƒ.... 1 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_ ]cn-]m-e--tbmKw 1 2 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmK n_-‘-Iƒ 5 3 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_ ]cn-]m-e DS-ºSn 9 4 Kizhakkekaras of Palai (Kerala) 14 5 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw 40 6 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_w 51 7 X´m≥]-d-ºn¬ imJ 53 8 Cu¥p-¶¬ ]IpXn imJ 65 9 Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ imJ 91 10 ]pØ≥]p-c-°¬ Xd-hmSv 150 11 ]oSn-I-bn¬ IpSpw_w 185 12 ]oSnI ssIXh-b-en¬ 207 13 Be-°¬ IpSpw_w 243 14 Ingt° Be-°¬ hmI-bm-n-bn¬ imJ 247 15 hmIm-n-bn¬ Iqºp-°¬imJ 251 16 ]Sn-™msd Be-°¬ hmIm-n-bn¬ imJ 263 17 hmIm-n-bn¬ s√n-ae imJ 271 18 hmIm-n-bn¬ sIm®p-a-‰-Øn¬ imJ 275 19 Be-°¬ imJ 293 20 Ing-t°-°c Itcm-t´-ho-´n¬ IpSpw_w Cfw-tXm-´-Øn¬ h¿°n 315 21 ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ Xmsg sXmΩ≥ sshZy≥ 327 22 Itcm-t´-ho-´n¬ imJ 349 23 Xmg-tØ-ho-´n¬ imJ 355 24 A{U€v 398
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vi IpSpw-_-{]m¿∞ IpSpw-_-tØbpw IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-tØbpw ÿm]n-®-p-{K-ln® ]nXmhpw ]p{Xpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hp-amb ssZh-ta, Atß Xncp-ap-ºn¬ Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p∂ R߃ Aßsb kvXpXn°pIbpw µn-]-d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]q¿Æ-a--t€m-Sp-IqSn Xncp-ap-ºn¬ n¬°p∂ Cu IpSpw-_sØ Xr°¨ ]m¿°-W-ta. {km-b-mb Rß- fpsS mb-Im, Zmho-Zns‚ ]p{Xm, Cu IpSpw-_-tØbpw Rßsf Hmtcm-cp-Ø-tcbpw R߃ Atßbv°p ka¿∏n-°p-∂p. {k-Ønse sIm®p IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ssNXyw Rß-fpsS Cu IpSpw-_-Ønepw nd-bv°-W-ta. Zbm-]-c-mb I¿Øm-th, ]c-kv]-c-hn-izm-k-tØmSpw hn´p-ho-gvNm-a-tm-`m-h- tØm-Spw-IqsS {]m¿∞-m-cq-]n-bn¬ PohnXw bn-°p-hm≥ F∂pw R߃In-S-bm-°-W- ta. Rß-fpsS hnNm-c-ßfpw hm°p-Ifpw {]hr-Øn-Ifpw Aßp-Xs∂ nb-{¥n-°-W-ta. `n∂-X-Ifpw Ie-l-ßfpw R߃°n-S-bn¬ IS-∂p-h-cm-Xn-cn-°-s´. C√m-bva-bnepw h√m- bva-bnepw ncm-i-bnepw, kº-Ønepw kar-≤n-bnepw Al-¥ IS-∂p-I-bdn Rß-fpsS lrZ-b-ß-fnse kvtl-Øns‚ Pzme sI´p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ Aß-bpsS Acq-]n- bpsS {]hmlw Ft∏mgpw Rß-fn-ep- m-I-W-ta. Rß-fpsS Ap-Zn--Ip-cn-ip-Isf {]Xym-i-tbmsS hln-®p-sIm v Aßsb Ap-K-an-°p-hm≥ Ir]-X-tc-W-ta. Rß-fpsS Cu IpSpw-_sØ im¥n-bp-sSbpw kam-[m--Øn-s‚bpw hnf-n-e-am-°-W-ta. Imcp-Wy-hmpw kvtl-n-[n-bp-amb I¿Øm-th, Zu¿`m-Ky-߃ Rß-fn¬ n∂-I-‰n-°-f-b-W-ta, t¢i-ß-fn¬ Rßsf Xmtß-W-ta, ]m]]-co-£-I-fn¬ R߃°p Icp-tØ-I-W-ta, Zpc-Zp-J-ß-fn¬ Rßsf Biz-kn-∏n-t°-W-ta. Cu IpSpw-_-Øn-ep≈ R߃ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-tc-bpw, hninjym Ct∏mƒ Rß-tfm- sSm-∏-an√mØ IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-tfbpw kar-≤-ambn Ap-{K-ln-°-W-ta. Rß-fn¬n∂pw th¿]n-cn-™p-t]mb Rß-fpsS {]nb-s∏-´-hsc nXy-ku-`m-Ky-Øn-¿l-cm-°-W-ta. Rßfpw Rß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpw, ktlm-Z-c-ß-fpw, ]q¿∆n-I-cpw-hgn h∂p-t]m-bn- ´p≈ F√m A]-cm-[-ßfpw Imcp-Wy-]q¿∆w £an-t°-W-ta. Aßp R߃°p X∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-sbm-s°-bpw, kºØpw Btcm-Kyhpw Ign- hp-Ifpw a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn ]¶p-h®v Aß-bpsS km£n-I-fmbn DØ-a-ss{I-kvXh IpSpw- _-Po-hnXw bn-°p-hm≥ Aß-bpsS ]cn-ip≤ dqlm Ft∏mgpw Rß-fn¬ hkn-°-s´. Rß-fpsS ]m]-߃°p-th n c‡w hnb¿Øv, ]oU--ß-tf‰v c‡-sam-gp- °n, nµn-°-s∏´v apƒapSn G‰p-hm-ßn, Ipcn-ip-h-ln®p Im¬hcn Ib-dn, ·-m-°-s∏´v Ipcn-in¬ Xd-bv°-s∏-´v, kzbw _en-b¿∏n® Cutim-m-Ym, Atßbv°p P∑w Xcp-hm≥ ]nXmhp Xnc-s™-SpØ Aß-bpsS ]cn-ip≤ AΩ-bpsS Ic-ß-fn-eqsS R߃ ka¿∏n-°p∂ Cu {]m¿∞˛Icp-Wm-]q¿∆w kzoI-cn-°-W-ta. BtΩ≥
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BapJw {io.sI.-‰n.-tXm-akv sk{I-´dn Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbm-Kw, ]me ‘kvacW Ah-ti-jn-∏n-°msX ad-™p-t]m-b-h-cp-≠v, Pohn-°p-Itbm Pn-°p-I-t]m-eptam sNbvXn-s√∂v tXm∂p-amdv Ah¿ a¨a-d-™p, F∂m¬ Ah¿ Imcp-Wy-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p, Ah-cpsS kXv{]-h¿Øn-Iƒ hnkva-cn-°-s∏-´n-√, Ah-cpsS sFizcyw ]n≥Km-an-I-fnepw Ah-cpsS Ah-Imiw a°-fpsS a°-fnepw ne-n¬°pw, Ah-cpsS `mhn-X-e-ap-d-Iƒ Ft∂bv°pw ne-n-ev°pw.’ Ch hnip- ≤ - { K- Ÿ - Ø nse {]`m- j - I s‚ hm°p- I - f mWv . ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Ønepw Cu hm°p-Iƒ°v hf-sc-b-[n-Iw {]m[m- y-ap-≠v. BIm-i-Ønse Xmcm-K-W-ßfpw Bgn-bnse aW¬Ø-cn-I- fpw-t]mse FÆn-bm¬ Xocm-Ø-hn[w Zn-cm-{X-߃ h∂p-t]m-Ip- ∂p. EXp°ƒ amdn-h-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xe-ap-d-Ifpw amdp∂p. kqcy-N- {µ-∑m¿ hen-°p∂ ka-bcYØnse kl-bm-{Xn-Icmb mw `qan-bnse - - - - G‰-hpw hnin-jvS-amb IpSpw_w F∂ kvtls]mbvI-bn¬ ocm- Sp∂ Ac-b-∂-ß-fm-Wv. 2011 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Ønse mgn-I-I-√m- Wv. IpSpw-_-tbmKw AXns‚ iXm_vZn BtLm-jn-°p∂ Cu thf- bn¬ ΩpsS ]q¿∆ ]nXm-al∑msc Hmtcm-cp-Øscbpw G‰hpw BZ- - - - c-]q¿∆w IrX-⁄-X-tbm-sSbpw nd™ kvtl-tØm-sSbpw Ap- kva-cn-°p-∂p.
]≠v Xo≠epw sXmSoepw hfsc Bg-Øn¬ thtcmSn PmXn- hy-hÿ ne-n-∂n-cp∂ ImeØv ]mem tahn-S, ao-®n¬ {]tZ-isØ CS-{]-`p-°ƒ tIm´bw aW¿ImSv I√-°-Spº F∂ IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp AwKsØ hym]m-cm-h-iy-߃°mbn tahn-Sbv°v sIm≠p-h- ∂-Xmbn hmsam-gn-N-cn-{Xhpw enJn-X-N-cn-{Xhpw ]d-bp-∂p. 10-˛mw q‰m- ≠n¬ ]mem-bn-se-Ønb Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse ]q¿∆ ]nXm- a-l-mb Ct±lw Fd-tIm∂n ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®-Xn-m¬ Fd- tIm∂n am∏nf F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿ Bbn-cw-h¿j-߃°-∏p-dhpw Ipe-a-ln- abpw IpSpw-_alXzhpw ImØp-kq-£n-®hcm-Wv. ]mem-bnse BZy- - - - - - tZ-hm-e-b-amb Ct∏m-gsØ IØo-{U¬]-≈n-bpsS ÿm]-I-cmb mev {][m IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ {]Y-a-ÿmw ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Øn- m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv CXns‚ sXfnhmWv. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_-Øns‚ t]cpw {]i-kvXnbpw {][m--ambpw hym]n-®Xv ]mem Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ Xma-kn® sXmΩ-]-Wn-°¿ ]nXm-a-l-n¬ n∂p-am-Wv. Fd-tIm∂n sh´n-°m-´v]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn® C´ns®-dn-b-bpsS Ggv a-°-fn¬ Cf-b-]p-{Xpw Ing-X-Sn-bq-cnse {][m hym]m-cnbpw ap-jy-kvt- ln-bp-amb sXmΩ-]Wn-°cpsS Bdv a°-fn¬ c≠m-asØ ]p{X-mb - - sIm®n-´nsF∏ns‚ ]n∑p-d°m-cmWv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ønse mw - - Hmtcm-cpØcpw. sIm®n-´n-sF-∏ns‚ F´v a°-fn¬ ]p{X-∑m-cmb sXmΩ≥, sImt®∏v, C´n-s®dnb F∂n-h-cmWv ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿. `qan- b nse G‰hpw hnin- j v S hpw kz¿K- k - a m- - h p- a mb IpSpw_-Øns‚ {]m[myw ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿ a-€n-em-°n-bn-cp- ∂p. IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Hcp-an-®p-n-evt°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX Adn- bm-am-bn-cp∂ Ah¿ qdp-h¿j-߃°-∏pdw IpSpw-_cn-]m-etbmKw - - - tN¿∂v DS-ºSn cPn-ÿ sNbvXXv Ah-cpsS sFIy-Øns‚ ZrjvSm- ¥-am-Wv. Iq´m-bvabnepw ]¶p-hbv°enepw Ah¿ a‰p-≈h¿°v amXr- - - - - I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. BZy-tbm-K-Øn¬ k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp∂ IpSpw-_mw-K- ß-fmb aq∂v sshZn-I-t{i-jvT-scbpw 17 IpSpw-_-ß-fnse ]nXm-°- ∑m-scbpw IrX-⁄-Xm-]q¿∆w ChnsS kvacn-°p-∂p. Ing-t°-°cIp-Spw_w iXm-_vZn BtLm-jßfpsS `mK-ambn - - - - IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-{KŸw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm-p≈ Xocp-amw G‰hpw DNn-Xam-bn-. Hcp-h¿jw o≠p-n∂ hnh-cti-JcWØn-p-ti-jamWv - - - - - - Cu {KŸw FgpXn ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ km[n®-Xv. ΩpsS IpSpw-_- Øns‚ aqe-{K-ŸI¿Ømhv {io.C´n-sF∏v C´n-sF∏v ]oSnI-bn¬ Fgp- -
Xnb {KŸw C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ B[n-Im-cn-I-amb Cu {KŸw Fgp- Xp-hm≥ ap°v Ct∏mƒ km[n-°p-I-bn√. hn⁄m--Zm-ln-bpw B¿÷n® Adnhv hcpw-X-e-ap-dbv°v ]I¿∂p--evIm-p≈ k∑-- €p-ap≠mbn-cp∂ B [ym-flm-hns µn-]q¿∆w kvacn-°p-∂p. {]kvXpX {KŸ-Øns‚ ssIsø-gp-Øp-{]Xn √ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v FgpXnam‰nb {io.sI.-sF.-h¿°n ]oSn-I-bn-en-sbpw Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ Pohm-flm-bn- {]h¿Øn®v nc-h-[n-{]m-hiyw IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ {]kn-U‚m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw c≠v IpSpw-_-tbm- K-sI-´n-S-߃ n¿Ωn-°p-I-bpw-sNbvX bYm¿∞ IpSpw-_-kvtln {io.sI.-sF.-sXm-Ω≥ ]oSn-I-bnensbpw, IpSpw-_-tbm-K-sI-´nSw n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xn-p≈ ÿew kw`m-h- evInb {io.Cu∏≥ aØmbn - - ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°-en-sbpw IrX-⁄-Xm-]q¿∏w kvacn-°p-∂p. Cu IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-{K-Ÿ-Ønv kvtl-]q¿∆w ktµ-iw- - evIn-b- ko-tdmae-_m¿k` taP¿ B¿®p-_n-j∏v am¿ tPm¿÷v Be- t©cn ]nXm-hnpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßsf hy‡n-]-c-ambn Adn-bp-Ibpw hm’-ey-]q¿∆w Biwk FgpXn evIpIbpw sNbvX ]mem-cq-]Xm _nj∏v am¿ tPmk^v I√-d-ßmSv ]nXm-hnpw ΩpsS {]Ya tZhm- e-b-amb ]mem IØo-{U¬ ]f-fn- hnImcn dh.-^m.-A-eIvkv tImgn- t°m-´nenpw lrZ-b-]q¿∆w µn-]-d-bp-∂p. Hcp-h¿jw o≠p-n∂ Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ cN-m-th-f-bn¬ Fs∂ klm-bn-®-h¿ nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. [mcmfw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS Ncn- {X-߃ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ {io.kntPm Ie-b-¥m-n, IpSpw-_-tbmKw temtKm hc-®p- -evInb {io.kÆn Nne-ºn-Ip-t∂¬, IpSpw-_-N-cn- {X-Øns‚ BZy-`mKw Cw•o-jn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb {io.sI.-kn.-amWn Be-bv°¬ (ssl-{Zm-_m-Zv), k_v FUn-t‰-gvkm-bn- Fs∂ klm- bn® {io.tPmWn tPm¿÷v Cfw-tXm-´w, {io.tUm.-tPmkv {^m≥kokv ssItXm- e n¬, {io.sI.- h n.- a m- Ω ≥ Cu¥p- ¶ - ¬ ]- I p- X n- b n¬, {io.tPmWn tXmakv ]oSnI ssItXm-en¬, {io.km_p tPmk^v ssItXm-en¬ (t{]m{Kmw IΩ‰n I¨ho-¿), tUm.-sI.-Fw.-F-Ωm- p-h¬ (Hm¿K-ss-knwKv IΩ‰n I¨ho-¿), iXm_vZn BtLm-j- I-Ω‰n AwK-߃, IpSpw-_-tbm-K-I-Ω‰n AwK-߃, Fn°v F√m- hn[ ]n¥p-Wbpw t{]m’m-lhpw ¬Inb _lp. {]kn-U‚ v s{]m^. tPmkv tPmk-^npw Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ UnSn]n, {]n‚nwKv tPmen-Iƒ `wKn-bmbn n¿∆-ln® sXmSp-]pg {]n≥sSIv {]kv Poh- -°m¿°pw amt-Pvsa‚npw µn -]-d-bp-∂p.
hfsc {ia-Icamb Cu DZy-aØn¬ sX‰p-Iƒ hcm-Xn-cn-°m≥ - - - Ign-hns‚ ]c-am-h[n {ian-®n-´p-≠v. {]n‚nw-Knv t]mIp-∂-Xp-h-scbpw {i≤-bn¬s]´ sX‰pIƒ Xncp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. C-nbpw It≠-°m-hp∂ sX‰p-Iƒ ktlm-Z-c-a--€m¬ £an-°-W-sa∂v At]£n-°p-∂p. Cu Ncn-{X-{KŸw ap°v ]c-kv]cw IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp-∂- Xnpw Xe-ap-d-Isf Iq´n-bn-W-°p-∂-Xnpw klm-b-I-amIpw F∂ {]Xym-i-tbmsS, Cu kwcw-`-Øn¬ kl-I-cn® Hmtcm IpSpw-_mw- K-Ønpw G‰hpw kvtl-]q¿∆w µn-]-d-bp-∂p. ‘IS-∂p-t]mb Xe-ap-d-I-tfmSv Bcm-bp-I, ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Ap-`-h-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I, C∂-se-∏n-d∂ ap°v H∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-Sm, `qan-bnse ΩpsS PohnXw ng¬t]mse am™p-t]m-Ip-∂p.’ ss__nƒ. kvtl-]q¿∆w, sI.-‰n. tXmakv sk{I-´dn
]q¿∆n-I-cpsS ]pWyw s{]m^. tPmkv tPmk^v {]kn-U‚ v thZ-]p-kvXIØn¬ ]g-bn-baØns‚ Bcw`Øn¬ ΩpsS - - - - BZy-]n-Xm-hmb BZw apX¬ tml-h-sc-bp≈ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS hwim-hen sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. ]pXn-b-n-b-a-Øn¬ A{_mlw apX¬ tbip-hns‚ Pw hsc-bp≈ IpSpw-_-N-cn-{Xhpw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p- ∂p. ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-IcpsS IpSpw-_aln-abpw al-Xzhpw Ωƒ Adn- - - bWw Ah-cpsS sNbvXn-I-sf-°p-dn®v hcpw-X-e-apd t_m[-hm-∑m-cm- IWw F∂o Dt±-iy-ßtfmsS ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿ hwimh-enbpw IpSpw-_-N-cn-{Xhpw Fgp-Xn-h-®n-cp-∂p. Hmtcm-Ip-Spw-_-Ønpw AXn- t‚-Xmb {]tXyI ]mc-º-cyhpw IpSpw-_-a-l-Xzhpw ss]Xr-I-hpw Ah-Im-i-am-bp-≠v. AXv ImØp-kq-£n-°p-∂-Xnpw jvSs∏-SmsX ]n≥X-e-ap-dbv°v ssIam-‰w-sN-ømpw ap°v _≤y-X-bp-≠v. Fd-tIm∂n Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ iXm_vZn BtLm-j-th-f-bm-Wt√m CXv. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ IpSpw-_N-cn-{X- {KŸw {]Im-iw sNøp-∂Xv G‰hpw DNn-X-am-Wv. Ωƒ Ft∏mgpw ]nXm-a-l-∑msc Ap-kva-cn-°p-∂-hcpw Ah-cpsS ∑-I-fn¬ A`n- amw sIm≈p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. sΩ a‰p-≈-h¿ Adn-bp-∂-Xp- Xs∂ ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m-cn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Aßs tm°p-tºmƒ mw IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX h¿≤n- °p-∂p. ΩpsS IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ ΩpsS ]q¿∆n- - - I¿ CS-∏-≈n-bn¬ n∂pw tIm´-b-Ønp Ing°v aW¿ImSv Xma-kn- s®∂pw AXn¬ Hcp IpSpw-_sØ ao-®n¬ CS-{]`p tahn-S-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v Xs‚ `h-Øn-s‚ ASpØv Fd-tIm∂n ]pc-bnS-Øn¬ -
Xma-kn-∏n-s®∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. BbXn-m¬ Ah¿ Fd-tIm∂n am∏n- f-am¿ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´-Xmbpw ImWp-∂p. ]mem hen-b-]≈n ÿm]nX-ambXv 1002-˛em-Wv. A∂v ]≈n- ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xnv ap≥ssI FSp-ØXv Fd-tIm-∂n, hb-e-s°m-ºv, Xd-bn¬, Iq´p-¶¬ F∂o mev IpSpw-_-ß-fm-sW∂v Ncn-{X-tcJ-bp- ≠v. AXn¬ {]Y-a-ÿmw ΩpsS amXr-Ip-Spw-_-amb Fd-tIm∂n IpSpw-_-Øn-m-Wv. Fd-tIm∂n am∏n-f-am-cn¬ Hcmfmb C´n-s®-dnb tahnS sh´n- °m´v ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ amdn-Øm-a-kn-®p. Cu C´n-s®-dn-b-bpsS Ggm-a- sØ-]p-{X≥ sXmΩ-∏-Wn-°¿ Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ h∂v Xma-kn®v I®-hSw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥ sIm®n´n sF∏ns‚ k¥-Xn-]-c-º-c-I-fmWv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-°m¿. Hcp q‰m-≠p-apºv IpSpw-_-Iq-´m-bva-I-sf-∏‰n tI´p-tIƒhn- t]m-ep-an-√m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Iq-´mbva Bcw-`n® ]nXm-a-l∑m-cpsS IpSpw-_-kvt-l-sØbpw k∑--kn-sbpw XymK- a- t m- ` m- h - s Øbpw F{X- A- ` nµn®mepw A[n- I - a m- h pI- b n- √ . {InkvXzm_vZw 1911-˛¬ IpSpw-_Iq-´mbva Bcw-`n-®t∏mƒ Ing-XSn-bq¿ - - - tZiØv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Øn¬s]´ ]Xn-tgv IpSpw-_-ßfpw aq∂v sshZn-Icpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. BZy IpSpw-_-tbmK cPn-ÿ {]Imcw, ΩpsS ]Xn-tgv IpSpw-_-ß-fn-sebpw IpSpw-_-m-Y-∑m- cpw aq∂v sshZn-Icpw ]mem ]≈n-ta-Sbn¬h®v GI-tbm-Kambn IpSpw- - - _-]-cn-]m-e--tbmKw F∂ t]cn¬ Bcw-`n® Iq´m-bva-bmWv Ing- t°- ° c IpSpw- _ - t bm- K w. IpSpw- _ - t bmKw Bcw- ` n- ° p- ∂ - X nv ap≥ssI FSpØ Be-°¬ aØmbn IØ-m-scbpw Itcm-s´-ho- ´n¬ De-l-∂≥ IØ-m-scbpw ]oSn-I-bn¬ butk^v IØ-m- scbpw ]Xn-tgv IpSpw-_-m-Y-∑m-sc-bpw kvtlm-Z-c-]q¿∆w kvacn- °p-∂p. BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ Hmtcm-cpØcpw F√m-h¿°pw-th≠n Pohn- ®p. Hcp lrZ-bhpw Hcm-flm-hp-ambn {]h¿Øn® Ah-cmcpw Xß- fpsS kzØv kz¥-sa∂v Icp-Xn-bn√. Cu ssNXyw Dƒs°m-≠p- sIm≠v ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Bcw-`n® Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmKw IpSpw- _mwK-߃ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-[m-c-Wbpw kulm¿±hpw hf- ¿Øphm≥ D]-I-cn-®p. IpSpw-_ßfn¬ kmº-ØnI _p≤n-ap-´p-≈- - - hsc klm-bn-°p-Ibm-bn-cp∂p IpSpw-_Iq-´m-babpsS {][m e£yw. - - v - [mcmfw IpSpw-_mw-Kßsf klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. -
IpSpw-_-tbm-K--S-Øn-∏n¬ ad-°m-m-hmØ ]¶p-h-ln® al- Xvhy-‡n-Isf Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ kvacn-°p-∂p.- Ip-Spw-_-N-cn-{X- Ønse ]g-b-Ime {][m Ncn-{X-߃ apJy-ambpw ap°v e`n-®Xv Ing-t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ {in.C´n-sF∏v C´n-sF∏v Fgp-Xn-h-®n-cp∂ IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ ssIsø-gp-Øp-{]-Xn-bn¬n-∂m-Wv. hn⁄m- nbpw Ncn-{X-Ip-Xp-In-bp-amb At±-l-Øns‚ maw F∂pw kvacn- t°-≠-Xm-Wv. IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ °¬ FgpXn kq£n-®n-cp∂ ]oSn-I-bn¬ h¿°n-km-dn-sbpw µn-tbmsS kvacn-°p-∂p. hf-sc- °mew IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ {]kn-U‚m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw Bcw-`-Im- eØpw ]n∂oSpw atm-l-c-ßfmb c≠v IpSpw-_-tbm-K-sI-´n-S߃ F√m AwK-ß-fp-sSbpw klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ß-tfmsS n¿Ωn-°p- Ibpw sNbvX {io.sI.-sF.-sXmΩ≥ ]oSn-I-bnensbpw IpSpw-_- tbm-K-sI-´nSw n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p∂ ÿew kw`m-h--bmbn X∂ {io.- Cu-∏≥ aØmbn ]pØ≥]p-cbv°en-sbpw BZ-c]q¿∆w kvacn-°p- - - - - ∂p. IpSpw-_-tbmKw ap≥{]-kn-U‚p-am¿°pw sk{I-´-dn-am¿°pw a‰v `mc-hm-ln-Iƒ°pw µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. c≠p-h¿j-ambn IpSpw- _-N-cn-{X-c-N--bn¬ A£oWw bXvn-®, F√m-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn-epw- t]mbn hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw Cu {KŸw Fgp-Xn-X-øm-dm-°p- Ibpw sNbvX IpSpw-_-tbmKw sk{I-´dn {io.-sI.-‰n.-tXm-akv Ing- t°-°-cbv°v {]tXyIw lrZy-amb µn ]d-bp-∂p. Hmtcm imJ-bp- sSbpw {]Xn-n-[n-I-f-S-ßnb Pq_nen IΩ‰n AwK-߃°pw µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. henb IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ hy‡n-_-‘-߃ Ipd-bp-hm≥ CS- bm-Ip-∂p CXv ]cn-l-cn®v IpSpw-_-߃ XΩn-ep≈ AI¬® Ipd- bv°p-∂-Xnv ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Iq-´mbva D]-I-cn-°s´. IpSpw_w kvtlw ]cn-I¿Ωw- sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ _en-th-Zn-bm-W-t√m. ΩpsS IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ F∂pw kvtlm-¥-co£w nen¬°-s´. Ap-{K- l-߃°mbn PK-Zo-iz-c-tmSv {]m¿∞n-°mw. {]kn-U‚ v Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_tbmKw -
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 1 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e-tbmKw Bbpw Aºm-cnbpap≈ BtLm-j-]q¿∆-amb hnhm-l-N- S-ßnemWv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_]cn-]m-e-tbm-K-Øns‚ BZy Btem-N S-∂-Xv. 1910/1086˛¬ Ing-t°-°c h¿°n-bpsS aI≥ Ip™p-h¿°n-bpsS hnhm-l-NS-ßn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ ]pØ≥]pc- bv°¬, ]oSn-Ibn¬, Be-bv°¬ F∂o Xmbvhgn-Ifnse F√m IpSpw- - - _-ß-fn¬ n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ FØn-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v IpSpw-_-tbmKw F∂ Bibw N¿®-sN-øpI-bp-≠m-bn, AXns‚ ^e-ambn 1911/1087 Ipw`w 27-˛v Ing-t°-°c Itcms´ho´n¬ BZytbmKw IqSn. B tbmK-Øn¬ h®v ]oSn-Ibn¬ sXmΩ≥ BK-kvXnsb IpSpw_tbmK- - Øns‚ amt-P-cmbpw Itcms´ ho´n¬ h¿°n h¿°nsb s]´n kq£n- ∏ p- I m- c - mbpw Be- b v ° ¬ hmIm- n- b n¬ sNdn- b m≥ h¿°nsb ]q´p-kq-£n-∏p-Im-c-mbpw ]pØ≥]pc-bv°¬ Cu∏≥ DWn-s®-dn-b-Xns IW-°p-kq-£n-∏p-Im-c-mbpw Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. 1088/1912 Nnßw 1˛mw XobXn Be-bv°¬ aØmbn A®≥ cPn- kv{Smsc ]Sn-sI´n ]mem ]≈n-ta-S-bn¬ hcp-Øn-bmWv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e--tbmK DS-ºSn cPn-Ã-dm-°n-b-Xv. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse hnhn[ imJ-I-fn¬ n∂p≈ 20 AwK IΩn-‰n-bmWv IpSpw-_-tbmK DS-ºSn Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. kmº- ØnI Ipd-hp-sImt≠m a‰p-Im-c-W-ß-fmtem IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fn¬ B¿s°-¶nepw IjvS-X-Itfm a‰v _p≤n-ap-´p-Itfm D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Ahsc klm-bn-°pI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv IpSpw_]cn-]m- e-tbmKw XpS-ßn-bXv. 1912 aIcw 28-˛v ASpØ tbmKw IqSpIbpw - - Nn´n-bn¬ tNcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. bqtdm-∏n¬ bq≤w-s]m-´n-∏p-d-s∏´v m´n¬ £ma-Im-e-am-b-Xn-m¬ XpS¿∂v aq∂p {]m-hiyw tbmKw IqSn-bn-√. ΩpsS IpSpw-_]cn-]m-etbmKw tcn´v Hcp sbvØp-ime - - - - Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. hfsc hnP-b-I-c-ambn S-∂p-h∂ sbvØp-im-e- bn¬ [mcmfw XqWn-Ø-c-߬ sbvXv hn¬∏ S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. an√p-Xp-Wn-Iƒ kpe-`am-bt∏mƒ sbvØp-ime n¿Ø-em-°n. IpSpw- - - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 2 _mw-K-ß-fpsS hcn-kw-Jy-bn-eq-sSbpw DZm-c-a-Xn-I-fmb IpSpw-_- kvtln-Ifp-sSbpw kl-IcWtØmsS ΩpsS nc-h[n IpSpw_mw- - - - - K-߃°v hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ klm-b-߃ evIp-hm≥ IpSpw-_- ]-cn-cm-e--tbm-K-Ønv km[n-®n-´p-≠v. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ønse 17 imJ-Ifn¬ n∂pw amdn-Øm- - - a-kn® F√m-hcpw tbmKmw-Kßfm-bn. Ah-cpsS hcn-kw-Jy-sIm≠pw - - ]W-b-Øn-t∑¬ sNdnb ]en-ibv°v ]Ww ISw-sIm-SpØpw aqe- [w h¿≤n-®p. 1927/1103 CShw 28-˛v IqSnb tbmKw kwL-S-bv°v kz¥-ambn Hcp sI´nSw n¿Ωn-°Ww F∂v Xocp-am-n-®p. F√m- ho- ´p- I m¿°pw HØp- t N- c p- h m≥ kuI- c y- a p≈ ÿe- a mb Ipc- ß≥ae]d-ºn¬ ]gbhgn-h-°n¬ 45 tIm¬ Np‰-f-hn¬ sI´n-S- Ønpw ap‰-Ønpw th≠ ÿew Ing-t°-°c ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Cu∏≥ aØmbn evIn. Ing-t°-°c ]pen-a-e-Ip-t∂¬ sshZy≥ tX°p-XSn sh´m-p≈ Ap-hmZw k¿°m-cn¬ -n∂pw hmßn. Ing- t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ sI.-sF.-sXm-Ωs‚ tXr-Xz-Øn¬ bphm-°- sf√mw kwL-Sn®v {ia-Zm--ambn Xd-sI-´v, ap‰w-sI-´v, Dcp-∏Sn NpaSv XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ hfsc thK-Øn¬ sNbvXp. Bdp-am-k-Øn-p- ≈n¬ ]pXnb sI´n-S-Øns‚ DZvLm-Shpw S-Øn,- hmb--im-ebpw ssIsø-gpØv amkn-Ibpw XpS-ßn. I¿j-I-cmb IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ ]pXp-a-Æp-tXSn ]e-ÿ-e-ß-fn-tebv°pw IpSn-tb-dn-b-t∏mƒ IpSpw- _-tbmK {]h¿Ø--ßfpw n¿÷o-h-am-bn. mev]-Øn-aq∂v h¿j-߃°p-tijw 1970 HIvtSm-_¿ 2˛v IqSnb tbmKw IpSpw-_-tbmK sI´nSw IqSp-X¬ kuI-cy-{]-Z-amb ÿeØv am‰n-]-Wn-bp-hm≥ Xocp-am-n-®p. BZy IpSpw-_-tbmKa-µn- cw n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-p≈ ÿew evInb ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ aØm- bn-bpsS aqØ-a-I≥ Cu∏≥ ]pXnb sI´nS n¿Ωm-W-Øn-p≈ ÿew hbv∏t∏m-Xn-bn¬ evIn. Ing-t°-°c ]oSn-Ibn¬ sXmΩ≥ - - - {]kn-U‚pw Ipºp-°¬ sNdn-bm≥ sk{I-´-dn-bp-ambn sI´nSw ]Wn- °mbn {]tXyIw IΩn-‰nsb Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. Ch-cpsS A£o-W- amb {]h¿Ø--^e-ambn IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw klm- b-k-l-I-c-W-ß-tfmsS A√m-∏m-d-bv°p≈ a¨]mX Xncn-bp∂ Ih- e-bn¬ A©p-apdn sI´nSw IpSpw-_-tbmKw hI-bmbn n¿Ωn-®p. IpSpw- _ - t bm- K - Ø ns‚ Bcw- ` - I mew apX¬ F√m- { ]- h ¿Ø- - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 3 ߃°pw tXrXzw evIn-bn-cp∂ sI.-sF.-sXm-Ω≥ {]kn-U‚m-bn- cns° 1983-˛¬ ncym-X-m-bn. CtXmsS IpSpw-_-tbmK {]h¿Ø-- ߃ ma-am-{X-am-bn. 1989 Unkw-_¿ 10-˛v sI.-sF.-h¿°n Ing-t°-°c ssItXm- en¬ {]kn-U‚pw BKkvXn C´n sF∏v Ipºp-°¬ sk{I-´-dn-bp- ambn ]pXnb IΩn-‰nsb Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. ]pØ≥]p-cbv°¬ Cu∏≥ - kw`m-h--bmbn evInb ÿehpw ]pXp-Xmbn n¿Ωn® sI´n-S-hpw 1990 G{]n¬ 15-˛v IpSpw-_-tbmKw FgpXn hmßn. 1991 Pq¨ 17-˛v ]pXnb {]kn-U‚ v cmPn- ¬InbXn-m¬ 1992˛¬ IqSnb {]tXyI IpSpw-_tbmKw Ing-t°-°c sIm®p-a‰Øn¬ amWn t]mØs {]kn- - - - U‚mbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp, a‰p `mc-hm-ln-Iƒ°pw IΩ-‰n-°m¿°pw am‰-ap-≠m-bn-√. 1998-˛¬ Ipºp-°¬ BKkvXn C´n-sF∏v {]kn-U‚mbpw Ing- - t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ sI.-‰n.-tPm-k^v sk{I-´-dn-bmbpw ]pXnb `mc- hm-ln-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. C°m-eØv IpSpw-_-tbmKw a‰v ÿe- ß - f n- t e°v hym]n- ∏ n- ° p- h m≥ Xocp- a m- n- ® p. 1998- ˛ ap- X ¬ ssItXm-en¬ imJ-°m¿ 10, 12 ¢m€p-I-fn¬ F√m-h¿jhpw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ am¿°v hm-ßp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v sImSp-°p-hm≥ “ssItXm- en¬ aØmbn A®≥ kvam-cI kvtImf¿jn∏v” G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. 2000-˛¬ tUm.-sI.-Fw.-C-Ωm-p-h¬ Ing-t°-°c Be-°¬ {]kn-U‚mbpw {io.-sI.-‰n.-tXm-akv Ing-t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ sk{I- ´-dn-bmbpw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. ChcpsS ImeØv tIc-f-Ønse F√m-`m-K-ß-fnepw (mev {_m©p-Iƒ) D≠m-°p-Ibpw IpSpw-_- tbmKw Ct∏m-gsØ ne-bn-te°v hf-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2001-˛¬ Ch¿ F√m-`-h--ßfpw kµ¿in-®v ^≠p-kz-cq-]n®v IpSpw-_-tbm-K-sI-´nSw ]pXp-°n-]WnXv Np‰p-aXn¬ n¿Ωn-®p. F√m Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_mw- - - K-ß-fp-sSbpw A{Ukv Dƒs∏-SpØn A{U-kv_p°v {]kn-≤o-I-cn- ®Xpw Ch-cpsS `cWIme-Øm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ Hmtcm {_m©p-Ifpw Hmtcm-h¿jhpw amdn-amdn IpSpw-_-tbmKw S-Øn-t∏m-cp-∂p. 2002 apX¬ X´mw-]-d-ºn¬ imJmw-K-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb klm-b-n-[n- bn¬ n∂pw A¿ln-°p-∂-h¿°v klmbhpw evInhcp∂p-≠v. 2007- ˛ ¬ IpSpw- _ - t bmKw {]kn- U ‚mbn s{]m^.- t Pm- k v tPmk^ns Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw sk{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ {in.-sI.-‰n.- tXm-a-kns X¬ÿm-Øv ne-n¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 4 2011-˛¬ IpSpw-_-tbmKw Bcw-`n-®n´v qdv h¿jw XnI-bp-I- bm-Wv. Cu kph¿Æm-h-kcw G‰hpw `wKn-bmbn BtLm-jn-°p-∂- Xn-mbn c≠p-h¿jw aptº Xocp-am--sa-Sp-°p-Ibpw tUm.-sI.-Fw.- C-Ωm-p-h¬ sNb¿am-mbpw {io.kPn sI.-am-Xyqkv sk{I-´dn-bmbpw - IpSpw-_tbmKw sk{I-´dn {io.-sI-‰n.-tXm-akv P-d¬ I¨ho-dmbpw - - hn]p-e-amb BtLmjIΩ‰n cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw {]h¿Ø--߃ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. iXm_vZn BtLm-j-ß-fpsS kvac-W- bv°mbn IpSpw-_-N-cn{X {KŸhpw A{U€v _p°pw ]pXp°n A®- Sn-°p-hmpw Xocp-am-n-®p. Cu Bhiy-Øn-mbn sk{I-´dn {io.-sI.- ‰n.-tXm-a-€ns‚ tXr-Xz-Øn¬ F√m `h--ßfpw kµ¿in®v tcJ- Iƒ tiJ-cn°pIbp-≠m-bn. F√m amkhpw BtLm-jIΩ‰n Hmtcm- - - ho-Sp-Ifn¬ amdn-amdn IqSp-Ibpw {]h¿Ø-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw - - sNbvXp. 2011 HIvtSm-_¿ 8˛v ]mem IØo-{U¬]≈n ]mco-jvlm- fn¬ h®v hn]p-e-amb BtLmj-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ S-Øp-hmpw ]mem cq]X _nj∏v am¿ tPmk^v I√-d-ßm-´v, tIcf [-Im-cy-a{¥n {io. sI.-Fw.-am-Wn, Pe-tk-N a{¥n {io.-]n-sP.-tPm-k-^v, CSp°n Fw.- ]n. -{io.-]n.-Sn.-tXm-a-kv, tIm´bw Fw.-]n. {io.-tPm-kv.-sI.-am-Wn, Xfn- ∏-dºv Fw.-F¬.-F.bpw Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_mw-Khp-amb {io.-Pbnwkv - - amXyp, ]mem apn-kn-∏¬ sNb¿am≥ {io.-Ip-cym-t°mkv ]S-h≥ XpS-ßnb hnin-jvSm-Yn-Xn-Isf tbmK-Øn-te°v £Wn-°p-hmpw Xocp-am-n-®p. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 5 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmK n_-‘--Iƒ 1. t]cv: Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmKw 2. ta¬hn-emkw: Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_tbm-Kw, Ing-XSn-bq¿, ]mem, - - tIcfm 3. Dt±iw: AwK-ß-fpsS IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e-bv°v Bh-iy-ambn kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-am-bp≈ F√m Imcy-ßfpw N¿® sNbvXv Xocp-am--sa-SpØv AwK-ßsf klm-bn-°p-∂-Xnv Iq´mbpw {]tXy-I-ambpw {]h¿Øn-°p-I. apJy-ambn AXym-ln- X-Ønepw n¿≤-m-hÿbnepw AwK-ßsf klm-bn-°p-I. ao- - - ®n¬ k_v cPn-kv{Sm¿ B^o-kn¬ sIm√-h¿jw 1088 Nnß- amkw 1˛mw XobXn 1˛mw º¿ Bbn cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-´p≈ DS- º-Sn-bn¬ D≈Xpw Cu nb-am-h-en-bn¬ t`Z-KXn sNøm-Ø-Xp- amb F√m hIp-∏p-Ifpw {]m_-ey-Øn¬ XpS-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. 4. AwK-߃: Fd-tIm∂n ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ sXmΩ-]-Wn-°-cpsS c≠m-asØ ]p{Xpw Ing-t°-°c XmgØp Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Bfp- amb C´n-b-bn-∏ns‚ k¥m ]c-º-c-I-fn¬s∏-´-hcpw 18 hb€v XnI-™n-´p-≈hcp-amb F√m kv{Xo˛-]p-cp-j∑m¿°pw {]kvXpX - - - k¥m ]c-º-c-bn¬s∏´ ]pcp-j-∑m¿ hnhmlw Ign®v Ah- cpsS IpSpw-_Øn¬ h∂n-´p≈ F√m kv{XoIƒ°pw Cu tbmK- - Øn¬ AwK-ßfmbn tNcp-hm≥ Ah-Im-iap-≈Xm-Ip-∂p. Sn C´n- - - - b-bn-∏ns‚ k¥m--ß-fn¬s∏´ kv{XoIƒ hnhmlw Ign®v Ay IpSpw-_ßfn¬ t]mbm¬ Ah-cpsS AwKm-hImiw C√m- - - - Xm-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. Ay IpSpw-_-Ønse ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Cu IpSpw- _-Ønse kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sNbvXv ZØ-h-Im-in-bmbn Cu IpSpw-_-Øn¬ hcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ah¿°p Cu tbmK-Øn¬ AwK-ambn tNcp-∂-Xnv Ah-Im-i-ap-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. ]pcp-j-∑m¿ hnhm- l w - I - g n®v Ay IpSpw- _ - Ø n¬ ZØ- h - I m- i n- b mbn t]mbmepw Ah-cpsS Ah-Imiw jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-X-√. 5. aqe-[w: 4˛mw hIp-∏n¬ _‘-s∏´ bmsXm-cmƒ°pw 1 cq]m {]th-i--^okpw 50 (A≥]-Xv) ss]k-hoXw {]Xn-amk Xh- W-I-fn-ep-ambn AS-®m¬ tbmK-Øn¬ AwK-am-Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 6 F∂m¬ bmsXmcp AwKhpw {]Xn-amk Xh-W-I-fn¬ IpSn-»nJ hcp-Øn-bm¬ IpSn-»nJ Xo¿°p-∂-Xp-hsc tbmK-Øn¬ B Bfnv bmsXmcp Ah-Im-ihpw Bp-Iq-eyhpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sm- hp-∂-X-√. ta¬ hnh-cn®hn[ap≠m-Ip∂ ]Whpw 1088 Nnß- amkw 1˛mw XobXn ao-®n¬ k_v cPn-kv{Sm¿ B^o-kn¬ 1˛mw º¿ Bbn cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-´p≈ DS-ºSn {]Imcw S-Øn-h- ∂n-´p≈ tbmK-Øns‚ kI-e-hn[ ÿmh-c-Pw-K-a-ßfpw o°n- bn-cn-∏p-X-pIbpw, _m¶v nt£-]-hpw, Cu tbmK-Øns‚ aqe-[- -am-Ip-∂p. GsXm-cm-fn¬ n∂pw kw`m-h--Iƒ kzoI-cn®pw tbmK-Øns‚ aqe-[w h¿≤n-∏n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv. AwK-߃ hcn- - kwJy Btbm kw`m-h Btbm AS-®n-´p≈ bmsXmcp XpIbpw tbmK-Øn¬n∂v XncnsI In´p-hm≥ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm- hp-∂-X-√. F∂m¬ hnhmlw sNbvXv a‰p IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ t]mIp-∂-Xntm [¿Ωÿm]--ß-fn¬ t]mIp-∂tXm Bb kv{XoIƒ°v hcn-kw-Jytbm nt£-]-ßtfm Xnscy In´p-hm≥ Bh-iys∏Smhp-∂Xpw AXn-t∑¬ D≠m-Ip∂ IΩ-‰n-bpsS Xocp- amw Ap-k-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. 6. IΩ-‰n-tbmKw: tbmKmw-KßfpsS s]mXp-tbmKw 7 AwK-ßfp≈ - - - Hcp IΩ-‰nsb sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. Cu IΩ-‰n-bpsS Imem-h[n aq∂p sIm√tam As√-¶n¬ ASpØ Hcp IΩ-‰nsb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xp-hsctbm Bbn-cn-°p-∂Xm-Wv. IΩ‰n AwK- - - - ߃ tbmKw tN¿∂v Hcp {]kn-U‚n-tbpw Hcp sk{I-´-dn- tbbpw Hcp JPm≥Pn-tbbpw sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. tbmK-Øns‚ F√m Imcy-ßfpw {]kn-U‚ns‚ ta¬tm-´- Ønepw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Ønepw S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ]Ww hmßn ckoXp sImSp-t°-≠Xpw sd°m¿Up-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-t°-≠Xpw kq£n-t°-≠Xpw sk{I-´dn BIp-∂p. IΩ-‰n-tbm-Khpw s]mXp- tbm-Khpw {]kn-U‚ns‚ n¿t±-iap-kcn®v hnfn-®p-Iq-t´-≠Xpw - - - sk{I-´dn BIp-∂p. IΩ‰n amk-Øn-sem-cn-°-se-¶nepw IqSn- bn-cn-°-Ww. Bh-iy-ap-≈-t∏m-sgm-s°bpw IΩ‰n hnfn-®p-Iq-´m- hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IΩ-‰n-bpsS tImdw A©m-bn-cn-°pw. IΩ-‰n-bnepw s]mXp-tbm-K-Ønepw ÿncw {]kn-U‚ v lmP-cp-≈-t∏mƒ At±lw Xs∂ A≤y-£-m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. {]kn-U‚ v lmP- cn-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ B tbmKw Hcp A≤y-£s `qcn-]-£-a-p-k- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 7 cn®v sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠Xpw At±lw B tbmK-Øn¬ am{Xw A≤y-£-mbncn°p-∂-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. tbmK-n-_-‘-a-Iƒ°pw s]mXp-tbmK n›-b-߃°pw hnt[-b-ambn F√m Imcy-ßfpw Cu IΩ‰n S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. IΩ‰n tbmK-Øn¬ A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ap-≈-t∏mƒ {]ivw thm´n-n-tS-≠Xpw thm´p-Iƒ Xpey-am-bn-cp-∂m¬ lmP-cn-√mØ AwK-߃ lmP-cm-Ip-∂-Xp- hsc tbmKw o´n-h-bvt°-≠Xpw B tbmK-Ønepw Xocp-am-- ap-≠m-Im-Xn-cp-∂m¬ s]mXp-tbmK Xocp-am--Ønv ka¿∏n-t°- ≠-Xp-am-Wv. 7. IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS GsXm-cm-h-iyhpw {]kn-U‚ns Adn-bn- ®m¬ {]kn-U‚ v AXn¬ {i≤m-ep-hmbn IΩ‰n hnfn-®p-Iq´n Btem-Nnt®m Xnt®m {]iv߃, Xo¿t°-≠Xm-Wv. AXns‚ - - apgp-h≥ Npa-X-ebpw At±-l-Øn¬ n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm- Wv. 8. tbmK-Øns‚ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ, IcWw Xo¿°¬ apX-emb kwK-Xn-Iƒ IΩ-‰n-bpsS Xocp-am-ap-kcn®v {]kn-U‚ v, sk{I- - ´-dn, JPm≥Pn Ch¿ aq∂p-t]cpw IqSn sNtø-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. Ch¿ aq∂p-t]-cpw-IqSn sNømØ bmsXmcp Ic-Whpw km[p-hm-bn-cn- °p-∂-X-√. 9. s]mXp-tbmKw: s]mXp-tbmKw Bh-iy-ap-≈-t∏m-sgm-s°bpw km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ F¶nepw IqtS- ≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. ÿew, Xob-Xn apX-em-bh IΩ‰n tbmK-Øn¬ n›-bn®v sk{I-´dn AwK-ßsf Adn-bn®v IqtS-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. BsI-bp≈ AwK-ß-fn¬ A©n-semt∂m As√-¶n¬ 25 AwK- ßtfm tcJm-aqew Bh-iy-s∏-´m¬ IΩ‰n s]mXp-tbmKw hnfn- ®p-Iq-t´-≠-Xm-Wv. AwK-߃°v Ggv Znhkw apsº-¶nepw s]mXp-tbm-K-tm-´okv In´n-bn-cn-°-Ww. s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬ IΩ‰n AwK-ßsf sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠Xpw ap≥ sIm√sØ {]h¿Ø dnt∏m¿´pw hchp sNehp IW-°p-Ifpw hmbn®p ]m€m-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. AwK-߃°v {]ta-b-߃ lmP-cm-°m- hp-∂-Xpw, {]iv-߃ tNmZn-°m-hp-∂-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. `n∂-`n-{]m-b- ap-≠m-bm¬ thms´-Sp∏v S-tØ-≠Xpw `qcn-]-£m-`n-{]m-b-a-p- k-cn®v Imcy-߃ Xocp-am-n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. thm´p-Iƒ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 8 Xpeyambncp-∂m¬ {]kn-U‚ns‚ ImÃnwKv thmt´m-Sp-IqSn Imcy- ߃ Xocp-am-n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. memw hIp-∏n¬s∏´ Hcmƒ AwK-ambn tN¿∂v aq∂p amkw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-Ibpw {]Xn-amk hcn-kw-Jy-bn¬ apS-°n-√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Abmƒ°v s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬ thm´v D≠mbncn°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. thm´p≈ Bfnv am{Xta IΩ-‰n-bn¬ AwK-am-Ip-hmpw ]mSp-≈q. 10. {]kn-U‚n-tm, sk{I-´-dnt°m 50 (A≥]-Xv) cq]-bn¬ IqSp- X¬ XpI o°n-bn-cp∏v ssIhiw hbv°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√. IqSp- X¬ hcp∂ XpI AXmXp ka-b-ß-fn¬ _m¶n¬ nt£-]n- t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. 11. memw n_-‘--b-p-k-cn-®p≈ Bfp-Iƒ Iq´-ambn Xma-kn- °p∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ A©n¬ Ipd-bmsX AwK-ß-fp-≈-]£w imJ-Iƒ ÿm-]n-°m-hp-∂Xpw imJ-Iƒ tI{µ-tbm-K-tØmSv LSn-∏n-°m-hp-∂Xpw Aßs LSn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ imJ-Iƒ°v tI{µ-tbm-K-Øn¬ {]Xn-n-[n-Isf Ab-°m-hp-∂Xpw IΩ‰n AwKo-I-cn-®m¬ a‰w-K-߃°v Xpey-ambn thm´p-Iƒ D≠m-bn- cn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. Cu hn[w LSn-∏n-®n-´p≈ F√m imJ-Iƒ°pw n_-‘ _m[-I-am-Wv. imJ-Iƒ tI{µ-tØmSv LSn-∏n-°p-∂- Xn-p≈ hyhÿ-Iƒ IΩ‰n AXmXp kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ n›- bn®v imJ-Isf Adn-bn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. 12. Cu n_-‘--I-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw hIp∏v t`Z-KXn sNøp-Itbm Iq´n-t®¿°p-Itbm d±v sNøp-Itbm thW-sa-¶n¬ B hnhcw AwK-ßsf c≠m-gvN-sb-¶nepw apºv tcJm-aqew Adn-bn®v s]mXp-tbmKw hnfn-®p-Iq´n s]mXp-tbm-KØn¬ lmP-cp≈ AwK- - ß-fn¬ aq∂n¬ c≠v `mKw Ap-Iq-en®v sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. 13. Bsc-¶nepw s]mXp-tbm-KsØ h©n-bv°p-Isbm ]Ww jvSw hcp-Øp-Itbm sNbvXm¬ IΩ‰n ]cn-lmcw n›-bn-t°-≠Xpw Bh-iy-ap-≠m-Ip∂ ]£w Bb-Xn-te°v hyh-lmcw S-tØ- ≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. tbmK-Øn¬ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ hyh-lm-c߃ S- - tØ-≠Xv IΩ-‰n-bpsS n¿t±-i-a-p-k-cn®v sk{I-´-dn-bm-Ip-∂p. Hmtcm IΩ-‰n-bp-tSbpw S-Øn-∏p-Im-e-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw s]mXp-tbmKw Ap-h-Zn-°m-Ø-Xp-amb kIe jvS-߃°pw IΩ‰n AwK-߃ s]mXp-hmbpw {]tXy-I-ambpw DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 9 hln-t°-≠Xpw Ah Ahcn¬n∂v s]mXp-hmtbm {]tXy-I- amtbm CuSm-°m-hp-∂-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. 14. Cu n_-‘--Iƒ 1975 Pp-hcn 1 apX¬ {]m_-ey-Øn¬ hcp- ∂-Xm-Wv. sIm√-h¿jw 1088 Nnß-amkw 1 v ao-®n¬ k_v cPn-kv{Sm¿ B^o-kn¬ 1˛mw º¿ Bbn cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-´p≈ tbmK DS- ºSn CtXm-S-p-_v[-ambn tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ H∏v tbmK-am-^okv amt-P¿ Ap-_‘w Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e DS-ºSn Bbn-cØn F¨]Øn Ggm-am≠v Nnß-amkw H∂mw XobXn fmew {]hr-Øn-bn¬ Ing-b-Sn-bqcp apdn-bn¬ ]pØ≥]p-c-bm-Ip∂ Ing-t°-°c n∂pw ao-®n¬ {]h¿Øn-bn¬ ]mem apdn-bn¬ ]mem- ∏-≈n-ta-S-bn¬ Ccn°pw {kmWn C´n-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aI≥ I¿Ω-{]- hrØn mev]-sØ´p hb-€p≈ aØmbn IØ-mcpw h¿°n-bpsS aI≥ I¿Ω {]hrØn mev]-tØgp hb-€p≈ 2 De-l-∂≥ IØ- mcpw Sn. Ing-t°-°c n∂pw Af-mSp apdn-bn¬ Ff-t¥m-´Øp ]≈n-bn¬ Ccn°pw C´n-sF-∏ns‚ aI≥ I¿Ω {]hrØn mev]- sØ´p hb-€p≈ 3 Ahp-tk∏p IØ-mcpw Sn Ing-t°-°c ]m¿°pw h¿°n-bpsS aI≥ Irjn mev]-Øn-aq∂p hb-€p≈ 4 h¿°nbpw Sn Ing-t°-°c n∂pw ]pen-ae°p-t∂¬ ]m¿°pw sXmΩs‚ a°ƒ - - Irjn-°m¿ ap∏-sØm∂p hb-€p≈ 5 h¿°nbpw Ccp-]-sØ´p hb- €p≈ 6 sXmΩpw Ing-t°-°c n∂pw Be-bv°¬ ]m¿°pw C´n- s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aI≥ Irjn Ccp-]-sØm≥]Xp hb-€p≈ 7 C´n Abn∏pw Sn Ing-t°-°c n∂pw hmIm-n-bn¬ ]m¿°pw sNdn-bms‚ a°ƒ Irjn-°m¿ mev]-Ø©p hb-€p≈ 8 h¿°nbpw mev]Xp hb-€p≈ 9 C´n sF∏pw ap∏-Ømdp hb-€p≈ 10 sNdn-bmpw ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 10 sXmΩs‚ aI≥ Ccp-]-sØm∂p hb-€p-≈ 11 sNmdn-bmpw Sn Ing- t°-°c n∂w ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ ]m¿°pw C´n-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aI≥ Irjn Ccp-]-Øn-mep hb-€p≈ 12 BK-kvXnbpw Sn Ing-t°-°c n∂pw sISp-ºw-]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ ]m¿°pw Cu∏s‚ a°ƒ Irjn- °m¿ mev ] - Ø n- a q∂p hb- € p≈ 13 DWn- s ®- d n- b Xpw ap∏- sØm≥]Xp hb-€p≈ 14 C´n-A-bn∏pw ap∏-Ømdp hb-€p≈ 15 aØm-bnbpw sXmΩs‚ aI≥ Irjn Ccp-]-Øn-c≠p hb-€p≈ 16 Cu∏pw Ing-t°-°sc n∂pw ]oSn-I-bn¬ ]m¿°pw C´n-b-bn-∏ns‚ aI≥ Irjn ap∏-sØm≥]Xp hb-€p≈ 17 C´n-b-bn∏pw Sn Ig-t°- °sc n∂pw ssItXm-en¬ ]m¿°pw sXmΩs‚ a°ƒ Irjn-°m¿ ap∏-Xp-h-b-€p≈ 18 BK-kvXnbpw Ccp-]-sØ´p hb-€p≈ 19 C´n- b-bn∏pw Ccp-]Ønc≠p hb-€p≈ 20 DWn-s®-dn-bXpw IqSn Fgp- Xnb DS-º-Sn. Ωƒ F√m-hcpw ]pØ≥]p-c-bm-Ip∂ Ing-t°-°c IpSpw- _-°mcpw Ω-fn¬ 1Dw 2 Dw I£n-I-fp-tSbpw 3˛mw I£n-bp-tSbpw hey-∏pw tijw I£n-I-fpsS A∏q-∏pw Bbn-cp∂ acn® sXmΩ≥ C´nb-bn∏v F∂ Bfn¬n∂pw D¤-hn®v ]e imJ-I- fmbn ]ncn™p 1 Dw 7 Dw 8 Dw 9Dw 10Dw 11 Dw 12 Dw I£n-Iƒ Hcp imJ-°mcpw Ah-cn¬ H∂mw I£n I¿Ωm-Zn-Iƒ Ap-jvTn®p ]mem- ∏-≈n-bnepw 7˛mw I£n Be-bv°¬ F∂ ho´nepw 8˛mw I£n hmIm-n-bn¬ ho´nepw 9˛mw I£n Xmtm-en¬ ho´nepw 10-˛mw I£n sIm®p-a-‰-Øn¬ ho´nepw 11-˛mw I£n Sp-hnse hmImn ho´nepw 12-˛mw I£n ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ ho´nepw 2Dw 4Dw 5Dw 6Dw I£n-Iƒ Hcp imJ-°mcpw 2˛mw I£n I¿Ωm-Xn-Iƒ Ap-jvSn®v ]mem-∏- ≈n-ta-S-bnepw 4˛mw I£n Ing-t°-°c ho´nepw 5˛mw I£n Ff- t¥m-´-Øn¬ ho´nepw 6˛mw I£n ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ ho´nepw 3Dw 17Dw 18 Dw 19Dw 20Dw I£n-Iƒ Hcp imJbpw Ah-cn¬ 3˛mw I£n I¿Ωm-Zn-Iƒ Ap-jvTn®p Ff-t¥m-´Øp ]≈n-bnepw 17-˛mw I£n ]oSn-I-bn¬ ho´nepw 18-˛mw I£n Cu¥p-¶¬t∏mXn ho´nepw 19-˛mw I£n ssItXm-en¬ Ing-t°-ho-´nepw 20˛mw I£n ssItXmen ho´nepw 13 apX¬ 16 hsc I£n-Iƒ Hcp imJbpw Ah-cn¬ 13-˛mw I£n Cu¥p-¶¬∏mXn ho´nepw 14-˛mw I£n ssItXmen ho´nepw 15-˛mw I£n ]pØ-≥]p-c-bv°¬ ho´nepw 16-˛mw I£n X´mw-]-dºp ho´nepw Ccn∏pw Xma-k-°mcpw BIp-∂p. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 11 ΩpsS IpSpw- _ - ß - f n¬ {Zhy- ° p- d - h n- mepw a‰pw Hcp imJbvt°m imJ-°m¿t°m IjvSX D≠m-Ip∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ klm-bn®v Ahsc √ ÿnXn-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂m¬ sIm≈m-sa∂p - Ωƒ°p B{K-l-ap-≈Xpw AXn-te°p Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cm¬ Xn-®p- ’m-ln-°p-∂Xnp nhr-Øn-bn-√m-sX-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw Aßs klm- - bn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn Hcp aqe-[w D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-te°p am¿§w n›-bn®v Hcp apX¬ kzcq-]n®p h¿≤n-∏n-°-W-sa∂p Ωƒ n›- bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw AXns‚ S-Øn∏npw Dd-∏npw th≠n Ct∏mƒ Cu DS-ºSn sNøp-∂Xpw Ω-fn¬ {]tXyIw {]tXyIw Xma-kn- °p∂ Bfp-Iƒ CXn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xpw BIp-∂p. Cu DS-ºSn Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_ ]cn-]m-e DS-º-Sn-sb∂p hnfn-°s∏-Sp-∂Xpw 1087-˛mam≠v Ipw`-amkw 27-˛p HSp-hn-esØ Rmb- - dmgvN apX¬ S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-bXpw BIp-∂p. Ωƒ {]tXyIw {]tXyIw Xma-kn-°p∂ Hmtcm ho´p-Imcpw AXmXp amk-Øn¬ HSp-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xmb Rmb-dmgvN Znhkw BZysØ B≠mb 1087 Ipw`w 27-˛mw XobXn apX¬ 1088 Ipw`w Ah-kmw hsc Ing-t°- °c ho´nepw ASpØ B≠n¬ Be-bv°¬ ho´nepw AXn--SpØ B≠n¬ sISp-º≥]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ ho´nepw AXn--Sp-Ø-bm-≠n¬ ]oSn-I-bn¬ ho´nepw Ω-sf-√m-hcpw IqSp-Ibpw Ωƒ Ct∏mƒ ]ncn™p Xma-kn-°p∂ 17 ho´p-Imcpw hosSm-∂p°p 7 N{Iw h®p IW-s°-gp-Xp-Ibpw ΩpsS t£am-Zn-I-sf-∏‰n Btem-Nn®p th≠ G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ sNøpIbpw AXn-te°p Hcp amt-Pcpw Hcp ]Ww kq£n-∏p-Im-cpw Hcp IW°p kq£v-a-°m-cpw Hcp Xmt°m¬ kq£n-∏p-Im-cpw D≠m-bn-cn-°bpw Ah-cpsS t]cp-hn-hcw apX-em- bXpw tbmK--S∏p kw_-‘n® S-]-Sn-Ifpw S-]Sn ]pkvX-I- Ønepw mƒhgn IW-°nepw hnh-cn-®n-cn-°bpw sNøp-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p. ΩpsS hoSp-Ifn¬ n∂pw, th¿]n-cn™p Xma-kn-°p∂ Bfp- - Iƒ Aßs ]ncn™p Xma-kn-°p∂ ImeØp Cu DS-ºSn Ap- k-cn®pw A{]-Imcw ]Ww h®pw S-t°-≠Xpw Aßs S-°p∂ hnhcw S-]Sn ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ FgpXn Ah-sc-s°m≠p H∏n-Sp-hn- t°-≠Xpw Ah¿ H∏n-tS-≠Xpw Aßs tNcp∂ ka-b-ß-fn¬ Ahcv Cu DS-º-Sn-bn¬ tN¿∂me-sØ-t∏m-se-bp≈ ^ew D≠m- bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw BIp-∂p. Ωƒ tbmKw IqtS-≠Xp Ime-ap-dbv°v ta¬hn-h-cn® mep hoSp-I-fn-embn th≠Xpw thsd hoSpI-fn¬ IqS- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 12 W-sa∂p hnNm-cn-°p-hmtm IqSp-hmtm Bh-iy-an-√m-ØXpw ]W- s∏´n kq£vaw ta¬ hnh-cn® hoSp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm B≠n¬ kq£n- ®p--sImt≈-≠Xpw Hcp-ho-´n¬ n∂pw as‰mcp ho´n-te°v s]´n amdn- s°m-Sp-°p-tºmgpw Xmt°m-ep-Iƒ apX-em-bh G¬∏n®v sImSp-°p- tºmgpw AXp- I ƒ G¬°p- ∂ - b mƒ ckoXv sImSp- t °- ≠ Xpw kq£va-t°-Sn-mtem at‰-sX-¶nepw kwK-Xn-h-imtem ]W-Øntm s]´nt°m dn°m¿UpIƒt°m Xmt°m-entm h√ jvS-Øntm tNX-Øntm CS-h-cp-Øn-bm¬ AXn¬ h®p-≠m-Ip∂ F√m jvS- ߃°pw jvSw hcp-Ønb Btfm Bfp-Itfm DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw sNtø-≠Xpw Ah-cpsS ÿmhc PwK-a-kz-Øp-°-fn¬ n∂p jvS- k-lnXw CuSm-°p-hm≥ a‰p I£nIƒ°p Iq´mbpw {]tXyIw {]tXy-I-am-bn´pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. F√m amkhpw HSp-hn- esØ Rmb-dmgvN Znhkw Ωfpw taem¬ CXn¬ tNcp∂ Bfp- Ifpw IqS-W-sa∂p n›-bn-®n-´p≈ hoSp-I-fn¬ ]I¬ Hcp-aWn ka- bØp IqSn ]Ww-h®p IW-s°-gp-Xn-°bpw ΩpsS IpSpw_ kw_- ‘-ambn th≠n-hcp∂ F√m Imcy-ßtfbpw apX¬ h¿≤-hn-tbpw - - - ]‰n ]cym-tem-Nn®p th≠ A`n-{]mb߃ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°bpw B hnhcw S-]Sn ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ FgpXn amt-Pcpw ]W-s∏-´n, Xmt°m¬, IW-°v CXpIƒ kq£va-°mcpw AXp-Iq-SmsX c≠p- t]-cn¬ Ipd-bm-sX-bp≈ Bfp-Ifpw H∏n´p kq£n-°bpw tbmKw IqSp∂ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ F√m-hcpw lmP-cm-ImsX Ccp-∂m¬ KpW- tZmj Nn¥-sb-∏‰n `qcn-]£m-`n-{]m-bØn¬ a‰m-fp-Iƒ tNcp-Ibpw - - - sNbvXp-sIm-≈p-hm-p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. tbmKw IqSp∂ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]Ww ssh°msX Bsc-¶nepw hogvN hcp-Øp-Itbm AXp apX¬ mep amk-Øn-p-≈n¬ AtX- h-sc-bp≈ kwJy apgp-hpw h®p IW-s°-gp-Xn-°bpw AXn-p-ta¬ ]Ww sh°msX hogvN hcp-Øp-∂-Xm-bm¬ hogvN hcp-Øp∂ mƒ apX¬ ]Ww sh°p-∂-Xmb mƒhsc sht°-≠-Xmb apgp-h≥ kwJybpw AXnp XhW H∂p°p Hcp N{Iw hoX-ap≈ ]ng-tbm- Sp-IqSn hbv°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠Xpw Aß-sbpw sNøm-Xn-cp-∂m¬ Aßs hogvN hcp-Øp∂ Bfp-Iƒ°p CXp kw_-‘-ambn Hcp Ah-Im-ihpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-X-√m-ØXpw BIp-∂p. C{]-Imcw apX¬ hcp∂ ]Ww icn- b mb kz¿Æw ]Wbw hmßnbpw sImt≠m Dd-∏mb {]amWw hmßn-bnt´m ]Ww ]en-i-bv°p-sIm- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 13 Sp-°bpw Aßs hmßp∂ {]am-W-߃ Cu tbmK-Øn-te°p th≠nbpw S-Ø-°m-cpsS t]cp h®p th≠Xpw Aßs sImSp- °p∂ ]Ww CuSmImsX hcnItbm AXn¬ h®p h√ jvShpw btbmK apX-en-te-°p-≠m-Itbm sNbvXm¬ B hI jvSw S- Ø-Im-cp-h-ln-t°-≠Xpw ]Ww sImSp-°¬ hmß-ep-Iƒ°p≈ Npa- X-Iƒ ta¬ hnh-cn® S-Ø-°m-cn¬ am{Xw Ccn-°p-∂Xpw BIp- ∂p. Ω-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw ho´p-Im¿°p GsX-¶nepw B]-Øp-Iƒ D≠m-Ibpw Icw hI tbmK-ap-X¬ sIm≠-√msX AXns nhr- Øn-°m≥ ]mSn-√msX hcn-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ωƒ tbmKw IqSn n›-bn-°bpw tbmK apX¬ sIm≠p klm-bn-°bpw AXns Xnscy G¬∏n-°p-Ibpw Aßs G¬∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°bpw apX¬ Ds≠∂p ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ B hI apX¬ ]eni IqSmsX hkq¬ sNøp-∂Xnpw tImS-Xn-®n-ehp apX-em-bXp th≠n- - h-∂m¬ AXp-Iƒ Ic-Sm-°p-∂-Xnpw S-Ø-°m¿°p A[n-Im-c-ap- ≠m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p. ΩpsS Ing-t°-°c IpSpw- _-°m-c-√msX thsd IpSpw-_-°m¿°p Icw tbmK-Øn¬ tNcp-∂- Xnp B{K-ln-°p-hmtm Ahsc tN¿°p-hmtm ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xm- bn-cn-°p-∂p. apX-ens‚ h¿≤--hnpw IpSpw-_-Øns‚ c£bv°pw th≠n Icw hI apX-en¬ n∂pw B≠-h-km--ß-fn¬ Hmtcm Ip¿_m hoXw sNm√n-°bpw A∏-g-t∏mƒ D≠m-Ip∂ Nne-hp- Iƒ°p hni-Z-ambn IW-s°-gpXn S-Ø-°mcp H∏n´p kq£n-°bpw Hmtcm B≠nepw D≠m-Ip∂ hchp Nne-hp-Iƒ B≠-h-km--ß- fn¬ S-Ø-°mcp t_m≤ys∏Sp-Ønbpw Ign-bp-∂Xpw a‰p tbmK- °msc t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw Ccp-∏np Hcp Xnc´p FgpXn BbXpw H∏n´ tijw dn°m¿Up-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn kp£n-°bpw sNtø-≠-Xm- Ip-∂p. C{]-Imcw Icw DS-ºSn Fgp-Xnb Sn 1 aØmbn IØ-m¿ 2 De-l-∂≥ IØ-mcv 3 Ahp-tk∏p IØ-mcv tijw t]cpw (H-∏v). 1088 Nnßw 1˛v ]mem henb ]≈n taS-bn¬ h®p 1˛mw {ºmbn cPn-ÿ sNbvXp. hmk-ÿ-e-tØ-°p≈ ]Sn 1˛mw I£n Nnehp sNbvX cq]m 11. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 14 CHAPTER - 1 KIZAKKEKARAS OF PALAI (KERALA) Origin & Growth INTRODUCTORY REMARKS -THE PEOPLE The Kizhakkekara families form a very small fraction of the Malayalee population. Their history may be said to span a period of less than 400 years. Even so a genuine interest has been evinced by the elders of this small group to record the history of the clan, so that children and grand children of the Kizhakkekara families living in India and overseas may get to know the roots of their origin, while family members of the rest of the Malayalee community may become aware of the presence of the Kizhakkekara clan and story of their emergence in Kerala. The name Kizhakkekaras emanated during 1690 - 1700 when the hero of the story, the 2nd son of a family of 3 sons chose to settle down with his family on the eastern part of the family estate. Since then, this family and their generation came to be called Kizhakkekaras, meaning the "easterners". ABOUT THIS BOOK As a result of the continued interest shown by the leaders of the clan to record their presence in Kerala an account of the families of the Kizhakkekaras was being written from time to time from the beginning by members of the clan and most of the writings were done on palm leaves according to the prevailing practise of writing down important events and happenings taking place. During the period 1847 - 1961, the Palmyra documents were com- piled and in Malayalam Language made into a hand written manuscript, which later on was got printed. The person responsible for this transition from palm leaf documents to hand written manuscript - during the above period was Kizhakkekara Peedikayil ITTYIPE ITTYIPE of the genera- tion. The handwritten manuscript - compiling all the earlier Palmyra leaf documents is still available in the house of Pedikyil in Palai. Rev.Fr.Dr.C.T.Kottaram who was overseeing this work selected Sri ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 15 K.I.Varkey B.Sc.,B.Ed,. on 15-12-1972 for the above task. Another important development contributing to the emergence of the book during the period was the setting up of an organisation called the "Kizhakkekara Paripalana Yogam by elders of the clan consisting of 20 members, 3 among them being priests,who were been on maintain- ing a historical account of the Kizhakkekara families. The first meeting of the Kizhakkekara Kudumba Yogam was held in 1911 A.D. (Kollavarsham i. E. Malayalam Era. 1087) at Karotte Veetti House in which 3 priests and 17 heads of various branches attended the meeting. The following are the names,in these founder members: 1. Mathai Kathanar, S/o Itty Cheriathu - Alakkal Branch 2. Ulahannan Kathanar, S/o Varkey - Karotte Veettil 3. Ouseph Kathanar, S/o Itty Ipe - Peedikayil 4. Varkey, S/o Varkey - Karotte Veettil / Pulimalakunnel 5. Varkey, S/o Thomman - do 6. Thomman, S/o Thomman - do 7. Itty Iype, S/o Itty Cheriathu - Alakkal (Cashier) 8. Varkey, S/o Cherian - do- Vakaniyil 9. Itty Iype, S/o Cherian - do - do 10. Cherian, S/o Cherian - do - do 11. Cherian, S/o Thomman - do - do 12. Agusthy, S/o Ittycheria - Karotte Veettil /Pulimalakunnel 13. Unnicheria, S/o Eapen - Puthanpurackal Eenthunkal Pakuthiyil 14. Itty Iype, S/o Eapen - do - Kaitholil 15. Mathai S/o Eapen - do- Puthenpurackal 16. Eapen, S/o Thomman - do- Thattamparambil 17. Itty Iype, S/o Itty Iype - Peedikayil ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 16 18. Agusthy, S/o Thomman - Peedikayil / Kaitholil 19. Itty Iype, S/o Thomman - do 20. Unnicheria, S/o Thomman - do During the 60s of the 20th century, the manuscript of the Kizhakkekara history was printed, with updated information about the families living up to that time. Since then, and during 2011, a fresh attempt was made to update the details of Kizhakkekara families. This year, 2011, was also the 100th anniversary of the yogam. It was also at this time that an English version of the Kizhakkekara's history was prepared by Mr. K. C. Mani of the 8th generation of the clan (see the family tree of the clan ) to create aware- ness about their origin among the countless number of Kizhakkekara families living abroad without the knowing to read and write the Malayalam language. It was the curiosity and the zeal of a new beginner to dig up facts of historical development that made him look for the early begin- nings of the clan families which took his research up to the Biblical ori- gins of the group. This will surprise many readers now and in the future. A red alert : The writer Mr.K.C.Mani (Kizakkekara Alakkal Branch) feels it necessary to alert all Kizakkekara family members particularly the women about the prevalence of inbreeding genetic disorders noticed in large number of children as well as adults. It will be necessary to check this information in all their alliances for marriage in the coming years. A good Counsel :- It is recommended that a serious study be given to the issue of Jewish presence in India, and its impact on Malayalee commu- nity by reading the book of Abraham Benhur a Keralite author. The book is titiled "The Jewish background of Indian people." ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 17 CHAPTER - 2 THE HISTORY OF THE KIZHAKKEKARAS OF PALAI The history begins with Errakonni Puthan Purakkal Thomma Panikar who had established a trading centre at Palai in 1696 A.D.who was the youngest of 7 sons of Erakonni Itty Cheria. Puthan Purakkal Thomman was himself a renowned and well - established clan called Errakonnies who had settled themselves in Mevada near Kottayam. The question naturally arises about the background of the Errakonnies. THE ERRAKONNIES :- Who are the Errakonnies and where did they come from? Historians have recorded evidence of the presence of a group of people at Palayoor who went by the family names - Sankarapuri, Pakalomattom, Kalli and Kaliankal, they were Afghan Pathans of Jewish origin, who had settled in Palayoor near Guruvayur, and who had been converted to Chris- tianity by St. Thomas, the disciple of Jesus, sometime during 52 - 55 A.D. These Afghan Pathans were engaged in buying spices and condi- ments, sandalwood and other perfumery ingredients and precious stones to be shipped back to Alexandria and Rome. To safeguard their activities a legion of Roman soldiers were stationed in Cranganore and Palayur, the port cities where ships came from Africa and Europe. It is useful to remember at this juncture, that Christianity was not well - received in Rome and the Roman soldiers stationed in the port area did not take kindly to the Jewish Pathans and Jewish Pathan converts in the area. they were harrased by the Roman soldiers, and prevented from carrying on with their trade. This was the situation up to 325A.D.Hence after the converted Afghan Pathan family moved out to other places. For reasons stated above there was compelling reasons for the migrations of the members of these families from Palayur to Angamali, Edappally, Kuravilalgad,Kottayam,Niranam,Etc,. In their Moments of des- peration, the migrated families cursed the place which they were forced to leave and place is now called Chavakkad (Shapakkad). ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 18 Out of a fraction of the group which moved to Edapalli, some moved to Manarkad near Kottayam and prospered in their trade some other moved further to Mevada near Palai and set up trading in spices. The group which moved from Edapalli to Manarkad belonged to Pakolomattom clan. Near Mevada, was located Errakonni, and the ruler of Errakonni took a liking to the immigrant community on account of their experience in trading, and invited them to come over to Errakonni to set up a trade centre. In those days, Errakonni was fast becoming a popular centre for trade and commerce. The migrant families accepted the offer of the ruler of Errakonni and started their trading activities in Errakonni. Since then, they were called "Errakonni-Mappillas". It will be useful to remember the Jewish link(Afghan Pathan) in the clan name of Pakolomattom and the Errakonni - Mappillas, to know the origin of the Errakonnies and the splinter group, Kizhakkekaras. Some time during 1341, continous rains caused great floods in Kerala which resulted in heavy siliting of the Periyar river, disabling trade activities to the Pathan Families at Angamali. The Periyar river which was flowing to Crangannore port also changed its course and started flowing to Cochin and Wipin Island also formed during this time.The Pathan families staying at Angamally were compelled to move out to Eddapally near Alwaye and to Kurvilangad,and other places in search of trading activities. THE KIZHAKKEKARAS :- We made a mention about Errakonnin Puthan Purakkal Thomma Pannikar and his 3 sons of whom, the 2nd son was the founder of the Kizhakkekara clan. Before we take up the life accounts of the 3 sons, there is an interesting account of Thomma Panikkar himself. The account is about his inherent generous nature and Compasion to help people in distress. In 836(kollavarsham) Thomma Panikkar was on his way to Kochi to buy the merchandise for his business centre at Palai, he spotted a young Brahmin lad sitting on the road - side at Piravom. On enquiry, he found that the lad was held in bondage over the non - repayment of a loan taken by his father who had left on a pilgrimage to Benaras and was delayed on his return journey. The lad had been kept as a hostage and he was left most of thedays starving and unattended to, by the creditor. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 19 The lad was from Vadakkum Manakkal Illam. Thomma Panikkar took pity on him, repaid the debt and released him from his bondage. This is just one incident of the many generous deeds said to have been done by him, during his lifetime. Now we return to the 3 sons and how they fared in their lives. The 1st son, named Ottaplakkal Ittycheria became a minister in the service of Meenachil Kartha, the ruler of Palai. This enabled the family, to become respected. Marriage alliances with well - to - do fami- lies, having landed propery, were arranged for his sisters of whom there were 3. His position as a Minister, brought honorary title of "Panikkar" to the father, Puthan Purakkal Thomman. The 3rd son, named Padinjarekara Mathai took over the family business of trading and rose to bcome very rich and earnd the title "Tharakan" . As for the 2nd son Itty Iype (THE HERO OF OUR STORY) he became well - known as a martial art professional, which enabled him to be recognized as a chieftain in the area. He was well remembered for settling local disputes, and bringing peace among the warring factions in the area. He concentrated on developing agriculture. He played an im- portant role to save his father when he was attacked by one of the dis- missed labour heads, while taking a nap in the courtyard of the house Itty Iype caught him and informed his brother minister Ottaplackal Itty Cheria who in turn ordered to shoot him at Kanattupara. He married from the house of Pallipurath family (Pakalomottam clan),He raised a family of 3 sons and 5 daughters. Even his marriage was not with out adventure.The bride who was said to be the only sister of Thomas Methran (Bishop) was interested to get married to a respectable family. There was a diffi- culty which he had to face.The ruler Ancha kulathu panickker who wanted her to be married to a young man from Kunnumpurathu family.This pro- posal was not agreeble to Thomas Methran, Because the Kunnumpurathu family was of inferior rank among the Catholics of that time, Therefore Thomas Methran selected our hero Itty Iype as the Prospective groom.When the marriage was concluded, and the bridal pair was being attented to with other ceremonies in Pallypuarathu house a soldier of the ruler Anchakulathupanickker showed up and started creating trouble by cutting down the lamb hanging in front of their house to which IttyIype became furious got up, and kicked out the soldier to the delight of all who had assembled there.Thus began his married life,and the genera- tion of Kizakkekara .He lived a shortlife of 11 years,and raised a family of ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 20 8,3sons and 5 daughters. At the time of writing this historical account in July of 2011,AD, there are 10 to 12 generations of the Kizakkekaras. Chapter 111 CONNECTING THE PAST WITH THE PRESENT In the Previous chapters we mentioned about the presence of fami- lies of Jewish ancestry in diffrent locations of Kerala State,and how from out of these families, a connectivity has been estsablished to some malayalee families. Our connecting thread is the Erakonnies, and the splinter group the Kizakkekara clan, whose history we are narrating in this book. It will be useful to remember that descendants of Jewish origin have been settled in Kerala for almost 2000 Years,Historical evidence backed by archaeological findings show that these Jewish descendants are also seen to have established their presence in other parts of India-Punjab- Kashmir,Central India,Eastern India,Maharashtra,Karnataka,South India, (Tamil Nadu) and Kerala A further understanding of their movement leads to even earlier periods, earlier to Abraham to know how long back in in time these peoples originated ,and when and how they came to be spread out so far? If the Reader is acquainted with Bilble,you will recall that the world was destroyed by a great flood from out of which only 8 people were able to escape in a big size boat and the family which surviced the flood was the family of Noah his wife, his 3 sons and 3 daughters in law, The Quaranic account of the flood is very similar to the narration in the Bible, It mentions the survival of Noah and his family and a pair of all animals and birds as stated in the Bible. All the ancient population had records and beliefs about a flood. For instance the Indian mythyology records the "Matsya" avatar (Fish incarnation of vishnu) in which a venearble saint was warned of a forth coming flood in 7 days, and he was advised to escape in a boat with a chosen group of 7 sages.The Greek philosopher Plato narrates in his book Timaeus. "The Gods puri- fied the world with a flood allowing only a small number of shepherds to escape". The Chinese also have a story about the flood in their book "Li- Ki" which states as follows:- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 21 "The pillars of the sky were destroyed, The Earth shook to its foundations,The Sun and Stars changed their Tracks, The Earth cracked open.The great order of the Universe was destabilized . All these bad events took place because man disobeyed the supreme Lord of the Uni- verse. The Chinese tradition acknowledges the escape of a family headed by Nuah (Noah) the righteous man, his wife, and 3 sons,Lottan (Ham) losheen (sheen) and jah-hu (japath) by building a very broad ship and taking on it pairs of animals and birds. Just as it was among the people in the middle east, Greece , Egypt India and china, the anceient occupants of the American continent had a legend about a cataclysmic flood which had ravaged the world known to them, and from out of which 3 to 8 person saved themselves in boat, which settled down on a hill. The survivors came down to the plain and populated the world. Dear Reader, all the above details are furnished to establish the point about the commonality of belief and similarities of the stories re- garding " great flood", which destroyed the world leaving behind a hand- ful of survivors. This historic event had taken place somewhere between 4000 and 3000 BC. Noah and his family:- The first family on Earth The boat in which one family of 8 members survived, was said to have settled on top of a mountain. This mountain has since been identi- fied as the Ararat peak mountain in the Armenian ranges, east of modern Turkey. This is the same area refered to in the Bible the Quran, and the Sumerian epic of Gulgamesh, Noah the first parent of the world after the flood is said to have settled down with his family in a location called "urattin" which is situated in Turkey-Armania. With their preflood experiences the family started a pastoral life. The Bible records that Noah was the first man to plant a vineyard(gen 9:20). The descendants of Noah's sons Shem, Ham and Japheth devel- oped settlements along rivers and spread out through the length and breath of the world. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 22 NOAH'S DESCENDANTS The Bible records that during plege"s time the people of the world were divided,(gen.10.25), Now ,Reader this is a pointer to the spread out situation of Noah's decendants, going their separate ways during the time of Pledge's- who was one of the great grandsons of Noah. They formed separate tribes, and drew the limits of their domains settlements. Anthrapological studies speak about 6000 odd clans of people on earth, Tracing their ancestry to the Semitic, Hameric and Japhethik stocks. Bible records that 26 of these great races descended from shem, 30 from Ham, 14 from Japheth. It is these 70 tribes who created the civilisation of the bygone days, These races lived on the sea coasts, along the great rivers of Asia,Africa and Europe. As at the time of writing in 2011, there are 6400 millions people on earth belonging to 6000 groups,speaking about 3000 languages, Based on the structural and grammatical similarities, philologists have grouped them into 10 main categories as follows. (1) The Indo-european (2) the semitic (3) the Sino-tibetian (4) the Dravidian (5) the ural-altaic (6) the Malayo-polyuresian (7) The African - Negroid (8) The American-Indian, (9) The caucasian and (10) Micellaneous(viz the Astree and Mundra). From the Semitic stock(after Noah"s son shem) the prominent people who emanated into tribes were - the Herbrews (later Israelites) the Ishmaelitis etc. The 13 Arab tribes were also from the Semitic stock. They mostly lived in Tigris basin, the Medi teranien coast and Arabia .Their main language of the Middle Eastern, and North African countries is Arabic. The Hametic stock (after Ham the 2nd second son of Noah) are believed to have lived in Babylon, Egypt,Somalia, Ethopia and Libye . The youngest son of Ham was canaan. He is credited as being the founder of 11 tribes who were found settled in an area extending from Bogoskoy in Asia minor to Gaza on the Mediterranien coast until ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 23 2000 BC. All tribal dialects spoken in African Continent are the languages of the descendants of Ham. (Hametic stock) They are popularly known as the Negroid races. The canannites who had reached Indus valley and later on moved to the southern Indian peninesula spoke Dravidian language- The lan- guage of the people who developed the Indus valley civilisation as found in the excavation of Mohenja-Dara and Harappa. Dear Reader, have you heard about these remarkable cities which were known to have high standard of civilisation as we know it now?. The cananites migrated further south, establishing homesheads in the Godavari, Krishna and Cavery basins. The Dravidian languages were mostly spoken by the tribals and the socially backward communi- ties of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,Tamil Nadu, and Kerala and these were the legacies of the cananaties. The Japhethites :- The descendants of Japeth the 3rd son of Noah were known as the Aryan race, they had settled in the areas north of the Tropic of Cancer in Europe, central Asia, and northern Iran. From out of them, the Anthrapologists trace the emergence of wild tribes of central Asia, including the Scythians, Turks Tartas, parthieans and Huns. They gave rise to the languages identified as Indo-European, which are the dominant language-group in the present day world. There are five branches of the Indo-European language. They are (1) The Indo - Aryan (2) The Indo-Iranien (3) The germanic (german, English, Swedish) (4) The Roman (italian, spanish, french, romanien) and 5th the Baltic slavic. Hindi ,Urdu,Punjabi, Sindhi,Gujarathi,Marathy,Bengali,Orya and Assamees are the offshoots of the Indo-Aryan language of Sanskrit. Modern scientific findings, and religious texts enable any serious thinking mind to accept that the history of the human race began at one point and with one family. The vast multitude of generations that have populated the globe during the years since 3000 BC, have necessarily a link among themselves whether -they be dressed up in white, black, brown and yellow skins. The fact and the understanding behind the fact is a compelling ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 24 realisation that we are all from the same family- and we are cousins to each other - never mind if the rank of the cousinship is first,Second,Third or the thousandth Beginning from the time of Noah (3000 BC) when mankind got a new lease of life on earth we reach upto the time of Abraham(2166-1991BC)- his son Issac(2066-1896 BC) and his grandson Jocob (2006-1859 BC). Jews move to Egypt and undergo life as slaves :- Jacob and his 12 sons moved to Egypt when their land was rav- aged by a severe famine. When they migrated to Egypt in 1876 BC.The joseph family members were only 70. During the next 430 years this number swelled up to 2000,000. When Joseph the son of Jacob occu- pied a prominent position under Paroah the Egyptiean ruler the jewish people lived happily. But the later rulers of Egypt began to make life difficult for the Jews, imposing hard conditions of labour, and severe punishments for mistakes made. The Jewish women were forced to kill their newborn male children. During their stay of 430 years in Egypt the descendants of the 12 sons of Jacob had divided themselves into 12 tribes, with the following names. 1) Reuben 2) Saimon 3) Joseph 4) Judah 5) Zebulum 6) Issachar 7) Dan 8) Gad 9) Asher). 10) Napthali 11) Ephraim and 12) Benjamin. The Jewish people were liberated from the Egyptian captivity by the strong hand of their God, under the leadership of Moses. Although their God helped them to leave Egypt, cross the Red Sea and Took them towards Canan the promised land, he became angry with their constant acts of desobediance, and revolt against himself so much so the jews were made to wander in the area for 40 years, until the older generation who had shown rebellion and distrust perished , and the remaining people were young and obedient. They reached Canaan in 406 BC conquering many rulers, and taking possession of large areas of land around Jericho. The Jewish people form a Nation for themselves -Israel ;- When the Jewish exile from Egypt finally moved into the country of Moab under the leadership of Joshua, they were by engaged in battles with many rulers of near by kingdoms, big and small conquering them all and seizing large areas,The Bible records in Joshna 11.16-17 the defeat ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 25 of 31 kings and annexing their kingdom. The conquered land was divided among the 12 tribes, and the land thus occupied by the 12 tribes was called Israel and its location extendedd from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean sea to the Jor- dan Valley- the Valley of Lebanon, and to the South of Mount Harmon. Israel was made up of a collection of village republics (panchayat in the Indian administrative practice) These village units were governed by leaders, and tribal chiefs, some of the tribal chiefs who were known for their wise counsel and good judgements in settling disputes, and quar- rels among the people were known as 'Judjes'find pre- eminent place in the Bible.under the chapter judges. between (1406 and 1025) BC the Jewish people now known as Israelies were adoministered by Judjes,there after the Israelies found it necessary to have a king to rule all the tribes, so as to have a fighting force drawn up from among them to meet the frequent battles arising from the neighbouring kingdom.. The first king was saul,who was succeeded by David,who made Jerusalem the capital of Israel. After David Solomon (well known for his wisdom, which attracted many kings from far and near to attend his court ruled Israel till his death in 937 BC to this time the land of Israel was under one ruler king.Thereafter the 12 Tribes carved the nation in to two parts,the north and south Israel- the northen part was taken over by 10 tribes and the southern part by the 2 tribes Judah and Banjamin. The northern part was called Israel with its capital setup in Samaria. The another part became known as Judaea, with its capital in Jerusalem. The Israelies disobedience ;- With life well settled and prosperity in their land and home, the people of Israel begen to forget the instructions given by moses, regard- ing ' worshipping false gods" They started worshipping gods of the peoples whom they had conquered in battles Due to the persuasion of their women whom they had taken up as wives or concubines. As these wives were women of different religious.beliefs, and not guided by strict code of con- duct, the Israelies soon found themselves livings a life far moved from the law of Moses and worse, in total negation of the covenant which God (Jehooah) had made with them through Moses, The Israelies were warned of their erring ways, and betrayal of the covenant with God by prophets like Elijah, Jonah, Amos, Hosea, Micah, and others.The Israelities, turned a deaf ear and even began to pros- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 26 ecute the prophets who warned them of their evil ways, The Punishment :- The punishments to samaria the northern kingdoms of Israel and Jeruslem the southern part of Israel came one after another true to the warnings given by the prophets. The neighbouring kingdoms,who were once afraid of Israel's power because they believed that the Israel were people, in whom their God was ever present and always protected them from enemies now began to see the difference in their life styles, change of worship, and the ebbing away of their moral fibre. They rose up indi- vidually and collectively against Israel Syria, Assyria,Babylon, Egypt, persia, rose against Israel with devastating consequences. The Assyrean emperor Sargon 2 conquered samaria and took 27290 Israelities prisoners in 725 BC The southern Judah kingdom was overran by the Egyptian king Neko in 608 BC who took a good number of Israelist as prisoners, The babylonion king Nebuchadnezzar attacked Judah and took of Israelists prisoners in 607 BC. The babylonion kings attacked Israel again and again successively in 597 BC,587 BC and 582Bc , taking away nearly 80,000 prisoners and settled them in Babylon. The last of the kingdoms which dominated Israel were Greece and Rome. Greece under Alexander took over Israel by defeating Per- sians in 333BC. Although Israelities were treated with leniency by Alexander his successers illtreated and persecuted them installing Greek god zeus in the temple at Jerusalem. The Jewish tribe of Maccabees prevailed against the mighty Greeks and seized control of Judah, and purified the temple in 165Bc. They even fought the other Isreali tribes in the Northern part of the Kingdom captured the town of Samaria, and destroyed the temples built for the cannite goddesses. However their freedom from foreign domination was shortlived, since a Roman General named Pompeii stationed in the city of Dam- ascus, attacked Judah in 63 BC capturing Jerusalem. This was the last foreign domination. After the Roman occupation. Israel was literally blown off the map due to continous rebellion of the Jews against Roman occu- pation, leading to severe and cruel repression of the Jews in Israel. Not withstanding the fact that a Jewish king named Herod was appointed ruler of Israel under Rome's approval, the Jewish rebellion continued well into the years when Jesus was born and far later until Rome came down with a heavy hand, crushing the Jewish resistance, destroying the ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 27 temple of Jerusalem, and putting an end to the very presence of the Jews in Israel. It was a sad end to the heroic resistance put up by the Jews, when the last remnants of them numbering about 800 comitted suicide on the top of a hilly terrain called "Mazade".The year 70 AD is remembered as the time when the great diaspora (the great uprooting or displacement) of the Jews took place scattering them all over the world. Speaking of the Jewish Diaspora, two periods are remembered first when they were exiled to Babylon in 607 BC and the 2nd in 70AD when they were pushed out of Judah by the Romans. This is one part of the sad story of the Jews who began their lives on earth, as a nation full of promise and achievements, giving rise to great civilizations, and finally ending up as losers, with no homeland of their own and marking each passing year from 72 AD till 1947 AD with the prayer "that the next year will see them in Jerusalem".This was the prayer of every true blooded Jew for well over 1075 years since 726BC till.1947 AD, when the United Nation organization announced the birth of the nation of Israel- For the time being this was a happy ending for the scattered Jews.As we write in 2011 AD, Israel was found to be hostlile and inimical to many of these Arab neighbouring kingdoms - particularly Iran which has openly stated "Israel must be wiped out from the world map" The other part of their sad story concerns the lost tribes, and our narration of all the above history has a certain relevance in knowing about the lost tribes-we discuss the issue in the next chapter. Chapter : IV THE CONCLUDING PART OF THE STORY :- The Reader is invited to the passage in the Bible (Math.10.6) where Jesus Christ advises his disciples' to go in search of the lost sheep (tribes)! He was referring to the enslavement and deportation of nearly 27300 families from the northern part of the Kingdom of Israel by Sargon II of the Assyria. In the year following their deportation there was no further news about what happened to them.The deportation took place in 627 BC.and their where abouts remained un known. So when Jesus come on the scene almost 6 countries had rolled out.On the basis of the hypocthesis that a new generation in every 25 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 28 years, about 24/or 12 generation would have emerged.During the 6 cen- turies since the capture and Departation of the Jews from the northern part of Israel no information about them was available so they began to think that some trouble or calamity he has overtaken their kinsmen taken as slaves. Thus the notion of ten lost tribes in which began to to take shape . It was these lost tribes Jesus referred to as the lost sheep. No doubt later on Jesus spoke about the lost sheep in a broader context to indicate the inclusion of each and every soul that strays away from the path of righteousness labeling them as sheep that had lost its way. It was the exhortation of Jesus addressed to the disciples that impelled St.Thomas to go to India 2 times when he came to know of the presence of Jewish settlements in the north, and north western part of India, at the first instance and later on about their presence in the south- ern part of India. Were these people the descendants of the lost tribes., if so how did they reach out so far from the places of their incar- ceration? The Jewish families of the 10 tribes of the northern Israel who were taken to Assyria were informed that their kinsmen in the southern Israel kingdom were also conquered by the kings of to their homeland Israel and made slaves and taken to other kingdoms. Emperor, Sargon, attacked Samaria and took 30,000 Israelites as prisoners (2 Kings 18:12) .The Assirians also started marrying women of Israel and a new generation called Samaritans was born. The captive Israelites multiplied in their places where they were deported to as slaves began to spread out to different parts of the Earth. Research evidences show their presence in Sindh and North - western provinces, Baluchistan(Baluchistan ranges are called Solomom ranges) in Hindu Kush region, Thakshila (Rawal Pindi), an important place of learning and trade centre on the silk route to China- and also to Afghani- stan, Kashmir, Pakistan,india, Africa, Europe, America, China, Korea & Japan, etc. Researchers were able to establish their presence in those areas, on account of their foot - prints which they left behind. The foot - prints were mainly the similarities in the technique they used to bury their dead. The jews and their descendant's graves and the grave sites were called "Dolmens" wherever they went. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 29 An explanation about Afghan pathans :- It is claimed that the grandson of King Saul of Benjamin tribe was called Afghana and that he rose to become the head of the army. When Nebuchadnezzar, the emperor of Babylon overran the kingdom of Israel in 607 B.C. and took 80,000 Israelites to his kingdom. Afghana was said to have escaped with his followers and made good his way to a place called Gore near the HinduKush ranges. he was astonished to meet many families of the lost tribes already settled there keeping Jewish cus- toms infact and speaking fluent Aramic language. He is said to have gathered them under his leadership- they were called Afghanas, which later became the name of the country now called "Afghanistan". The term "pathan" came from word "path" meaning ten in the Dravadian lan- guage which was widely spoken among the section of jews in the medterranien region. Pathans therefore came to be associated with the people settled in the region. It may be remembered that the Israelites found in this region were indeed the 10 tribes who were called the "Pathans" the details of their arrival and the setting up of their kingdom of Afghanistan are furnished in "Mahasan-I-Afhghani", a document compiled by the Iranian writer, "Nemathulla Harvi", who was a historian in the court of the Emperor Jahangir, in 1612A.D. It may be mentioned here that the Afghanistan Pathans who were of the lost tribes and many of them had embraced Islam,"Sunni"were they also called Afridis (in Persian Afridi means new arrivals). The first king of Afghanistan was from the Afghana clan, called Ahmed Shah, and the kingdom lasted from 1747 to 1973A.D. Even though many of the lost tribes converted to Islam, they con- tinued to observe many rituals and socio-cultural practices of the lost tribes. They were known to circumcise their male infants on the 8th day after birth, They Kept separate mats for prayers (Talith),wore marriage rings (Hupa), observed menstrual cleanliness abstained from forbidden food (camels and horses),avoided boiling flesh in milk observed distinction of clean and unclean bird meat, observed sabath, lighting of candles on sabath days, and praying towards Jerusalem, smearing of blood on the doorsteps during epidemic, rearing of goats for special festivals, keeping the book of 'psalms' below the pillow during an illness and the display of ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 30 the star of David in their houses. The presence of many Hebrew words in Afghan language, naming of hills and hill ranges after famous Jewish leaders( Ranges in Baluchistan called Solomon ranges), all bear witness to their jewish heritage . Over the centuries, some of the Jewish Pathans now called Af- ghan pathans belonging to the lost tribes were following the silk route for their trading activities and found themselves travelling to the west and east coast regions of India, passing through the present day Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states to reach Kerala in pursuit of trading in spices, condiments, sandalwood and pre- cious stones, In kerala they settled mainly in sea-ports, like Cranganore, Palayur, Thondy(Calicut), Paravoor, Quilon and riverside towns like Cocomangalam(Malayattor ) of Periyar, Niranem and Nilakkal of Pampa River most of which were spice producing centres. They were also found living in Marayur, Wayanad, Pathanamthitta. This is the brief history of the movement of the Jews of the lost tribe to Palayur, the starting part of the Kizhakkekara clan. An explanation regarding the confusion about who St.Thomas converted? In the light of research and studies, making use of the epigraphic and literary sources, modern historiographers like Prof. Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai came to the conclusion that the ancestors of the present day Nambudiris established their temple centred gramas, in the span of the 8th and the 9th centuries in Kerala. Only by the 9th and the 10th centu- ries of the Christian era, many of the temples in kerala were constructed. Dr. Keshavan Veluthatt states that the 32 Nambudiri gramas re- ferred to in "Keralolppathi" suggested that their migration to Kerala was during the 8th century. The reason for this confusion was because some of the Pathan families embraced Hinduism during their long stay in India and became known as Bhatts and Bhattathiris in the Konkan Coast. Iyers, Iyengars and Shastris in the Western Coast and those settled in Kanchipuram called themselves as Tamil Brahmins and they spread to Mylapore. Those settled in kerala were the early converts and not nambudri brahmins. Following this, Jewish Pathans delect (reomove) the portion also mi- grated to the above places in search of trade. This prompted St. Thomas to visit Mylapore and other areas. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 31 St. Thomas came to india on two occations. People remember the epic journey of St. Thomas in A.D 52 to Cranganore in South India. This journey was done on ship along the popular sea route by taking advantage of the "HIPPALUS" wind which is the south west monsoon winds as we know it now. What is not so well - known and recalled is the fact of St. Thomas's 1st visit to North India. He went to Taxila to help design the architecture of the palace of the Parthian King, Gondophorus (BC 95 to AD 45). He is said to have followed the silk - route to reach Taxila along with a leader in trading, Mr. Hebban who told him about the presence of large Jewish settlements in and around the place. St. Thomas converted many Jewish Pathans to Christianity in the area of Takhshila. There he was made to understand that there were many Jewish settlements in South India also and to reach them, the sea - route was the best option. There is a mistaken notion that the very first converts were Brah- min numbudris And this took place in AD52(i.e first century after christ). This is a wrong belief. India was thus, twice blessed to have the presence of this pre- cious saint of the Lord and the early beginning of the conversion to Chris- tianity of the lost tribes besides the Indian people, who had not known Christ. He spent 20 years in India. He was martyred in Mylapore on the 3rd of July A.D and Christians in South India observe this day as "DUKHRANA". It may be recalled that when Jesus exhorted his disciples to go out to the 4 corners of the Earth and bring to the people his teachings, he made a special mention to seek the lost sheep - meaning the families of the lost tribes which was one of the main reasons of St. Thomas to come to far away India, where he was given to understand the members of the lost tribes had migrated and settled (Mathew 10.6). We noted earlier that St. Thomas had heard about the presence of Jewish families in South India when he went to Taxila. When he reached Cranganore Port in Kerala Coast, he was surprised to find that the Jew- ish Pathans spoke Aramaic language and many of the socio - cultural practices were similar to that of the Jewish people of Israel. The first conversion took place in Palayur where 4 families namely, Pakalmattom, Shankarapuri, Kalli and Kaliyankal. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
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Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 40 Ingt°°c IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw 10-˛mw q‰m≠p apX¬ ]membpsS Ncn-{X-Øn-sm∏w S- °pIbpw X-Xm-sbmcp Ncn{Xw cNn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv tIc-fØns‚- hnhn[ `mKßfn-te°v IrjnImcy߃°mbpw temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mKß-fn-te°v tPmen-bpsS -`m-Kambpw -IpSn-tb-dnbhcm-Wv Ing-t°°c IpSpw_mwK߃. ]≠v hym]mcw Pnhn-X-am¿§-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp {InkvXob IpSpw_w Beph CS-∏-≈n-bn¬ n∂pw hym]m-cm-h-iy-߃°mbn tIm´bw ASpØv aW¿ImSv h∂v Xma-kn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. A∂v ]mem {]tZiw ao- ® n¬ F∂m- W v Adn- b s∏´ncp- ∂ - X v . A∂v ChnSsØ nbaßfpw ymbm-ym-b-ßfpw tm°n S-Øn-bn-cp- ∂Xpw cmPy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°m-h-iy-amb Imcy-߃ sNbvXn-cp-∂Xpw cmPm-hn-smØ A[nImcmh-Im-i-߃ D≠m-bn-cp∂ ao-®n¬ I¿Ømhv F∂ CS-{]-`p-hm-bn-cp-∂p. ao®n¬ I¿Øm°∑mcpsS ]q¿∆nI¿ a[pcbn¬ n∂pw h∂hcmWv. a[pc ao-m£n t£{Xw ]pcm-X {]kn-≤-am-Wv. aom£n t£{X-Ønv ASp-Øp-n∂pw h∂-h¿ F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ ao-®n¬ F∂v Chsc hnfn-®p-h∂p. ao-®n¬°m¿ Xma-kn® {]tZ- iw {ItaW ao-®n¬ Icbmbpw, ao-®n-en-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ ]pg ao- ®n¬ Bdmbpw Adn-b-s∏-´p. sslµh CXn-lm-k-Øn¬ ]memgn IS- ™t∏mƒ AarXv e`n-®-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂p. ao-®n-en-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ ]pgsb ]mem-gn-bmbn `‡¿ hnti-jn-∏n-®p. ]memgn hmsam-gn-bneqsS {ItaW tem]n®v ]membv (Palai) Bbn. ]membv˛¬ A®Sn ajn ]Xn-™-t∏mƒ B[p-n-I -Im-esØ ]mem F∂-t]cv cq]-s∏-´p. PmXnhyh-ÿbpw Xo≠epw sXmSoepw ne-n-∂n-cp∂ ]Ømw q‰m-≠n¬ tahn-S, ao-®n¬ {]tZisØ CS-{]-`p-°ƒ ºn- ImSv Nmh-°m´v I¿Øm-°∑mcm-bn-cp-∂p. ‘Cu®, ]q®, mbv, {kmWn’ F∂n-hbv°v Aip≤n Iev]n-®n-cp-∂n-√. {km-b-mb ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 41 tbip-hn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ {kmWn sXm´m¬ Aip-≤am-bXpw ip≤- - amIpw F∂ hnizmkw mb-∑m-cnepw {_m-“-W-cnepw A∂v cqV-aq- e-am-bn-cp-∂p. FÆ, D∏v, ]©-km-c XpS-ßnb ntXym-]tbmK hkvXp- - °ƒ Aip-≤-am-bm¬ AXv IgpIn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xnpw km[y-am- bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu kml-Ncy-Øn¬ tah-S, ao-®n¬ {]tZ-isØ I¿Øm- - °-∑m¿ Btem-Nn®v tahS Hcp hym]m-c-tI-{µ-am-°-W-sa∂ Dt±- iy-tØmsS aW¿ImSv n∂pw I√-°-Spº F∂ {InkvXob IpSpw- _Ønse Hcmsf tah-Sbv°v sIm≠p-h-∂p. At±-l-sØ IpSpw-_- ktaXw kz¥w `h-Øn-SpØp≈ Fd-tIm∂n ]pc-bn-SØn¬ hoSp- - - - n¿Ωn®v Xma-kn-∏n-®p. Fd-tIm∂n ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xmakn®-Xn-m¬ Fd-tIm∂n am∏n-f-am¿ (alm-]n-≈) F∂mWv Ct±-lhpw ]n≥ap-d- °mcpw Adn-b-s∏-´Xv. ]mem {]tZiØv BZy-Im-eØv Npcp°w Nne ItØm-en- °m -Ip-Spw-_-߃ am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. 10-˛mw q‰m-≠p-hsc Ch¿ Acp-hn-Øpd ]≈n-bn-emWv B≤ymXvanImhiy߃°mbn t]mbn-cp-∂-Xv. Fd-tIm∂n, hb-e-s°m-ºv, Xd-bn¬, Iq´p-¶¬ F∂o mev {]apJ IpSpw-_ßfpsS tXr-Xz-Øn¬ 1002 Pqsse 3˛v ]mem- - - bn¬ ]pXnb ]≈n°v I√n´v n¿Ωm-W-{]-h¿Ø--߃ Bcw-`n-®p, CXn¬ {]Y-aÿmw Fd-tIm-∂n- Ip-Spw-_Øn-m-Wv. Cu ]≈n-bmWv - - ]n∂oSv IØo-{U¬ ]≈n-bmbn Db¿Øn-b-Xv. Ing-t°°c IpSpw_mwK-ß-fpsS hy‡-amb Ncn{Xw 16˛mw q‰m-≠n¬ XpS-ßp-∂p. 16, 17 q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I-cpsS Ncn{Xw apJy-ambpw hmsam-gn-bmbn e`n-®hbm-Wv. 1650-˛¬ Fd-tIm∂n - - am∏n-f-am-cn¬ C´n-s®-dnb F∂- IpSpw_mY≥ sh´n-°m´v IpSpw-_- Øn-te°v amdn-Øm-a-kn-®p. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse ]q¿∆n-I- cn¬ t]cv e`y-amb BZy ]nXm-a-l≥ Cu C´n-s®-dn-b-bmWv. sh´n- °m´v ]pc-bnS-Øn¬ Xma-kn® C´n-s®-dn-bbv°v Ggv ]p{X-∑m-cmWv D≠mb-Xv. CXn¬ aqØ-bmƒ Ab¿Ip-∂Øv IpS-I-t»-cnepw c≠m- a≥ ao-®n¬ ]cn-¥n-cn-°epw aq∂m-a≥ tahnS ]pfn-°epw mem- a≥ søq¿ mK-tm-en-°epw A©m-a≥ sh´n-°mSv Xd-hm-´nepw Bdm-a≥ sXmSp-Ibnepw Ggm-apw Cf-b]p-{X-p-amb sXmΩ≥ F∂ - - ‘sXmΩ≥]-Wn-°¿’ Ing-X-Sn-bqcpw Xma-kn-®p. Chsc√mw ktlm-Z- c-im-JIfmsW¶nepw Im¿jn-Ita-JebpsS {]tXy-IXbpw hoSp-Iƒ - - - - - - XΩn-ep≈ Zqc-°q-Sp-Xepw bm{Xm kuI-cy-ß-fpsS A`mhhpw Cu ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled
History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled

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History of the Kizhakkekara Family chronicled

  • 2. ii Name of the Book Kizhakkekara Kudumbacharithram (History of Kizhakkekara Family) Written Malayalam K.T. Thomas, Mob: 9447139489 English K.C. Mani, Mob: 09542029226 Editorial Board Chief Editor: K.T. Thomas Sub Editors Johney George Dr. Jose Francis K.V. Mammen K.C. Mani Published on: 08.10.2011 Published by: The President & Secretary Kizhakkekara Kudumbayogam Kizhathadiyoor P. O. Pala D.T.P. & Lay Out & Printing Printech Multi Color Press, Thodupuzha Ph: 227191 President : Prof. Jose Joseph Secretary: K.T. Thomas For Private Circulation only Website : www.kizhakkekarakudumbayogam.com
  • 3. iii ka¿∏Ww c‡w hnb¿∏m°n cm]-Iset∂y A≤zmn®v, ∑-bpsS hnØp-Iƒ hnX-®p-sIm-bvXv,- IpSpw-_sØ imtJm-]-im-J-I-fm°n hf¿Øn hmKvZm--tZ-i-tØbv°v t]mb ]q¿∆o-I¿°v Cu IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
  • 4. iv Xmfp-Iƒ adn-°p-tºmƒ.... 1 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_ ]cn-]m-e--tbmKw 1 2 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmK n_-‘-Iƒ 5 3 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_ ]cn-]m-e DS-ºSn 9 4 Kizhakkekaras of Palai (Kerala) 14 5 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw 40 6 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_w 51 7 X´m≥]-d-ºn¬ imJ 53 8 Cu¥p-¶¬ ]IpXn imJ 65 9 Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ imJ 91 10 ]pØ≥]p-c-°¬ Xd-hmSv 150 11 ]oSn-I-bn¬ IpSpw_w 185 12 ]oSnI ssIXh-b-en¬ 207 13 Be-°¬ IpSpw_w 243 14 Ingt° Be-°¬ hmI-bm-n-bn¬ imJ 247 15 hmIm-n-bn¬ Iqºp-°¬imJ 251 16 ]Sn-™msd Be-°¬ hmIm-n-bn¬ imJ 263 17 hmIm-n-bn¬ s√n-ae imJ 271 18 hmIm-n-bn¬ sIm®p-a-‰-Øn¬ imJ 275 19 Be-°¬ imJ 293 20 Ing-t°-°c Itcm-t´-ho-´n¬ IpSpw_w Cfw-tXm-´-Øn¬ h¿°n 315 21 ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ Xmsg sXmΩ≥ sshZy≥ 327 22 Itcm-t´-ho-´n¬ imJ 349 23 Xmg-tØ-ho-´n¬ imJ 355 24 A{U€v 398
  • 5. v
  • 6. vi IpSpw-_-{]m¿∞ IpSpw-_-tØbpw IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-tØbpw ÿm]n-®-p-{K-ln® ]nXmhpw ]p{Xpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hp-amb ssZh-ta, Atß Xncp-ap-ºn¬ Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p∂ R߃ Aßsb kvXpXn°pIbpw µn-]-d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]q¿Æ-a--t€m-Sp-IqSn Xncp-ap-ºn¬ n¬°p∂ Cu IpSpw-_sØ Xr°¨ ]m¿°-W-ta. {km-b-mb Rß- fpsS mb-Im, Zmho-Zns‚ ]p{Xm, Cu IpSpw-_-tØbpw Rßsf Hmtcm-cp-Ø-tcbpw R߃ Atßbv°p ka¿∏n-°p-∂p. {k-Ønse sIm®p IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ssNXyw Rß-fpsS Cu IpSpw-_-Ønepw nd-bv°-W-ta. Zbm-]-c-mb I¿Øm-th, ]c-kv]-c-hn-izm-k-tØmSpw hn´p-ho-gvNm-a-tm-`m-h- tØm-Spw-IqsS {]m¿∞-m-cq-]n-bn¬ PohnXw bn-°p-hm≥ F∂pw R߃In-S-bm-°-W- ta. Rß-fpsS hnNm-c-ßfpw hm°p-Ifpw {]hr-Øn-Ifpw Aßp-Xs∂ nb-{¥n-°-W-ta. `n∂-X-Ifpw Ie-l-ßfpw R߃°n-S-bn¬ IS-∂p-h-cm-Xn-cn-°-s´. C√m-bva-bnepw h√m- bva-bnepw ncm-i-bnepw, kº-Ønepw kar-≤n-bnepw Al-¥ IS-∂p-I-bdn Rß-fpsS lrZ-b-ß-fnse kvtl-Øns‚ Pzme sI´p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ Aß-bpsS Acq-]n- bpsS {]hmlw Ft∏mgpw Rß-fn-ep- m-I-W-ta. Rß-fpsS Ap-Zn--Ip-cn-ip-Isf {]Xym-i-tbmsS hln-®p-sIm v Aßsb Ap-K-an-°p-hm≥ Ir]-X-tc-W-ta. Rß-fpsS Cu IpSpw-_sØ im¥n-bp-sSbpw kam-[m--Øn-s‚bpw hnf-n-e-am-°-W-ta. Imcp-Wy-hmpw kvtl-n-[n-bp-amb I¿Øm-th, Zu¿`m-Ky-߃ Rß-fn¬ n∂-I-‰n-°-f-b-W-ta, t¢i-ß-fn¬ Rßsf Xmtß-W-ta, ]m]]-co-£-I-fn¬ R߃°p Icp-tØ-I-W-ta, Zpc-Zp-J-ß-fn¬ Rßsf Biz-kn-∏n-t°-W-ta. Cu IpSpw-_-Øn-ep≈ R߃ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-tc-bpw, hninjym Ct∏mƒ Rß-tfm- sSm-∏-an√mØ IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-tfbpw kar-≤-ambn Ap-{K-ln-°-W-ta. Rß-fn¬n∂pw th¿]n-cn-™p-t]mb Rß-fpsS {]nb-s∏-´-hsc nXy-ku-`m-Ky-Øn-¿l-cm-°-W-ta. Rßfpw Rß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpw, ktlm-Z-c-ß-fpw, ]q¿∆n-I-cpw-hgn h∂p-t]m-bn- ´p≈ F√m A]-cm-[-ßfpw Imcp-Wy-]q¿∆w £an-t°-W-ta. Aßp R߃°p X∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-sbm-s°-bpw, kºØpw Btcm-Kyhpw Ign- hp-Ifpw a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn ]¶p-h®v Aß-bpsS km£n-I-fmbn DØ-a-ss{I-kvXh IpSpw- _-Po-hnXw bn-°p-hm≥ Aß-bpsS ]cn-ip≤ dqlm Ft∏mgpw Rß-fn¬ hkn-°-s´. Rß-fpsS ]m]-߃°p-th n c‡w hnb¿Øv, ]oU--ß-tf‰v c‡-sam-gp- °n, nµn-°-s∏´v apƒapSn G‰p-hm-ßn, Ipcn-ip-h-ln®p Im¬hcn Ib-dn, ·-m-°-s∏´v Ipcn-in¬ Xd-bv°-s∏-´v, kzbw _en-b¿∏n® Cutim-m-Ym, Atßbv°p P∑w Xcp-hm≥ ]nXmhp Xnc-s™-SpØ Aß-bpsS ]cn-ip≤ AΩ-bpsS Ic-ß-fn-eqsS R߃ ka¿∏n-°p∂ Cu {]m¿∞˛Icp-Wm-]q¿∆w kzoI-cn-°-W-ta. BtΩ≥
  • 7. vii
  • 8. ix
  • 9.
  • 10. xiii
  • 11. xv
  • 12. xvii
  • 13. xviii
  • 14. xix
  • 15.
  • 16. xxi
  • 17. xxii
  • 18. xxiii
  • 19. xxiv
  • 20. xxv
  • 21. xxvi
  • 22. BapJw {io.sI.-‰n.-tXm-akv sk{I-´dn Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbm-Kw, ]me ‘kvacW Ah-ti-jn-∏n-°msX ad-™p-t]m-b-h-cp-≠v, Pohn-°p-Itbm Pn-°p-I-t]m-eptam sNbvXn-s√∂v tXm∂p-amdv Ah¿ a¨a-d-™p, F∂m¬ Ah¿ Imcp-Wy-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p, Ah-cpsS kXv{]-h¿Øn-Iƒ hnkva-cn-°-s∏-´n-√, Ah-cpsS sFizcyw ]n≥Km-an-I-fnepw Ah-cpsS Ah-Imiw a°-fpsS a°-fnepw ne-n¬°pw, Ah-cpsS `mhn-X-e-ap-d-Iƒ Ft∂bv°pw ne-n-ev°pw.’ Ch hnip- ≤ - { K- Ÿ - Ø nse {]`m- j - I s‚ hm°p- I - f mWv . ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Ønepw Cu hm°p-Iƒ°v hf-sc-b-[n-Iw {]m[m- y-ap-≠v. BIm-i-Ønse Xmcm-K-W-ßfpw Bgn-bnse aW¬Ø-cn-I- fpw-t]mse FÆn-bm¬ Xocm-Ø-hn[w Zn-cm-{X-߃ h∂p-t]m-Ip- ∂p. EXp°ƒ amdn-h-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xe-ap-d-Ifpw amdp∂p. kqcy-N- {µ-∑m¿ hen-°p∂ ka-bcYØnse kl-bm-{Xn-Icmb mw `qan-bnse - - - - G‰-hpw hnin-jvS-amb IpSpw_w F∂ kvtls]mbvI-bn¬ ocm- Sp∂ Ac-b-∂-ß-fm-Wv. 2011 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Ønse mgn-I-I-√m- Wv. IpSpw-_-tbmKw AXns‚ iXm_vZn BtLm-jn-°p∂ Cu thf- bn¬ ΩpsS ]q¿∆ ]nXm-al∑msc Hmtcm-cp-Øscbpw G‰hpw BZ- - - - c-]q¿∆w IrX-⁄-X-tbm-sSbpw nd™ kvtl-tØm-sSbpw Ap- kva-cn-°p-∂p.
  • 23. ]≠v Xo≠epw sXmSoepw hfsc Bg-Øn¬ thtcmSn PmXn- hy-hÿ ne-n-∂n-cp∂ ImeØv ]mem tahn-S, ao-®n¬ {]tZ-isØ CS-{]-`p-°ƒ tIm´bw aW¿ImSv I√-°-Spº F∂ IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp AwKsØ hym]m-cm-h-iy-߃°mbn tahn-Sbv°v sIm≠p-h- ∂-Xmbn hmsam-gn-N-cn-{Xhpw enJn-X-N-cn-{Xhpw ]d-bp-∂p. 10-˛mw q‰m- ≠n¬ ]mem-bn-se-Ønb Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse ]q¿∆ ]nXm- a-l-mb Ct±lw Fd-tIm∂n ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®-Xn-m¬ Fd- tIm∂n am∏nf F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿ Bbn-cw-h¿j-߃°-∏p-dhpw Ipe-a-ln- abpw IpSpw-_alXzhpw ImØp-kq-£n-®hcm-Wv. ]mem-bnse BZy- - - - - - tZ-hm-e-b-amb Ct∏m-gsØ IØo-{U¬]-≈n-bpsS ÿm]-I-cmb mev {][m IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ {]Y-a-ÿmw ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Øn- m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv CXns‚ sXfnhmWv. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_-Øns‚ t]cpw {]i-kvXnbpw {][m--ambpw hym]n-®Xv ]mem Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ Xma-kn® sXmΩ-]-Wn-°¿ ]nXm-a-l-n¬ n∂p-am-Wv. Fd-tIm∂n sh´n-°m-´v]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn® C´ns®-dn-b-bpsS Ggv a-°-fn¬ Cf-b-]p-{Xpw Ing-X-Sn-bq-cnse {][m hym]m-cnbpw ap-jy-kvt- ln-bp-amb sXmΩ-]Wn-°cpsS Bdv a°-fn¬ c≠m-asØ ]p{X-mb - - sIm®n-´nsF∏ns‚ ]n∑p-d°m-cmWv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ønse mw - - Hmtcm-cpØcpw. sIm®n-´n-sF-∏ns‚ F´v a°-fn¬ ]p{X-∑m-cmb sXmΩ≥, sImt®∏v, C´n-s®dnb F∂n-h-cmWv ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿. `qan- b nse G‰hpw hnin- j v S hpw kz¿K- k - a m- - h p- a mb IpSpw_-Øns‚ {]m[myw ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿ a-€n-em-°n-bn-cp- ∂p. IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Hcp-an-®p-n-evt°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX Adn- bm-am-bn-cp∂ Ah¿ qdp-h¿j-߃°-∏pdw IpSpw-_cn-]m-etbmKw - - - tN¿∂v DS-ºSn cPn-ÿ sNbvXXv Ah-cpsS sFIy-Øns‚ ZrjvSm- ¥-am-Wv. Iq´m-bvabnepw ]¶p-hbv°enepw Ah¿ a‰p-≈h¿°v amXr- - - - - I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. BZy-tbm-K-Øn¬ k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp∂ IpSpw-_mw-K- ß-fmb aq∂v sshZn-I-t{i-jvT-scbpw 17 IpSpw-_-ß-fnse ]nXm-°- ∑m-scbpw IrX-⁄-Xm-]q¿∆w ChnsS kvacn-°p-∂p. Ing-t°-°cIp-Spw_w iXm-_vZn BtLm-jßfpsS `mK-ambn - - - - IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-{KŸw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm-p≈ Xocp-amw G‰hpw DNn-Xam-bn-. Hcp-h¿jw o≠p-n∂ hnh-cti-JcWØn-p-ti-jamWv - - - - - - Cu {KŸw FgpXn ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ km[n®-Xv. ΩpsS IpSpw-_- Øns‚ aqe-{K-ŸI¿Ømhv {io.C´n-sF∏v C´n-sF∏v ]oSnI-bn¬ Fgp- -
  • 24. Xnb {KŸw C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ B[n-Im-cn-I-amb Cu {KŸw Fgp- Xp-hm≥ ap°v Ct∏mƒ km[n-°p-I-bn√. hn⁄m--Zm-ln-bpw B¿÷n® Adnhv hcpw-X-e-ap-dbv°v ]I¿∂p--evIm-p≈ k∑-- €p-ap≠mbn-cp∂ B [ym-flm-hns µn-]q¿∆w kvacn-°p-∂p. {]kvXpX {KŸ-Øns‚ ssIsø-gp-Øp-{]Xn √ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v FgpXnam‰nb {io.sI.-sF.-h¿°n ]oSn-I-bn-en-sbpw Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ Pohm-flm-bn- {]h¿Øn®v nc-h-[n-{]m-hiyw IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ {]kn-U‚m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw c≠v IpSpw-_-tbm- K-sI-´n-S-߃ n¿Ωn-°p-I-bpw-sNbvX bYm¿∞ IpSpw-_-kvtln {io.sI.-sF.-sXm-Ω≥ ]oSn-I-bnensbpw, IpSpw-_-tbm-K-sI-´nSw n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xn-p≈ ÿew kw`m-h- evInb {io.Cu∏≥ aØmbn - - ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°-en-sbpw IrX-⁄-Xm-]q¿∏w kvacn-°p-∂p. Cu IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-{K-Ÿ-Ønv kvtl-]q¿∆w ktµ-iw- - evIn-b- ko-tdmae-_m¿k` taP¿ B¿®p-_n-j∏v am¿ tPm¿÷v Be- t©cn ]nXm-hnpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßsf hy‡n-]-c-ambn Adn-bp-Ibpw hm’-ey-]q¿∆w Biwk FgpXn evIpIbpw sNbvX ]mem-cq-]Xm _nj∏v am¿ tPmk^v I√-d-ßmSv ]nXm-hnpw ΩpsS {]Ya tZhm- e-b-amb ]mem IØo-{U¬ ]f-fn- hnImcn dh.-^m.-A-eIvkv tImgn- t°m-´nenpw lrZ-b-]q¿∆w µn-]-d-bp-∂p. Hcp-h¿jw o≠p-n∂ Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ cN-m-th-f-bn¬ Fs∂ klm-bn-®-h¿ nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. [mcmfw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS Ncn- {X-߃ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ {io.kntPm Ie-b-¥m-n, IpSpw-_-tbmKw temtKm hc-®p- -evInb {io.kÆn Nne-ºn-Ip-t∂¬, IpSpw-_-N-cn- {X-Øns‚ BZy-`mKw Cw•o-jn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb {io.sI.-kn.-amWn Be-bv°¬ (ssl-{Zm-_m-Zv), k_v FUn-t‰-gvkm-bn- Fs∂ klm- bn® {io.tPmWn tPm¿÷v Cfw-tXm-´w, {io.tUm.-tPmkv {^m≥kokv ssItXm- e n¬, {io.sI.- h n.- a m- Ω ≥ Cu¥p- ¶ - ¬ ]- I p- X n- b n¬, {io.tPmWn tXmakv ]oSnI ssItXm-en¬, {io.km_p tPmk^v ssItXm-en¬ (t{]m{Kmw IΩ‰n I¨ho-¿), tUm.-sI.-Fw.-F-Ωm- p-h¬ (Hm¿K-ss-knwKv IΩ‰n I¨ho-¿), iXm_vZn BtLm-j- I-Ω‰n AwK-߃, IpSpw-_-tbm-K-I-Ω‰n AwK-߃, Fn°v F√m- hn[ ]n¥p-Wbpw t{]m’m-lhpw ¬Inb _lp. {]kn-U‚ v s{]m^. tPmkv tPmk-^npw Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ UnSn]n, {]n‚nwKv tPmen-Iƒ `wKn-bmbn n¿∆-ln® sXmSp-]pg {]n≥sSIv {]kv Poh- -°m¿°pw amt-Pvsa‚npw µn -]-d-bp-∂p.
  • 25. hfsc {ia-Icamb Cu DZy-aØn¬ sX‰p-Iƒ hcm-Xn-cn-°m≥ - - - Ign-hns‚ ]c-am-h[n {ian-®n-´p-≠v. {]n‚nw-Knv t]mIp-∂-Xp-h-scbpw {i≤-bn¬s]´ sX‰pIƒ Xncp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. C-nbpw It≠-°m-hp∂ sX‰p-Iƒ ktlm-Z-c-a--€m¬ £an-°-W-sa∂v At]£n-°p-∂p. Cu Ncn-{X-{KŸw ap°v ]c-kv]cw IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp-∂- Xnpw Xe-ap-d-Isf Iq´n-bn-W-°p-∂-Xnpw klm-b-I-amIpw F∂ {]Xym-i-tbmsS, Cu kwcw-`-Øn¬ kl-I-cn® Hmtcm IpSpw-_mw- K-Ønpw G‰hpw kvtl-]q¿∆w µn-]-d-bp-∂p. ‘IS-∂p-t]mb Xe-ap-d-I-tfmSv Bcm-bp-I, ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Ap-`-h-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I, C∂-se-∏n-d∂ ap°v H∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-Sm, `qan-bnse ΩpsS PohnXw ng¬t]mse am™p-t]m-Ip-∂p.’ ss__nƒ. kvtl-]q¿∆w, sI.-‰n. tXmakv sk{I-´dn
  • 26. ]q¿∆n-I-cpsS ]pWyw s{]m^. tPmkv tPmk^v {]kn-U‚ v thZ-]p-kvXIØn¬ ]g-bn-baØns‚ Bcw`Øn¬ ΩpsS - - - - BZy-]n-Xm-hmb BZw apX¬ tml-h-sc-bp≈ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS hwim-hen sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. ]pXn-b-n-b-a-Øn¬ A{_mlw apX¬ tbip-hns‚ Pw hsc-bp≈ IpSpw-_-N-cn-{Xhpw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p- ∂p. ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-IcpsS IpSpw-_aln-abpw al-Xzhpw Ωƒ Adn- - - bWw Ah-cpsS sNbvXn-I-sf-°p-dn®v hcpw-X-e-apd t_m[-hm-∑m-cm- IWw F∂o Dt±-iy-ßtfmsS ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿ hwimh-enbpw IpSpw-_-N-cn-{Xhpw Fgp-Xn-h-®n-cp-∂p. Hmtcm-Ip-Spw-_-Ønpw AXn- t‚-Xmb {]tXyI ]mc-º-cyhpw IpSpw-_-a-l-Xzhpw ss]Xr-I-hpw Ah-Im-i-am-bp-≠v. AXv ImØp-kq-£n-°p-∂-Xnpw jvSs∏-SmsX ]n≥X-e-ap-dbv°v ssIam-‰w-sN-ømpw ap°v _≤y-X-bp-≠v. Fd-tIm∂n Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ iXm_vZn BtLm-j-th-f-bm-Wt√m CXv. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ IpSpw-_N-cn-{X- {KŸw {]Im-iw sNøp-∂Xv G‰hpw DNn-X-am-Wv. Ωƒ Ft∏mgpw ]nXm-a-l-∑msc Ap-kva-cn-°p-∂-hcpw Ah-cpsS ∑-I-fn¬ A`n- amw sIm≈p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. sΩ a‰p-≈-h¿ Adn-bp-∂-Xp- Xs∂ ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m-cn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Aßs tm°p-tºmƒ mw IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX h¿≤n- °p-∂p. ΩpsS IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ ΩpsS ]q¿∆n- - - I¿ CS-∏-≈n-bn¬ n∂pw tIm´-b-Ønp Ing°v aW¿ImSv Xma-kn- s®∂pw AXn¬ Hcp IpSpw-_sØ ao-®n¬ CS-{]`p tahn-S-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v Xs‚ `h-Øn-s‚ ASpØv Fd-tIm∂n ]pc-bnS-Øn¬ -
  • 27. Xma-kn-∏n-s®∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. BbXn-m¬ Ah¿ Fd-tIm∂n am∏n- f-am¿ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´-Xmbpw ImWp-∂p. ]mem hen-b-]≈n ÿm]nX-ambXv 1002-˛em-Wv. A∂v ]≈n- ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xnv ap≥ssI FSp-ØXv Fd-tIm-∂n, hb-e-s°m-ºv, Xd-bn¬, Iq´p-¶¬ F∂o mev IpSpw-_-ß-fm-sW∂v Ncn-{X-tcJ-bp- ≠v. AXn¬ {]Y-a-ÿmw ΩpsS amXr-Ip-Spw-_-amb Fd-tIm∂n IpSpw-_-Øn-m-Wv. Fd-tIm∂n am∏n-f-am-cn¬ Hcmfmb C´n-s®-dnb tahnS sh´n- °m´v ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ amdn-Øm-a-kn-®p. Cu C´n-s®-dn-b-bpsS Ggm-a- sØ-]p-{X≥ sXmΩ-∏-Wn-°¿ Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ h∂v Xma-kn®v I®-hSw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥ sIm®n´n sF∏ns‚ k¥-Xn-]-c-º-c-I-fmWv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-°m¿. Hcp q‰m-≠p-apºv IpSpw-_-Iq-´m-bva-I-sf-∏‰n tI´p-tIƒhn- t]m-ep-an-√m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Iq-´mbva Bcw-`n® ]nXm-a-l∑m-cpsS IpSpw-_-kvt-l-sØbpw k∑--kn-sbpw XymK- a- t m- ` m- h - s Øbpw F{X- A- ` nµn®mepw A[n- I - a m- h pI- b n- √ . {InkvXzm_vZw 1911-˛¬ IpSpw-_Iq-´mbva Bcw-`n-®t∏mƒ Ing-XSn-bq¿ - - - tZiØv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Øn¬s]´ ]Xn-tgv IpSpw-_-ßfpw aq∂v sshZn-Icpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. BZy IpSpw-_-tbmK cPn-ÿ {]Imcw, ΩpsS ]Xn-tgv IpSpw-_-ß-fn-sebpw IpSpw-_-m-Y-∑m- cpw aq∂v sshZn-Icpw ]mem ]≈n-ta-Sbn¬h®v GI-tbm-Kambn IpSpw- - - _-]-cn-]m-e--tbmKw F∂ t]cn¬ Bcw-`n® Iq´m-bva-bmWv Ing- t°- ° c IpSpw- _ - t bm- K w. IpSpw- _ - t bmKw Bcw- ` n- ° p- ∂ - X nv ap≥ssI FSpØ Be-°¬ aØmbn IØ-m-scbpw Itcm-s´-ho- ´n¬ De-l-∂≥ IØ-m-scbpw ]oSn-I-bn¬ butk^v IØ-m- scbpw ]Xn-tgv IpSpw-_-m-Y-∑m-sc-bpw kvtlm-Z-c-]q¿∆w kvacn- °p-∂p. BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ Hmtcm-cpØcpw F√m-h¿°pw-th≠n Pohn- ®p. Hcp lrZ-bhpw Hcm-flm-hp-ambn {]h¿Øn® Ah-cmcpw Xß- fpsS kzØv kz¥-sa∂v Icp-Xn-bn√. Cu ssNXyw Dƒs°m-≠p- sIm≠v ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Bcw-`n® Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmKw IpSpw- _mwK-߃ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-[m-c-Wbpw kulm¿±hpw hf- ¿Øphm≥ D]-I-cn-®p. IpSpw-_ßfn¬ kmº-ØnI _p≤n-ap-´p-≈- - - hsc klm-bn-°p-Ibm-bn-cp∂p IpSpw-_Iq-´m-babpsS {][m e£yw. - - v - [mcmfw IpSpw-_mw-Kßsf klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. -
  • 28. IpSpw-_-tbm-K--S-Øn-∏n¬ ad-°m-m-hmØ ]¶p-h-ln® al- Xvhy-‡n-Isf Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ kvacn-°p-∂p.- Ip-Spw-_-N-cn-{X- Ønse ]g-b-Ime {][m Ncn-{X-߃ apJy-ambpw ap°v e`n-®Xv Ing-t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ {in.C´n-sF∏v C´n-sF∏v Fgp-Xn-h-®n-cp∂ IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ ssIsø-gp-Øp-{]-Xn-bn¬n-∂m-Wv. hn⁄m- nbpw Ncn-{X-Ip-Xp-In-bp-amb At±-l-Øns‚ maw F∂pw kvacn- t°-≠-Xm-Wv. IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ °¬ FgpXn kq£n-®n-cp∂ ]oSn-I-bn¬ h¿°n-km-dn-sbpw µn-tbmsS kvacn-°p-∂p. hf-sc- °mew IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ {]kn-U‚m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw Bcw-`-Im- eØpw ]n∂oSpw atm-l-c-ßfmb c≠v IpSpw-_-tbm-K-sI-´n-S߃ F√m AwK-ß-fp-sSbpw klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ß-tfmsS n¿Ωn-°p- Ibpw sNbvX {io.sI.-sF.-sXmΩ≥ ]oSn-I-bnensbpw IpSpw-_- tbm-K-sI-´nSw n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p∂ ÿew kw`m-h--bmbn X∂ {io.- Cu-∏≥ aØmbn ]pØ≥]p-cbv°en-sbpw BZ-c]q¿∆w kvacn-°p- - - - - ∂p. IpSpw-_-tbmKw ap≥{]-kn-U‚p-am¿°pw sk{I-´-dn-am¿°pw a‰v `mc-hm-ln-Iƒ°pw µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. c≠p-h¿j-ambn IpSpw- _-N-cn-{X-c-N--bn¬ A£oWw bXvn-®, F√m-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn-epw- t]mbn hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw Cu {KŸw Fgp-Xn-X-øm-dm-°p- Ibpw sNbvX IpSpw-_-tbmKw sk{I-´dn {io.-sI.-‰n.-tXm-akv Ing- t°-°-cbv°v {]tXyIw lrZy-amb µn ]d-bp-∂p. Hmtcm imJ-bp- sSbpw {]Xn-n-[n-I-f-S-ßnb Pq_nen IΩ‰n AwK-߃°pw µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. henb IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ hy‡n-_-‘-߃ Ipd-bp-hm≥ CS- bm-Ip-∂p CXv ]cn-l-cn®v IpSpw-_-߃ XΩn-ep≈ AI¬® Ipd- bv°p-∂-Xnv ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Iq-´mbva D]-I-cn-°s´. IpSpw_w kvtlw ]cn-I¿Ωw- sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ _en-th-Zn-bm-W-t√m. ΩpsS IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ F∂pw kvtlm-¥-co£w nen¬°-s´. Ap-{K- l-߃°mbn PK-Zo-iz-c-tmSv {]m¿∞n-°mw. {]kn-U‚ v Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_tbmKw -
  • 29. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 1 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e-tbmKw Bbpw Aºm-cnbpap≈ BtLm-j-]q¿∆-amb hnhm-l-N- S-ßnemWv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_]cn-]m-e-tbm-K-Øns‚ BZy Btem-N S-∂-Xv. 1910/1086˛¬ Ing-t°-°c h¿°n-bpsS aI≥ Ip™p-h¿°n-bpsS hnhm-l-NS-ßn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ ]pØ≥]pc- bv°¬, ]oSn-Ibn¬, Be-bv°¬ F∂o Xmbvhgn-Ifnse F√m IpSpw- - - _-ß-fn¬ n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ FØn-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v IpSpw-_-tbmKw F∂ Bibw N¿®-sN-øpI-bp-≠m-bn, AXns‚ ^e-ambn 1911/1087 Ipw`w 27-˛v Ing-t°-°c Itcms´ho´n¬ BZytbmKw IqSn. B tbmK-Øn¬ h®v ]oSn-Ibn¬ sXmΩ≥ BK-kvXnsb IpSpw_tbmK- - Øns‚ amt-P-cmbpw Itcms´ ho´n¬ h¿°n h¿°nsb s]´n kq£n- ∏ p- I m- c - mbpw Be- b v ° ¬ hmIm- n- b n¬ sNdn- b m≥ h¿°nsb ]q´p-kq-£n-∏p-Im-c-mbpw ]pØ≥]pc-bv°¬ Cu∏≥ DWn-s®-dn-b-Xns IW-°p-kq-£n-∏p-Im-c-mbpw Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. 1088/1912 Nnßw 1˛mw XobXn Be-bv°¬ aØmbn A®≥ cPn- kv{Smsc ]Sn-sI´n ]mem ]≈n-ta-S-bn¬ hcp-Øn-bmWv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e--tbmK DS-ºSn cPn-Ã-dm-°n-b-Xv. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse hnhn[ imJ-I-fn¬ n∂p≈ 20 AwK IΩn-‰n-bmWv IpSpw-_-tbmK DS-ºSn Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. kmº- ØnI Ipd-hp-sImt≠m a‰p-Im-c-W-ß-fmtem IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fn¬ B¿s°-¶nepw IjvS-X-Itfm a‰v _p≤n-ap-´p-Itfm D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Ahsc klm-bn-°pI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv IpSpw_]cn-]m- e-tbmKw XpS-ßn-bXv. 1912 aIcw 28-˛v ASpØ tbmKw IqSpIbpw - - Nn´n-bn¬ tNcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. bqtdm-∏n¬ bq≤w-s]m-´n-∏p-d-s∏´v m´n¬ £ma-Im-e-am-b-Xn-m¬ XpS¿∂v aq∂p {]m-hiyw tbmKw IqSn-bn-√. ΩpsS IpSpw-_]cn-]m-etbmKw tcn´v Hcp sbvØp-ime - - - - Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. hfsc hnP-b-I-c-ambn S-∂p-h∂ sbvØp-im-e- bn¬ [mcmfw XqWn-Ø-c-߬ sbvXv hn¬∏ S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. an√p-Xp-Wn-Iƒ kpe-`am-bt∏mƒ sbvØp-ime n¿Ø-em-°n. IpSpw- - - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 30. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 2 _mw-K-ß-fpsS hcn-kw-Jy-bn-eq-sSbpw DZm-c-a-Xn-I-fmb IpSpw-_- kvtln-Ifp-sSbpw kl-IcWtØmsS ΩpsS nc-h[n IpSpw_mw- - - - - K-߃°v hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ klm-b-߃ evIp-hm≥ IpSpw-_- ]-cn-cm-e--tbm-K-Ønv km[n-®n-´p-≠v. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ønse 17 imJ-Ifn¬ n∂pw amdn-Øm- - - a-kn® F√m-hcpw tbmKmw-Kßfm-bn. Ah-cpsS hcn-kw-Jy-sIm≠pw - - ]W-b-Øn-t∑¬ sNdnb ]en-ibv°v ]Ww ISw-sIm-SpØpw aqe- [w h¿≤n-®p. 1927/1103 CShw 28-˛v IqSnb tbmKw kwL-S-bv°v kz¥-ambn Hcp sI´nSw n¿Ωn-°Ww F∂v Xocp-am-n-®p. F√m- ho- ´p- I m¿°pw HØp- t N- c p- h m≥ kuI- c y- a p≈ ÿe- a mb Ipc- ß≥ae]d-ºn¬ ]gbhgn-h-°n¬ 45 tIm¬ Np‰-f-hn¬ sI´n-S- Ønpw ap‰-Ønpw th≠ ÿew Ing-t°-°c ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Cu∏≥ aØmbn evIn. Ing-t°-°c ]pen-a-e-Ip-t∂¬ sshZy≥ tX°p-XSn sh´m-p≈ Ap-hmZw k¿°m-cn¬ -n∂pw hmßn. Ing- t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ sI.-sF.-sXm-Ωs‚ tXr-Xz-Øn¬ bphm-°- sf√mw kwL-Sn®v {ia-Zm--ambn Xd-sI-´v, ap‰w-sI-´v, Dcp-∏Sn NpaSv XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ hfsc thK-Øn¬ sNbvXp. Bdp-am-k-Øn-p- ≈n¬ ]pXnb sI´n-S-Øns‚ DZvLm-Shpw S-Øn,- hmb--im-ebpw ssIsø-gpØv amkn-Ibpw XpS-ßn. I¿j-I-cmb IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ ]pXp-a-Æp-tXSn ]e-ÿ-e-ß-fn-tebv°pw IpSn-tb-dn-b-t∏mƒ IpSpw- _-tbmK {]h¿Ø--ßfpw n¿÷o-h-am-bn. mev]-Øn-aq∂v h¿j-߃°p-tijw 1970 HIvtSm-_¿ 2˛v IqSnb tbmKw IpSpw-_-tbmK sI´nSw IqSp-X¬ kuI-cy-{]-Z-amb ÿeØv am‰n-]-Wn-bp-hm≥ Xocp-am-n-®p. BZy IpSpw-_-tbmKa-µn- cw n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-p≈ ÿew evInb ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ aØm- bn-bpsS aqØ-a-I≥ Cu∏≥ ]pXnb sI´nS n¿Ωm-W-Øn-p≈ ÿew hbv∏t∏m-Xn-bn¬ evIn. Ing-t°-°c ]oSn-Ibn¬ sXmΩ≥ - - - {]kn-U‚pw Ipºp-°¬ sNdn-bm≥ sk{I-´-dn-bp-ambn sI´nSw ]Wn- °mbn {]tXyIw IΩn-‰nsb Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. Ch-cpsS A£o-W- amb {]h¿Ø--^e-ambn IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw klm- b-k-l-I-c-W-ß-tfmsS A√m-∏m-d-bv°p≈ a¨]mX Xncn-bp∂ Ih- e-bn¬ A©p-apdn sI´nSw IpSpw-_-tbmKw hI-bmbn n¿Ωn-®p. IpSpw- _ - t bm- K - Ø ns‚ Bcw- ` - I mew apX¬ F√m- { ]- h ¿Ø- - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 31. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 3 ߃°pw tXrXzw evIn-bn-cp∂ sI.-sF.-sXm-Ω≥ {]kn-U‚m-bn- cns° 1983-˛¬ ncym-X-m-bn. CtXmsS IpSpw-_-tbmK {]h¿Ø-- ߃ ma-am-{X-am-bn. 1989 Unkw-_¿ 10-˛v sI.-sF.-h¿°n Ing-t°-°c ssItXm- en¬ {]kn-U‚pw BKkvXn C´n sF∏v Ipºp-°¬ sk{I-´-dn-bp- ambn ]pXnb IΩn-‰nsb Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. ]pØ≥]p-cbv°¬ Cu∏≥ - kw`m-h--bmbn evInb ÿehpw ]pXp-Xmbn n¿Ωn® sI´n-S-hpw 1990 G{]n¬ 15-˛v IpSpw-_-tbmKw FgpXn hmßn. 1991 Pq¨ 17-˛v ]pXnb {]kn-U‚ v cmPn- ¬InbXn-m¬ 1992˛¬ IqSnb {]tXyI IpSpw-_tbmKw Ing-t°-°c sIm®p-a‰Øn¬ amWn t]mØs {]kn- - - - U‚mbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp, a‰p `mc-hm-ln-Iƒ°pw IΩ-‰n-°m¿°pw am‰-ap-≠m-bn-√. 1998-˛¬ Ipºp-°¬ BKkvXn C´n-sF∏v {]kn-U‚mbpw Ing- - t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ sI.-‰n.-tPm-k^v sk{I-´-dn-bmbpw ]pXnb `mc- hm-ln-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. C°m-eØv IpSpw-_-tbmKw a‰v ÿe- ß - f n- t e°v hym]n- ∏ n- ° p- h m≥ Xocp- a m- n- ® p. 1998- ˛ ap- X ¬ ssItXm-en¬ imJ-°m¿ 10, 12 ¢m€p-I-fn¬ F√m-h¿jhpw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ am¿°v hm-ßp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v sImSp-°p-hm≥ “ssItXm- en¬ aØmbn A®≥ kvam-cI kvtImf¿jn∏v” G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. 2000-˛¬ tUm.-sI.-Fw.-C-Ωm-p-h¬ Ing-t°-°c Be-°¬ {]kn-U‚mbpw {io.-sI.-‰n.-tXm-akv Ing-t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ sk{I- ´-dn-bmbpw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. ChcpsS ImeØv tIc-f-Ønse F√m-`m-K-ß-fnepw (mev {_m©p-Iƒ) D≠m-°p-Ibpw IpSpw-_- tbmKw Ct∏m-gsØ ne-bn-te°v hf-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2001-˛¬ Ch¿ F√m-`-h--ßfpw kµ¿in-®v ^≠p-kz-cq-]n®v IpSpw-_-tbm-K-sI-´nSw ]pXp-°n-]WnXv Np‰p-aXn¬ n¿Ωn-®p. F√m Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_mw- - - K-ß-fp-sSbpw A{Ukv Dƒs∏-SpØn A{U-kv_p°v {]kn-≤o-I-cn- ®Xpw Ch-cpsS `cWIme-Øm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ Hmtcm {_m©p-Ifpw Hmtcm-h¿jhpw amdn-amdn IpSpw-_-tbmKw S-Øn-t∏m-cp-∂p. 2002 apX¬ X´mw-]-d-ºn¬ imJmw-K-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb klm-b-n-[n- bn¬ n∂pw A¿ln-°p-∂-h¿°v klmbhpw evInhcp∂p-≠v. 2007- ˛ ¬ IpSpw- _ - t bmKw {]kn- U ‚mbn s{]m^.- t Pm- k v tPmk^ns Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw sk{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ {in.-sI.-‰n.- tXm-a-kns X¬ÿm-Øv ne-n¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 32. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 4 2011-˛¬ IpSpw-_-tbmKw Bcw-`n-®n´v qdv h¿jw XnI-bp-I- bm-Wv. Cu kph¿Æm-h-kcw G‰hpw `wKn-bmbn BtLm-jn-°p-∂- Xn-mbn c≠p-h¿jw aptº Xocp-am--sa-Sp-°p-Ibpw tUm.-sI.-Fw.- C-Ωm-p-h¬ sNb¿am-mbpw {io.kPn sI.-am-Xyqkv sk{I-´dn-bmbpw - IpSpw-_tbmKw sk{I-´dn {io.-sI-‰n.-tXm-akv P-d¬ I¨ho-dmbpw - - hn]p-e-amb BtLmjIΩ‰n cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw {]h¿Ø--߃ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. iXm_vZn BtLm-j-ß-fpsS kvac-W- bv°mbn IpSpw-_-N-cn{X {KŸhpw A{U€v _p°pw ]pXp°n A®- Sn-°p-hmpw Xocp-am-n-®p. Cu Bhiy-Øn-mbn sk{I-´dn {io.-sI.- ‰n.-tXm-a-€ns‚ tXr-Xz-Øn¬ F√m `h--ßfpw kµ¿in®v tcJ- Iƒ tiJ-cn°pIbp-≠m-bn. F√m amkhpw BtLm-jIΩ‰n Hmtcm- - - ho-Sp-Ifn¬ amdn-amdn IqSp-Ibpw {]h¿Ø-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw - - sNbvXp. 2011 HIvtSm-_¿ 8˛v ]mem IØo-{U¬]≈n ]mco-jvlm- fn¬ h®v hn]p-e-amb BtLmj-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ S-Øp-hmpw ]mem cq]X _nj∏v am¿ tPmk^v I√-d-ßm-´v, tIcf [-Im-cy-a{¥n {io. sI.-Fw.-am-Wn, Pe-tk-N a{¥n {io.-]n-sP.-tPm-k-^v, CSp°n Fw.- ]n. -{io.-]n.-Sn.-tXm-a-kv, tIm´bw Fw.-]n. {io.-tPm-kv.-sI.-am-Wn, Xfn- ∏-dºv Fw.-F¬.-F.bpw Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_mw-Khp-amb {io.-Pbnwkv - - amXyp, ]mem apn-kn-∏¬ sNb¿am≥ {io.-Ip-cym-t°mkv ]S-h≥ XpS-ßnb hnin-jvSm-Yn-Xn-Isf tbmK-Øn-te°v £Wn-°p-hmpw Xocp-am-n-®p. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 33. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 5 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmK n_-‘--Iƒ 1. t]cv: Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmKw 2. ta¬hn-emkw: Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_tbm-Kw, Ing-XSn-bq¿, ]mem, - - tIcfm 3. Dt±iw: AwK-ß-fpsS IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e-bv°v Bh-iy-ambn kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-am-bp≈ F√m Imcy-ßfpw N¿® sNbvXv Xocp-am--sa-SpØv AwK-ßsf klm-bn-°p-∂-Xnv Iq´mbpw {]tXy-I-ambpw {]h¿Øn-°p-I. apJy-ambn AXym-ln- X-Ønepw n¿≤-m-hÿbnepw AwK-ßsf klm-bn-°p-I. ao- - - ®n¬ k_v cPn-kv{Sm¿ B^o-kn¬ sIm√-h¿jw 1088 Nnß- amkw 1˛mw XobXn 1˛mw º¿ Bbn cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-´p≈ DS- º-Sn-bn¬ D≈Xpw Cu nb-am-h-en-bn¬ t`Z-KXn sNøm-Ø-Xp- amb F√m hIp-∏p-Ifpw {]m_-ey-Øn¬ XpS-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. 4. AwK-߃: Fd-tIm∂n ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ sXmΩ-]-Wn-°-cpsS c≠m-asØ ]p{Xpw Ing-t°-°c XmgØp Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Bfp- amb C´n-b-bn-∏ns‚ k¥m ]c-º-c-I-fn¬s∏-´-hcpw 18 hb€v XnI-™n-´p-≈hcp-amb F√m kv{Xo˛-]p-cp-j∑m¿°pw {]kvXpX - - - k¥m ]c-º-c-bn¬s∏´ ]pcp-j-∑m¿ hnhmlw Ign®v Ah- cpsS IpSpw-_Øn¬ h∂n-´p≈ F√m kv{XoIƒ°pw Cu tbmK- - Øn¬ AwK-ßfmbn tNcp-hm≥ Ah-Im-iap-≈Xm-Ip-∂p. Sn C´n- - - - b-bn-∏ns‚ k¥m--ß-fn¬s∏´ kv{XoIƒ hnhmlw Ign®v Ay IpSpw-_ßfn¬ t]mbm¬ Ah-cpsS AwKm-hImiw C√m- - - - Xm-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. Ay IpSpw-_-Ønse ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Cu IpSpw- _-Ønse kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sNbvXv ZØ-h-Im-in-bmbn Cu IpSpw-_-Øn¬ hcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ah¿°p Cu tbmK-Øn¬ AwK-ambn tNcp-∂-Xnv Ah-Im-i-ap-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. ]pcp-j-∑m¿ hnhm- l w - I - g n®v Ay IpSpw- _ - Ø n¬ ZØ- h - I m- i n- b mbn t]mbmepw Ah-cpsS Ah-Imiw jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-X-√. 5. aqe-[w: 4˛mw hIp-∏n¬ _‘-s∏´ bmsXm-cmƒ°pw 1 cq]m {]th-i--^okpw 50 (A≥]-Xv) ss]k-hoXw {]Xn-amk Xh- W-I-fn-ep-ambn AS-®m¬ tbmK-Øn¬ AwK-am-Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 34. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 6 F∂m¬ bmsXmcp AwKhpw {]Xn-amk Xh-W-I-fn¬ IpSn-»nJ hcp-Øn-bm¬ IpSn-»nJ Xo¿°p-∂-Xp-hsc tbmK-Øn¬ B Bfnv bmsXmcp Ah-Im-ihpw Bp-Iq-eyhpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sm- hp-∂-X-√. ta¬ hnh-cn®hn[ap≠m-Ip∂ ]Whpw 1088 Nnß- amkw 1˛mw XobXn ao-®n¬ k_v cPn-kv{Sm¿ B^o-kn¬ 1˛mw º¿ Bbn cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-´p≈ DS-ºSn {]Imcw S-Øn-h- ∂n-´p≈ tbmK-Øns‚ kI-e-hn[ ÿmh-c-Pw-K-a-ßfpw o°n- bn-cn-∏p-X-pIbpw, _m¶v nt£-]-hpw, Cu tbmK-Øns‚ aqe-[- -am-Ip-∂p. GsXm-cm-fn¬ n∂pw kw`m-h--Iƒ kzoI-cn®pw tbmK-Øns‚ aqe-[w h¿≤n-∏n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv. AwK-߃ hcn- - kwJy Btbm kw`m-h Btbm AS-®n-´p≈ bmsXmcp XpIbpw tbmK-Øn¬n∂v XncnsI In´p-hm≥ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm- hp-∂-X-√. F∂m¬ hnhmlw sNbvXv a‰p IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ t]mIp-∂-Xntm [¿Ωÿm]--ß-fn¬ t]mIp-∂tXm Bb kv{XoIƒ°v hcn-kw-Jytbm nt£-]-ßtfm Xnscy In´p-hm≥ Bh-iys∏Smhp-∂Xpw AXn-t∑¬ D≠m-Ip∂ IΩ-‰n-bpsS Xocp- amw Ap-k-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. 6. IΩ-‰n-tbmKw: tbmKmw-KßfpsS s]mXp-tbmKw 7 AwK-ßfp≈ - - - Hcp IΩ-‰nsb sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. Cu IΩ-‰n-bpsS Imem-h[n aq∂p sIm√tam As√-¶n¬ ASpØ Hcp IΩ-‰nsb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xp-hsctbm Bbn-cn-°p-∂Xm-Wv. IΩ‰n AwK- - - - ߃ tbmKw tN¿∂v Hcp {]kn-U‚n-tbpw Hcp sk{I-´-dn- tbbpw Hcp JPm≥Pn-tbbpw sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. tbmK-Øns‚ F√m Imcy-ßfpw {]kn-U‚ns‚ ta¬tm-´- Ønepw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Ønepw S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ]Ww hmßn ckoXp sImSp-t°-≠Xpw sd°m¿Up-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-t°-≠Xpw kq£n-t°-≠Xpw sk{I-´dn BIp-∂p. IΩ-‰n-tbm-Khpw s]mXp- tbm-Khpw {]kn-U‚ns‚ n¿t±-iap-kcn®v hnfn-®p-Iq-t´-≠Xpw - - - sk{I-´dn BIp-∂p. IΩ‰n amk-Øn-sem-cn-°-se-¶nepw IqSn- bn-cn-°-Ww. Bh-iy-ap-≈-t∏m-sgm-s°bpw IΩ‰n hnfn-®p-Iq-´m- hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IΩ-‰n-bpsS tImdw A©m-bn-cn-°pw. IΩ-‰n-bnepw s]mXp-tbm-K-Ønepw ÿncw {]kn-U‚ v lmP-cp-≈-t∏mƒ At±lw Xs∂ A≤y-£-m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. {]kn-U‚ v lmP- cn-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ B tbmKw Hcp A≤y-£s `qcn-]-£-a-p-k- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 35. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 7 cn®v sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠Xpw At±lw B tbmK-Øn¬ am{Xw A≤y-£-mbncn°p-∂-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. tbmK-n-_-‘-a-Iƒ°pw s]mXp-tbmK n›-b-߃°pw hnt[-b-ambn F√m Imcy-ßfpw Cu IΩ‰n S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. IΩ‰n tbmK-Øn¬ A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ap-≈-t∏mƒ {]ivw thm´n-n-tS-≠Xpw thm´p-Iƒ Xpey-am-bn-cp-∂m¬ lmP-cn-√mØ AwK-߃ lmP-cm-Ip-∂-Xp- hsc tbmKw o´n-h-bvt°-≠Xpw B tbmK-Ønepw Xocp-am-- ap-≠m-Im-Xn-cp-∂m¬ s]mXp-tbmK Xocp-am--Ønv ka¿∏n-t°- ≠-Xp-am-Wv. 7. IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS GsXm-cm-h-iyhpw {]kn-U‚ns Adn-bn- ®m¬ {]kn-U‚ v AXn¬ {i≤m-ep-hmbn IΩ‰n hnfn-®p-Iq´n Btem-Nnt®m Xnt®m {]iv߃, Xo¿t°-≠Xm-Wv. AXns‚ - - apgp-h≥ Npa-X-ebpw At±-l-Øn¬ n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm- Wv. 8. tbmK-Øns‚ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ, IcWw Xo¿°¬ apX-emb kwK-Xn-Iƒ IΩ-‰n-bpsS Xocp-am-ap-kcn®v {]kn-U‚ v, sk{I- - ´-dn, JPm≥Pn Ch¿ aq∂p-t]cpw IqSn sNtø-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. Ch¿ aq∂p-t]-cpw-IqSn sNømØ bmsXmcp Ic-Whpw km[p-hm-bn-cn- °p-∂-X-√. 9. s]mXp-tbmKw: s]mXp-tbmKw Bh-iy-ap-≈-t∏m-sgm-s°bpw km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ F¶nepw IqtS- ≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. ÿew, Xob-Xn apX-em-bh IΩ‰n tbmK-Øn¬ n›-bn®v sk{I-´dn AwK-ßsf Adn-bn®v IqtS-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. BsI-bp≈ AwK-ß-fn¬ A©n-semt∂m As√-¶n¬ 25 AwK- ßtfm tcJm-aqew Bh-iy-s∏-´m¬ IΩ‰n s]mXp-tbmKw hnfn- ®p-Iq-t´-≠-Xm-Wv. AwK-߃°v Ggv Znhkw apsº-¶nepw s]mXp-tbm-K-tm-´okv In´n-bn-cn-°-Ww. s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬ IΩ‰n AwK-ßsf sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠Xpw ap≥ sIm√sØ {]h¿Ø dnt∏m¿´pw hchp sNehp IW-°p-Ifpw hmbn®p ]m€m-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. AwK-߃°v {]ta-b-߃ lmP-cm-°m- hp-∂-Xpw, {]iv-߃ tNmZn-°m-hp-∂-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. `n∂-`n-{]m-b- ap-≠m-bm¬ thms´-Sp∏v S-tØ-≠Xpw `qcn-]-£m-`n-{]m-b-a-p- k-cn®v Imcy-߃ Xocp-am-n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. thm´p-Iƒ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 36. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 8 Xpeyambncp-∂m¬ {]kn-U‚ns‚ ImÃnwKv thmt´m-Sp-IqSn Imcy- ߃ Xocp-am-n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. memw hIp-∏n¬s∏´ Hcmƒ AwK-ambn tN¿∂v aq∂p amkw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-Ibpw {]Xn-amk hcn-kw-Jy-bn¬ apS-°n-√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Abmƒ°v s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬ thm´v D≠mbncn°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. thm´p≈ Bfnv am{Xta IΩ-‰n-bn¬ AwK-am-Ip-hmpw ]mSp-≈q. 10. {]kn-U‚n-tm, sk{I-´-dnt°m 50 (A≥]-Xv) cq]-bn¬ IqSp- X¬ XpI o°n-bn-cp∏v ssIhiw hbv°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√. IqSp- X¬ hcp∂ XpI AXmXp ka-b-ß-fn¬ _m¶n¬ nt£-]n- t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. 11. memw n_-‘--b-p-k-cn-®p≈ Bfp-Iƒ Iq´-ambn Xma-kn- °p∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ A©n¬ Ipd-bmsX AwK-ß-fp-≈-]£w imJ-Iƒ ÿm-]n-°m-hp-∂Xpw imJ-Iƒ tI{µ-tbm-K-tØmSv LSn-∏n-°m-hp-∂Xpw Aßs LSn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ imJ-Iƒ°v tI{µ-tbm-K-Øn¬ {]Xn-n-[n-Isf Ab-°m-hp-∂Xpw IΩ‰n AwKo-I-cn-®m¬ a‰w-K-߃°v Xpey-ambn thm´p-Iƒ D≠m-bn- cn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. Cu hn[w LSn-∏n-®n-´p≈ F√m imJ-Iƒ°pw n_-‘ _m[-I-am-Wv. imJ-Iƒ tI{µ-tØmSv LSn-∏n-°p-∂- Xn-p≈ hyhÿ-Iƒ IΩ‰n AXmXp kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ n›- bn®v imJ-Isf Adn-bn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. 12. Cu n_-‘--I-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw hIp∏v t`Z-KXn sNøp-Itbm Iq´n-t®¿°p-Itbm d±v sNøp-Itbm thW-sa-¶n¬ B hnhcw AwK-ßsf c≠m-gvN-sb-¶nepw apºv tcJm-aqew Adn-bn®v s]mXp-tbmKw hnfn-®p-Iq´n s]mXp-tbm-KØn¬ lmP-cp≈ AwK- - ß-fn¬ aq∂n¬ c≠v `mKw Ap-Iq-en®v sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. 13. Bsc-¶nepw s]mXp-tbm-KsØ h©n-bv°p-Isbm ]Ww jvSw hcp-Øp-Itbm sNbvXm¬ IΩ‰n ]cn-lmcw n›-bn-t°-≠Xpw Bh-iy-ap-≠m-Ip∂ ]£w Bb-Xn-te°v hyh-lmcw S-tØ- ≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. tbmK-Øn¬ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ hyh-lm-c߃ S- - tØ-≠Xv IΩ-‰n-bpsS n¿t±-i-a-p-k-cn®v sk{I-´-dn-bm-Ip-∂p. Hmtcm IΩ-‰n-bp-tSbpw S-Øn-∏p-Im-e-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw s]mXp-tbmKw Ap-h-Zn-°m-Ø-Xp-amb kIe jvS-߃°pw IΩ‰n AwK-߃ s]mXp-hmbpw {]tXy-I-ambpw DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 37. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 9 hln-t°-≠Xpw Ah Ahcn¬n∂v s]mXp-hmtbm {]tXy-I- amtbm CuSm-°m-hp-∂-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. 14. Cu n_-‘--Iƒ 1975 Pp-hcn 1 apX¬ {]m_-ey-Øn¬ hcp- ∂-Xm-Wv. sIm√-h¿jw 1088 Nnß-amkw 1 v ao-®n¬ k_v cPn-kv{Sm¿ B^o-kn¬ 1˛mw º¿ Bbn cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-´p≈ tbmK DS- ºSn CtXm-S-p-_v[-ambn tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ H∏v tbmK-am-^okv amt-P¿ Ap-_‘w Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e DS-ºSn Bbn-cØn F¨]Øn Ggm-am≠v Nnß-amkw H∂mw XobXn fmew {]hr-Øn-bn¬ Ing-b-Sn-bqcp apdn-bn¬ ]pØ≥]p-c-bm-Ip∂ Ing-t°-°c n∂pw ao-®n¬ {]h¿Øn-bn¬ ]mem apdn-bn¬ ]mem- ∏-≈n-ta-S-bn¬ Ccn°pw {kmWn C´n-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aI≥ I¿Ω-{]- hrØn mev]-sØ´p hb-€p≈ aØmbn IØ-mcpw h¿°n-bpsS aI≥ I¿Ω {]hrØn mev]-tØgp hb-€p≈ 2 De-l-∂≥ IØ- mcpw Sn. Ing-t°-°c n∂pw Af-mSp apdn-bn¬ Ff-t¥m-´Øp ]≈n-bn¬ Ccn°pw C´n-sF-∏ns‚ aI≥ I¿Ω {]hrØn mev]- sØ´p hb-€p≈ 3 Ahp-tk∏p IØ-mcpw Sn Ing-t°-°c ]m¿°pw h¿°n-bpsS aI≥ Irjn mev]-Øn-aq∂p hb-€p≈ 4 h¿°nbpw Sn Ing-t°-°c n∂pw ]pen-ae°p-t∂¬ ]m¿°pw sXmΩs‚ a°ƒ - - Irjn-°m¿ ap∏-sØm∂p hb-€p≈ 5 h¿°nbpw Ccp-]-sØ´p hb- €p≈ 6 sXmΩpw Ing-t°-°c n∂pw Be-bv°¬ ]m¿°pw C´n- s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aI≥ Irjn Ccp-]-sØm≥]Xp hb-€p≈ 7 C´n Abn∏pw Sn Ing-t°-°c n∂pw hmIm-n-bn¬ ]m¿°pw sNdn-bms‚ a°ƒ Irjn-°m¿ mev]-Ø©p hb-€p≈ 8 h¿°nbpw mev]Xp hb-€p≈ 9 C´n sF∏pw ap∏-Ømdp hb-€p≈ 10 sNdn-bmpw ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 38. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 10 sXmΩs‚ aI≥ Ccp-]-sØm∂p hb-€p-≈ 11 sNmdn-bmpw Sn Ing- t°-°c n∂w ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ ]m¿°pw C´n-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aI≥ Irjn Ccp-]-Øn-mep hb-€p≈ 12 BK-kvXnbpw Sn Ing-t°-°c n∂pw sISp-ºw-]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ ]m¿°pw Cu∏s‚ a°ƒ Irjn- °m¿ mev ] - Ø n- a q∂p hb- € p≈ 13 DWn- s ®- d n- b Xpw ap∏- sØm≥]Xp hb-€p≈ 14 C´n-A-bn∏pw ap∏-Ømdp hb-€p≈ 15 aØm-bnbpw sXmΩs‚ aI≥ Irjn Ccp-]-Øn-c≠p hb-€p≈ 16 Cu∏pw Ing-t°-°sc n∂pw ]oSn-I-bn¬ ]m¿°pw C´n-b-bn-∏ns‚ aI≥ Irjn ap∏-sØm≥]Xp hb-€p≈ 17 C´n-b-bn∏pw Sn Ig-t°- °sc n∂pw ssItXm-en¬ ]m¿°pw sXmΩs‚ a°ƒ Irjn-°m¿ ap∏-Xp-h-b-€p≈ 18 BK-kvXnbpw Ccp-]-sØ´p hb-€p≈ 19 C´n- b-bn∏pw Ccp-]Ønc≠p hb-€p≈ 20 DWn-s®-dn-bXpw IqSn Fgp- Xnb DS-º-Sn. Ωƒ F√m-hcpw ]pØ≥]p-c-bm-Ip∂ Ing-t°-°c IpSpw- _-°mcpw Ω-fn¬ 1Dw 2 Dw I£n-I-fp-tSbpw 3˛mw I£n-bp-tSbpw hey-∏pw tijw I£n-I-fpsS A∏q-∏pw Bbn-cp∂ acn® sXmΩ≥ C´nb-bn∏v F∂ Bfn¬n∂pw D¤-hn®v ]e imJ-I- fmbn ]ncn™p 1 Dw 7 Dw 8 Dw 9Dw 10Dw 11 Dw 12 Dw I£n-Iƒ Hcp imJ-°mcpw Ah-cn¬ H∂mw I£n I¿Ωm-Zn-Iƒ Ap-jvTn®p ]mem- ∏-≈n-bnepw 7˛mw I£n Be-bv°¬ F∂ ho´nepw 8˛mw I£n hmIm-n-bn¬ ho´nepw 9˛mw I£n Xmtm-en¬ ho´nepw 10-˛mw I£n sIm®p-a-‰-Øn¬ ho´nepw 11-˛mw I£n Sp-hnse hmImn ho´nepw 12-˛mw I£n ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ ho´nepw 2Dw 4Dw 5Dw 6Dw I£n-Iƒ Hcp imJ-°mcpw 2˛mw I£n I¿Ωm-Xn-Iƒ Ap-jvSn®v ]mem-∏- ≈n-ta-S-bnepw 4˛mw I£n Ing-t°-°c ho´nepw 5˛mw I£n Ff- t¥m-´-Øn¬ ho´nepw 6˛mw I£n ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ ho´nepw 3Dw 17Dw 18 Dw 19Dw 20Dw I£n-Iƒ Hcp imJbpw Ah-cn¬ 3˛mw I£n I¿Ωm-Zn-Iƒ Ap-jvTn®p Ff-t¥m-´Øp ]≈n-bnepw 17-˛mw I£n ]oSn-I-bn¬ ho´nepw 18-˛mw I£n Cu¥p-¶¬t∏mXn ho´nepw 19-˛mw I£n ssItXm-en¬ Ing-t°-ho-´nepw 20˛mw I£n ssItXmen ho´nepw 13 apX¬ 16 hsc I£n-Iƒ Hcp imJbpw Ah-cn¬ 13-˛mw I£n Cu¥p-¶¬∏mXn ho´nepw 14-˛mw I£n ssItXmen ho´nepw 15-˛mw I£n ]pØ-≥]p-c-bv°¬ ho´nepw 16-˛mw I£n X´mw-]-dºp ho´nepw Ccn∏pw Xma-k-°mcpw BIp-∂p. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 39. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 11 ΩpsS IpSpw- _ - ß - f n¬ {Zhy- ° p- d - h n- mepw a‰pw Hcp imJbvt°m imJ-°m¿t°m IjvSX D≠m-Ip∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ klm-bn®v Ahsc √ ÿnXn-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂m¬ sIm≈m-sa∂p - Ωƒ°p B{K-l-ap-≈Xpw AXn-te°p Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cm¬ Xn-®p- ’m-ln-°p-∂Xnp nhr-Øn-bn-√m-sX-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw Aßs klm- - bn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn Hcp aqe-[w D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-te°p am¿§w n›-bn®v Hcp apX¬ kzcq-]n®p h¿≤n-∏n-°-W-sa∂p Ωƒ n›- bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw AXns‚ S-Øn∏npw Dd-∏npw th≠n Ct∏mƒ Cu DS-ºSn sNøp-∂Xpw Ω-fn¬ {]tXyIw {]tXyIw Xma-kn- °p∂ Bfp-Iƒ CXn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xpw BIp-∂p. Cu DS-ºSn Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_ ]cn-]m-e DS-º-Sn-sb∂p hnfn-°s∏-Sp-∂Xpw 1087-˛mam≠v Ipw`-amkw 27-˛p HSp-hn-esØ Rmb- - dmgvN apX¬ S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-bXpw BIp-∂p. Ωƒ {]tXyIw {]tXyIw Xma-kn-°p∂ Hmtcm ho´p-Imcpw AXmXp amk-Øn¬ HSp-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xmb Rmb-dmgvN Znhkw BZysØ B≠mb 1087 Ipw`w 27-˛mw XobXn apX¬ 1088 Ipw`w Ah-kmw hsc Ing-t°- °c ho´nepw ASpØ B≠n¬ Be-bv°¬ ho´nepw AXn--SpØ B≠n¬ sISp-º≥]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ ho´nepw AXn--Sp-Ø-bm-≠n¬ ]oSn-I-bn¬ ho´nepw Ω-sf-√m-hcpw IqSp-Ibpw Ωƒ Ct∏mƒ ]ncn™p Xma-kn-°p∂ 17 ho´p-Imcpw hosSm-∂p°p 7 N{Iw h®p IW-s°-gp-Xp-Ibpw ΩpsS t£am-Zn-I-sf-∏‰n Btem-Nn®p th≠ G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ sNøpIbpw AXn-te°p Hcp amt-Pcpw Hcp ]Ww kq£n-∏p-Im-cpw Hcp IW°p kq£v-a-°m-cpw Hcp Xmt°m¬ kq£n-∏p-Im-cpw D≠m-bn-cn-°bpw Ah-cpsS t]cp-hn-hcw apX-em- bXpw tbmK--S∏p kw_-‘n® S-]-Sn-Ifpw S-]Sn ]pkvX-I- Ønepw mƒhgn IW-°nepw hnh-cn-®n-cn-°bpw sNøp-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p. ΩpsS hoSp-Ifn¬ n∂pw, th¿]n-cn™p Xma-kn-°p∂ Bfp- - Iƒ Aßs ]ncn™p Xma-kn-°p∂ ImeØp Cu DS-ºSn Ap- k-cn®pw A{]-Imcw ]Ww h®pw S-t°-≠Xpw Aßs S-°p∂ hnhcw S-]Sn ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ FgpXn Ah-sc-s°m≠p H∏n-Sp-hn- t°-≠Xpw Ah¿ H∏n-tS-≠Xpw Aßs tNcp∂ ka-b-ß-fn¬ Ahcv Cu DS-º-Sn-bn¬ tN¿∂me-sØ-t∏m-se-bp≈ ^ew D≠m- bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw BIp-∂p. Ωƒ tbmKw IqtS-≠Xp Ime-ap-dbv°v ta¬hn-h-cn® mep hoSp-I-fn-embn th≠Xpw thsd hoSpI-fn¬ IqS- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 40. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 12 W-sa∂p hnNm-cn-°p-hmtm IqSp-hmtm Bh-iy-an-√m-ØXpw ]W- s∏´n kq£vaw ta¬ hnh-cn® hoSp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm B≠n¬ kq£n- ®p--sImt≈-≠Xpw Hcp-ho-´n¬ n∂pw as‰mcp ho´n-te°v s]´n amdn- s°m-Sp-°p-tºmgpw Xmt°m-ep-Iƒ apX-em-bh G¬∏n®v sImSp-°p- tºmgpw AXp- I ƒ G¬°p- ∂ - b mƒ ckoXv sImSp- t °- ≠ Xpw kq£va-t°-Sn-mtem at‰-sX-¶nepw kwK-Xn-h-imtem ]W-Øntm s]´nt°m dn°m¿UpIƒt°m Xmt°m-entm h√ jvS-Øntm tNX-Øntm CS-h-cp-Øn-bm¬ AXn¬ h®p-≠m-Ip∂ F√m jvS- ߃°pw jvSw hcp-Ønb Btfm Bfp-Itfm DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw sNtø-≠Xpw Ah-cpsS ÿmhc PwK-a-kz-Øp-°-fn¬ n∂p jvS- k-lnXw CuSm-°p-hm≥ a‰p I£nIƒ°p Iq´mbpw {]tXyIw {]tXy-I-am-bn´pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. F√m amkhpw HSp-hn- esØ Rmb-dmgvN Znhkw Ωfpw taem¬ CXn¬ tNcp∂ Bfp- Ifpw IqS-W-sa∂p n›-bn-®n-´p≈ hoSp-I-fn¬ ]I¬ Hcp-aWn ka- bØp IqSn ]Ww-h®p IW-s°-gp-Xn-°bpw ΩpsS IpSpw_ kw_- ‘-ambn th≠n-hcp∂ F√m Imcy-ßtfbpw apX¬ h¿≤-hn-tbpw - - - ]‰n ]cym-tem-Nn®p th≠ A`n-{]mb߃ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°bpw B hnhcw S-]Sn ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ FgpXn amt-Pcpw ]W-s∏-´n, Xmt°m¬, IW-°v CXpIƒ kq£va-°mcpw AXp-Iq-SmsX c≠p- t]-cn¬ Ipd-bm-sX-bp≈ Bfp-Ifpw H∏n´p kq£n-°bpw tbmKw IqSp∂ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ F√m-hcpw lmP-cm-ImsX Ccp-∂m¬ KpW- tZmj Nn¥-sb-∏‰n `qcn-]£m-`n-{]m-bØn¬ a‰m-fp-Iƒ tNcp-Ibpw - - - sNbvXp-sIm-≈p-hm-p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. tbmKw IqSp∂ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]Ww ssh°msX Bsc-¶nepw hogvN hcp-Øp-Itbm AXp apX¬ mep amk-Øn-p-≈n¬ AtX- h-sc-bp≈ kwJy apgp-hpw h®p IW-s°-gp-Xn-°bpw AXn-p-ta¬ ]Ww sh°msX hogvN hcp-Øp-∂-Xm-bm¬ hogvN hcp-Øp∂ mƒ apX¬ ]Ww sh°p-∂-Xmb mƒhsc sht°-≠-Xmb apgp-h≥ kwJybpw AXnp XhW H∂p°p Hcp N{Iw hoX-ap≈ ]ng-tbm- Sp-IqSn hbv°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠Xpw Aß-sbpw sNøm-Xn-cp-∂m¬ Aßs hogvN hcp-Øp∂ Bfp-Iƒ°p CXp kw_-‘-ambn Hcp Ah-Im-ihpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-X-√m-ØXpw BIp-∂p. C{]-Imcw apX¬ hcp∂ ]Ww icn- b mb kz¿Æw ]Wbw hmßnbpw sImt≠m Dd-∏mb {]amWw hmßn-bnt´m ]Ww ]en-i-bv°p-sIm- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 41. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 13 Sp-°bpw Aßs hmßp∂ {]am-W-߃ Cu tbmK-Øn-te°p th≠nbpw S-Ø-°m-cpsS t]cp h®p th≠Xpw Aßs sImSp- °p∂ ]Ww CuSmImsX hcnItbm AXn¬ h®p h√ jvShpw btbmK apX-en-te-°p-≠m-Itbm sNbvXm¬ B hI jvSw S- Ø-Im-cp-h-ln-t°-≠Xpw ]Ww sImSp-°¬ hmß-ep-Iƒ°p≈ Npa- X-Iƒ ta¬ hnh-cn® S-Ø-°m-cn¬ am{Xw Ccn-°p-∂Xpw BIp- ∂p. Ω-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw ho´p-Im¿°p GsX-¶nepw B]-Øp-Iƒ D≠m-Ibpw Icw hI tbmK-ap-X¬ sIm≠-√msX AXns nhr- Øn-°m≥ ]mSn-√msX hcn-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ωƒ tbmKw IqSn n›-bn-°bpw tbmK apX¬ sIm≠p klm-bn-°bpw AXns Xnscy G¬∏n-°p-Ibpw Aßs G¬∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°bpw apX¬ Ds≠∂p ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ B hI apX¬ ]eni IqSmsX hkq¬ sNøp-∂Xnpw tImS-Xn-®n-ehp apX-em-bXp th≠n- - h-∂m¬ AXp-Iƒ Ic-Sm-°p-∂-Xnpw S-Ø-°m¿°p A[n-Im-c-ap- ≠m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p. ΩpsS Ing-t°-°c IpSpw- _-°m-c-√msX thsd IpSpw-_-°m¿°p Icw tbmK-Øn¬ tNcp-∂- Xnp B{K-ln-°p-hmtm Ahsc tN¿°p-hmtm ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xm- bn-cn-°p-∂p. apX-ens‚ h¿≤--hnpw IpSpw-_-Øns‚ c£bv°pw th≠n Icw hI apX-en¬ n∂pw B≠-h-km--ß-fn¬ Hmtcm Ip¿_m hoXw sNm√n-°bpw A∏-g-t∏mƒ D≠m-Ip∂ Nne-hp- Iƒ°p hni-Z-ambn IW-s°-gpXn S-Ø-°mcp H∏n´p kq£n-°bpw Hmtcm B≠nepw D≠m-Ip∂ hchp Nne-hp-Iƒ B≠-h-km--ß- fn¬ S-Ø-°mcp t_m≤ys∏Sp-Ønbpw Ign-bp-∂Xpw a‰p tbmK- °msc t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw Ccp-∏np Hcp Xnc´p FgpXn BbXpw H∏n´ tijw dn°m¿Up-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn kp£n-°bpw sNtø-≠-Xm- Ip-∂p. C{]-Imcw Icw DS-ºSn Fgp-Xnb Sn 1 aØmbn IØ-m¿ 2 De-l-∂≥ IØ-mcv 3 Ahp-tk∏p IØ-mcv tijw t]cpw (H-∏v). 1088 Nnßw 1˛v ]mem henb ]≈n taS-bn¬ h®p 1˛mw {ºmbn cPn-ÿ sNbvXp. hmk-ÿ-e-tØ-°p≈ ]Sn 1˛mw I£n Nnehp sNbvX cq]m 11. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 42. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 14 CHAPTER - 1 KIZAKKEKARAS OF PALAI (KERALA) Origin & Growth INTRODUCTORY REMARKS -THE PEOPLE The Kizhakkekara families form a very small fraction of the Malayalee population. Their history may be said to span a period of less than 400 years. Even so a genuine interest has been evinced by the elders of this small group to record the history of the clan, so that children and grand children of the Kizhakkekara families living in India and overseas may get to know the roots of their origin, while family members of the rest of the Malayalee community may become aware of the presence of the Kizhakkekara clan and story of their emergence in Kerala. The name Kizhakkekaras emanated during 1690 - 1700 when the hero of the story, the 2nd son of a family of 3 sons chose to settle down with his family on the eastern part of the family estate. Since then, this family and their generation came to be called Kizhakkekaras, meaning the "easterners". ABOUT THIS BOOK As a result of the continued interest shown by the leaders of the clan to record their presence in Kerala an account of the families of the Kizhakkekaras was being written from time to time from the beginning by members of the clan and most of the writings were done on palm leaves according to the prevailing practise of writing down important events and happenings taking place. During the period 1847 - 1961, the Palmyra documents were com- piled and in Malayalam Language made into a hand written manuscript, which later on was got printed. The person responsible for this transition from palm leaf documents to hand written manuscript - during the above period was Kizhakkekara Peedikayil ITTYIPE ITTYIPE of the genera- tion. The handwritten manuscript - compiling all the earlier Palmyra leaf documents is still available in the house of Pedikyil in Palai. Rev.Fr.Dr.C.T.Kottaram who was overseeing this work selected Sri ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 43. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 15 K.I.Varkey B.Sc.,B.Ed,. on 15-12-1972 for the above task. Another important development contributing to the emergence of the book during the period was the setting up of an organisation called the "Kizhakkekara Paripalana Yogam by elders of the clan consisting of 20 members, 3 among them being priests,who were been on maintain- ing a historical account of the Kizhakkekara families. The first meeting of the Kizhakkekara Kudumba Yogam was held in 1911 A.D. (Kollavarsham i. E. Malayalam Era. 1087) at Karotte Veetti House in which 3 priests and 17 heads of various branches attended the meeting. The following are the names,in these founder members: 1. Mathai Kathanar, S/o Itty Cheriathu - Alakkal Branch 2. Ulahannan Kathanar, S/o Varkey - Karotte Veettil 3. Ouseph Kathanar, S/o Itty Ipe - Peedikayil 4. Varkey, S/o Varkey - Karotte Veettil / Pulimalakunnel 5. Varkey, S/o Thomman - do 6. Thomman, S/o Thomman - do 7. Itty Iype, S/o Itty Cheriathu - Alakkal (Cashier) 8. Varkey, S/o Cherian - do- Vakaniyil 9. Itty Iype, S/o Cherian - do - do 10. Cherian, S/o Cherian - do - do 11. Cherian, S/o Thomman - do - do 12. Agusthy, S/o Ittycheria - Karotte Veettil /Pulimalakunnel 13. Unnicheria, S/o Eapen - Puthanpurackal Eenthunkal Pakuthiyil 14. Itty Iype, S/o Eapen - do - Kaitholil 15. Mathai S/o Eapen - do- Puthenpurackal 16. Eapen, S/o Thomman - do- Thattamparambil 17. Itty Iype, S/o Itty Iype - Peedikayil ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 44. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 16 18. Agusthy, S/o Thomman - Peedikayil / Kaitholil 19. Itty Iype, S/o Thomman - do 20. Unnicheria, S/o Thomman - do During the 60s of the 20th century, the manuscript of the Kizhakkekara history was printed, with updated information about the families living up to that time. Since then, and during 2011, a fresh attempt was made to update the details of Kizhakkekara families. This year, 2011, was also the 100th anniversary of the yogam. It was also at this time that an English version of the Kizhakkekara's history was prepared by Mr. K. C. Mani of the 8th generation of the clan (see the family tree of the clan ) to create aware- ness about their origin among the countless number of Kizhakkekara families living abroad without the knowing to read and write the Malayalam language. It was the curiosity and the zeal of a new beginner to dig up facts of historical development that made him look for the early begin- nings of the clan families which took his research up to the Biblical ori- gins of the group. This will surprise many readers now and in the future. A red alert : The writer Mr.K.C.Mani (Kizakkekara Alakkal Branch) feels it necessary to alert all Kizakkekara family members particularly the women about the prevalence of inbreeding genetic disorders noticed in large number of children as well as adults. It will be necessary to check this information in all their alliances for marriage in the coming years. A good Counsel :- It is recommended that a serious study be given to the issue of Jewish presence in India, and its impact on Malayalee commu- nity by reading the book of Abraham Benhur a Keralite author. The book is titiled "The Jewish background of Indian people." ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 45. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 17 CHAPTER - 2 THE HISTORY OF THE KIZHAKKEKARAS OF PALAI The history begins with Errakonni Puthan Purakkal Thomma Panikar who had established a trading centre at Palai in 1696 A.D.who was the youngest of 7 sons of Erakonni Itty Cheria. Puthan Purakkal Thomman was himself a renowned and well - established clan called Errakonnies who had settled themselves in Mevada near Kottayam. The question naturally arises about the background of the Errakonnies. THE ERRAKONNIES :- Who are the Errakonnies and where did they come from? Historians have recorded evidence of the presence of a group of people at Palayoor who went by the family names - Sankarapuri, Pakalomattom, Kalli and Kaliankal, they were Afghan Pathans of Jewish origin, who had settled in Palayoor near Guruvayur, and who had been converted to Chris- tianity by St. Thomas, the disciple of Jesus, sometime during 52 - 55 A.D. These Afghan Pathans were engaged in buying spices and condi- ments, sandalwood and other perfumery ingredients and precious stones to be shipped back to Alexandria and Rome. To safeguard their activities a legion of Roman soldiers were stationed in Cranganore and Palayur, the port cities where ships came from Africa and Europe. It is useful to remember at this juncture, that Christianity was not well - received in Rome and the Roman soldiers stationed in the port area did not take kindly to the Jewish Pathans and Jewish Pathan converts in the area. they were harrased by the Roman soldiers, and prevented from carrying on with their trade. This was the situation up to 325A.D.Hence after the converted Afghan Pathan family moved out to other places. For reasons stated above there was compelling reasons for the migrations of the members of these families from Palayur to Angamali, Edappally, Kuravilalgad,Kottayam,Niranam,Etc,. In their Moments of des- peration, the migrated families cursed the place which they were forced to leave and place is now called Chavakkad (Shapakkad). ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 46. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 18 Out of a fraction of the group which moved to Edapalli, some moved to Manarkad near Kottayam and prospered in their trade some other moved further to Mevada near Palai and set up trading in spices. The group which moved from Edapalli to Manarkad belonged to Pakolomattom clan. Near Mevada, was located Errakonni, and the ruler of Errakonni took a liking to the immigrant community on account of their experience in trading, and invited them to come over to Errakonni to set up a trade centre. In those days, Errakonni was fast becoming a popular centre for trade and commerce. The migrant families accepted the offer of the ruler of Errakonni and started their trading activities in Errakonni. Since then, they were called "Errakonni-Mappillas". It will be useful to remember the Jewish link(Afghan Pathan) in the clan name of Pakolomattom and the Errakonni - Mappillas, to know the origin of the Errakonnies and the splinter group, Kizhakkekaras. Some time during 1341, continous rains caused great floods in Kerala which resulted in heavy siliting of the Periyar river, disabling trade activities to the Pathan Families at Angamali. The Periyar river which was flowing to Crangannore port also changed its course and started flowing to Cochin and Wipin Island also formed during this time.The Pathan families staying at Angamally were compelled to move out to Eddapally near Alwaye and to Kurvilangad,and other places in search of trading activities. THE KIZHAKKEKARAS :- We made a mention about Errakonnin Puthan Purakkal Thomma Pannikar and his 3 sons of whom, the 2nd son was the founder of the Kizhakkekara clan. Before we take up the life accounts of the 3 sons, there is an interesting account of Thomma Panikkar himself. The account is about his inherent generous nature and Compasion to help people in distress. In 836(kollavarsham) Thomma Panikkar was on his way to Kochi to buy the merchandise for his business centre at Palai, he spotted a young Brahmin lad sitting on the road - side at Piravom. On enquiry, he found that the lad was held in bondage over the non - repayment of a loan taken by his father who had left on a pilgrimage to Benaras and was delayed on his return journey. The lad had been kept as a hostage and he was left most of thedays starving and unattended to, by the creditor. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 47. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 19 The lad was from Vadakkum Manakkal Illam. Thomma Panikkar took pity on him, repaid the debt and released him from his bondage. This is just one incident of the many generous deeds said to have been done by him, during his lifetime. Now we return to the 3 sons and how they fared in their lives. The 1st son, named Ottaplakkal Ittycheria became a minister in the service of Meenachil Kartha, the ruler of Palai. This enabled the family, to become respected. Marriage alliances with well - to - do fami- lies, having landed propery, were arranged for his sisters of whom there were 3. His position as a Minister, brought honorary title of "Panikkar" to the father, Puthan Purakkal Thomman. The 3rd son, named Padinjarekara Mathai took over the family business of trading and rose to bcome very rich and earnd the title "Tharakan" . As for the 2nd son Itty Iype (THE HERO OF OUR STORY) he became well - known as a martial art professional, which enabled him to be recognized as a chieftain in the area. He was well remembered for settling local disputes, and bringing peace among the warring factions in the area. He concentrated on developing agriculture. He played an im- portant role to save his father when he was attacked by one of the dis- missed labour heads, while taking a nap in the courtyard of the house Itty Iype caught him and informed his brother minister Ottaplackal Itty Cheria who in turn ordered to shoot him at Kanattupara. He married from the house of Pallipurath family (Pakalomottam clan),He raised a family of 3 sons and 5 daughters. Even his marriage was not with out adventure.The bride who was said to be the only sister of Thomas Methran (Bishop) was interested to get married to a respectable family. There was a diffi- culty which he had to face.The ruler Ancha kulathu panickker who wanted her to be married to a young man from Kunnumpurathu family.This pro- posal was not agreeble to Thomas Methran, Because the Kunnumpurathu family was of inferior rank among the Catholics of that time, Therefore Thomas Methran selected our hero Itty Iype as the Prospective groom.When the marriage was concluded, and the bridal pair was being attented to with other ceremonies in Pallypuarathu house a soldier of the ruler Anchakulathupanickker showed up and started creating trouble by cutting down the lamb hanging in front of their house to which IttyIype became furious got up, and kicked out the soldier to the delight of all who had assembled there.Thus began his married life,and the genera- tion of Kizakkekara .He lived a shortlife of 11 years,and raised a family of ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 48. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 20 8,3sons and 5 daughters. At the time of writing this historical account in July of 2011,AD, there are 10 to 12 generations of the Kizakkekaras. Chapter 111 CONNECTING THE PAST WITH THE PRESENT In the Previous chapters we mentioned about the presence of fami- lies of Jewish ancestry in diffrent locations of Kerala State,and how from out of these families, a connectivity has been estsablished to some malayalee families. Our connecting thread is the Erakonnies, and the splinter group the Kizakkekara clan, whose history we are narrating in this book. It will be useful to remember that descendants of Jewish origin have been settled in Kerala for almost 2000 Years,Historical evidence backed by archaeological findings show that these Jewish descendants are also seen to have established their presence in other parts of India-Punjab- Kashmir,Central India,Eastern India,Maharashtra,Karnataka,South India, (Tamil Nadu) and Kerala A further understanding of their movement leads to even earlier periods, earlier to Abraham to know how long back in in time these peoples originated ,and when and how they came to be spread out so far? If the Reader is acquainted with Bilble,you will recall that the world was destroyed by a great flood from out of which only 8 people were able to escape in a big size boat and the family which surviced the flood was the family of Noah his wife, his 3 sons and 3 daughters in law, The Quaranic account of the flood is very similar to the narration in the Bible, It mentions the survival of Noah and his family and a pair of all animals and birds as stated in the Bible. All the ancient population had records and beliefs about a flood. For instance the Indian mythyology records the "Matsya" avatar (Fish incarnation of vishnu) in which a venearble saint was warned of a forth coming flood in 7 days, and he was advised to escape in a boat with a chosen group of 7 sages.The Greek philosopher Plato narrates in his book Timaeus. "The Gods puri- fied the world with a flood allowing only a small number of shepherds to escape". The Chinese also have a story about the flood in their book "Li- Ki" which states as follows:- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 49. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 21 "The pillars of the sky were destroyed, The Earth shook to its foundations,The Sun and Stars changed their Tracks, The Earth cracked open.The great order of the Universe was destabilized . All these bad events took place because man disobeyed the supreme Lord of the Uni- verse. The Chinese tradition acknowledges the escape of a family headed by Nuah (Noah) the righteous man, his wife, and 3 sons,Lottan (Ham) losheen (sheen) and jah-hu (japath) by building a very broad ship and taking on it pairs of animals and birds. Just as it was among the people in the middle east, Greece , Egypt India and china, the anceient occupants of the American continent had a legend about a cataclysmic flood which had ravaged the world known to them, and from out of which 3 to 8 person saved themselves in boat, which settled down on a hill. The survivors came down to the plain and populated the world. Dear Reader, all the above details are furnished to establish the point about the commonality of belief and similarities of the stories re- garding " great flood", which destroyed the world leaving behind a hand- ful of survivors. This historic event had taken place somewhere between 4000 and 3000 BC. Noah and his family:- The first family on Earth The boat in which one family of 8 members survived, was said to have settled on top of a mountain. This mountain has since been identi- fied as the Ararat peak mountain in the Armenian ranges, east of modern Turkey. This is the same area refered to in the Bible the Quran, and the Sumerian epic of Gulgamesh, Noah the first parent of the world after the flood is said to have settled down with his family in a location called "urattin" which is situated in Turkey-Armania. With their preflood experiences the family started a pastoral life. The Bible records that Noah was the first man to plant a vineyard(gen 9:20). The descendants of Noah's sons Shem, Ham and Japheth devel- oped settlements along rivers and spread out through the length and breath of the world. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 50. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 22 NOAH'S DESCENDANTS The Bible records that during plege"s time the people of the world were divided,(gen.10.25), Now ,Reader this is a pointer to the spread out situation of Noah's decendants, going their separate ways during the time of Pledge's- who was one of the great grandsons of Noah. They formed separate tribes, and drew the limits of their domains settlements. Anthrapological studies speak about 6000 odd clans of people on earth, Tracing their ancestry to the Semitic, Hameric and Japhethik stocks. Bible records that 26 of these great races descended from shem, 30 from Ham, 14 from Japheth. It is these 70 tribes who created the civilisation of the bygone days, These races lived on the sea coasts, along the great rivers of Asia,Africa and Europe. As at the time of writing in 2011, there are 6400 millions people on earth belonging to 6000 groups,speaking about 3000 languages, Based on the structural and grammatical similarities, philologists have grouped them into 10 main categories as follows. (1) The Indo-european (2) the semitic (3) the Sino-tibetian (4) the Dravidian (5) the ural-altaic (6) the Malayo-polyuresian (7) The African - Negroid (8) The American-Indian, (9) The caucasian and (10) Micellaneous(viz the Astree and Mundra). From the Semitic stock(after Noah"s son shem) the prominent people who emanated into tribes were - the Herbrews (later Israelites) the Ishmaelitis etc. The 13 Arab tribes were also from the Semitic stock. They mostly lived in Tigris basin, the Medi teranien coast and Arabia .Their main language of the Middle Eastern, and North African countries is Arabic. The Hametic stock (after Ham the 2nd second son of Noah) are believed to have lived in Babylon, Egypt,Somalia, Ethopia and Libye . The youngest son of Ham was canaan. He is credited as being the founder of 11 tribes who were found settled in an area extending from Bogoskoy in Asia minor to Gaza on the Mediterranien coast until ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 51. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 23 2000 BC. All tribal dialects spoken in African Continent are the languages of the descendants of Ham. (Hametic stock) They are popularly known as the Negroid races. The canannites who had reached Indus valley and later on moved to the southern Indian peninesula spoke Dravidian language- The lan- guage of the people who developed the Indus valley civilisation as found in the excavation of Mohenja-Dara and Harappa. Dear Reader, have you heard about these remarkable cities which were known to have high standard of civilisation as we know it now?. The cananites migrated further south, establishing homesheads in the Godavari, Krishna and Cavery basins. The Dravidian languages were mostly spoken by the tribals and the socially backward communi- ties of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,Tamil Nadu, and Kerala and these were the legacies of the cananaties. The Japhethites :- The descendants of Japeth the 3rd son of Noah were known as the Aryan race, they had settled in the areas north of the Tropic of Cancer in Europe, central Asia, and northern Iran. From out of them, the Anthrapologists trace the emergence of wild tribes of central Asia, including the Scythians, Turks Tartas, parthieans and Huns. They gave rise to the languages identified as Indo-European, which are the dominant language-group in the present day world. There are five branches of the Indo-European language. They are (1) The Indo - Aryan (2) The Indo-Iranien (3) The germanic (german, English, Swedish) (4) The Roman (italian, spanish, french, romanien) and 5th the Baltic slavic. Hindi ,Urdu,Punjabi, Sindhi,Gujarathi,Marathy,Bengali,Orya and Assamees are the offshoots of the Indo-Aryan language of Sanskrit. Modern scientific findings, and religious texts enable any serious thinking mind to accept that the history of the human race began at one point and with one family. The vast multitude of generations that have populated the globe during the years since 3000 BC, have necessarily a link among themselves whether -they be dressed up in white, black, brown and yellow skins. The fact and the understanding behind the fact is a compelling ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 52. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 24 realisation that we are all from the same family- and we are cousins to each other - never mind if the rank of the cousinship is first,Second,Third or the thousandth Beginning from the time of Noah (3000 BC) when mankind got a new lease of life on earth we reach upto the time of Abraham(2166-1991BC)- his son Issac(2066-1896 BC) and his grandson Jocob (2006-1859 BC). Jews move to Egypt and undergo life as slaves :- Jacob and his 12 sons moved to Egypt when their land was rav- aged by a severe famine. When they migrated to Egypt in 1876 BC.The joseph family members were only 70. During the next 430 years this number swelled up to 2000,000. When Joseph the son of Jacob occu- pied a prominent position under Paroah the Egyptiean ruler the jewish people lived happily. But the later rulers of Egypt began to make life difficult for the Jews, imposing hard conditions of labour, and severe punishments for mistakes made. The Jewish women were forced to kill their newborn male children. During their stay of 430 years in Egypt the descendants of the 12 sons of Jacob had divided themselves into 12 tribes, with the following names. 1) Reuben 2) Saimon 3) Joseph 4) Judah 5) Zebulum 6) Issachar 7) Dan 8) Gad 9) Asher). 10) Napthali 11) Ephraim and 12) Benjamin. The Jewish people were liberated from the Egyptian captivity by the strong hand of their God, under the leadership of Moses. Although their God helped them to leave Egypt, cross the Red Sea and Took them towards Canan the promised land, he became angry with their constant acts of desobediance, and revolt against himself so much so the jews were made to wander in the area for 40 years, until the older generation who had shown rebellion and distrust perished , and the remaining people were young and obedient. They reached Canaan in 406 BC conquering many rulers, and taking possession of large areas of land around Jericho. The Jewish people form a Nation for themselves -Israel ;- When the Jewish exile from Egypt finally moved into the country of Moab under the leadership of Joshua, they were by engaged in battles with many rulers of near by kingdoms, big and small conquering them all and seizing large areas,The Bible records in Joshna 11.16-17 the defeat ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 53. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 25 of 31 kings and annexing their kingdom. The conquered land was divided among the 12 tribes, and the land thus occupied by the 12 tribes was called Israel and its location extendedd from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean sea to the Jor- dan Valley- the Valley of Lebanon, and to the South of Mount Harmon. Israel was made up of a collection of village republics (panchayat in the Indian administrative practice) These village units were governed by leaders, and tribal chiefs, some of the tribal chiefs who were known for their wise counsel and good judgements in settling disputes, and quar- rels among the people were known as 'Judjes'find pre- eminent place in the Bible.under the chapter judges. between (1406 and 1025) BC the Jewish people now known as Israelies were adoministered by Judjes,there after the Israelies found it necessary to have a king to rule all the tribes, so as to have a fighting force drawn up from among them to meet the frequent battles arising from the neighbouring kingdom.. The first king was saul,who was succeeded by David,who made Jerusalem the capital of Israel. After David Solomon (well known for his wisdom, which attracted many kings from far and near to attend his court ruled Israel till his death in 937 BC to this time the land of Israel was under one ruler king.Thereafter the 12 Tribes carved the nation in to two parts,the north and south Israel- the northen part was taken over by 10 tribes and the southern part by the 2 tribes Judah and Banjamin. The northern part was called Israel with its capital setup in Samaria. The another part became known as Judaea, with its capital in Jerusalem. The Israelies disobedience ;- With life well settled and prosperity in their land and home, the people of Israel begen to forget the instructions given by moses, regard- ing ' worshipping false gods" They started worshipping gods of the peoples whom they had conquered in battles Due to the persuasion of their women whom they had taken up as wives or concubines. As these wives were women of different religious.beliefs, and not guided by strict code of con- duct, the Israelies soon found themselves livings a life far moved from the law of Moses and worse, in total negation of the covenant which God (Jehooah) had made with them through Moses, The Israelies were warned of their erring ways, and betrayal of the covenant with God by prophets like Elijah, Jonah, Amos, Hosea, Micah, and others.The Israelities, turned a deaf ear and even began to pros- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 54. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 26 ecute the prophets who warned them of their evil ways, The Punishment :- The punishments to samaria the northern kingdoms of Israel and Jeruslem the southern part of Israel came one after another true to the warnings given by the prophets. The neighbouring kingdoms,who were once afraid of Israel's power because they believed that the Israel were people, in whom their God was ever present and always protected them from enemies now began to see the difference in their life styles, change of worship, and the ebbing away of their moral fibre. They rose up indi- vidually and collectively against Israel Syria, Assyria,Babylon, Egypt, persia, rose against Israel with devastating consequences. The Assyrean emperor Sargon 2 conquered samaria and took 27290 Israelities prisoners in 725 BC The southern Judah kingdom was overran by the Egyptian king Neko in 608 BC who took a good number of Israelist as prisoners, The babylonion king Nebuchadnezzar attacked Judah and took of Israelists prisoners in 607 BC. The babylonion kings attacked Israel again and again successively in 597 BC,587 BC and 582Bc , taking away nearly 80,000 prisoners and settled them in Babylon. The last of the kingdoms which dominated Israel were Greece and Rome. Greece under Alexander took over Israel by defeating Per- sians in 333BC. Although Israelities were treated with leniency by Alexander his successers illtreated and persecuted them installing Greek god zeus in the temple at Jerusalem. The Jewish tribe of Maccabees prevailed against the mighty Greeks and seized control of Judah, and purified the temple in 165Bc. They even fought the other Isreali tribes in the Northern part of the Kingdom captured the town of Samaria, and destroyed the temples built for the cannite goddesses. However their freedom from foreign domination was shortlived, since a Roman General named Pompeii stationed in the city of Dam- ascus, attacked Judah in 63 BC capturing Jerusalem. This was the last foreign domination. After the Roman occupation. Israel was literally blown off the map due to continous rebellion of the Jews against Roman occu- pation, leading to severe and cruel repression of the Jews in Israel. Not withstanding the fact that a Jewish king named Herod was appointed ruler of Israel under Rome's approval, the Jewish rebellion continued well into the years when Jesus was born and far later until Rome came down with a heavy hand, crushing the Jewish resistance, destroying the ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 55. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 27 temple of Jerusalem, and putting an end to the very presence of the Jews in Israel. It was a sad end to the heroic resistance put up by the Jews, when the last remnants of them numbering about 800 comitted suicide on the top of a hilly terrain called "Mazade".The year 70 AD is remembered as the time when the great diaspora (the great uprooting or displacement) of the Jews took place scattering them all over the world. Speaking of the Jewish Diaspora, two periods are remembered first when they were exiled to Babylon in 607 BC and the 2nd in 70AD when they were pushed out of Judah by the Romans. This is one part of the sad story of the Jews who began their lives on earth, as a nation full of promise and achievements, giving rise to great civilizations, and finally ending up as losers, with no homeland of their own and marking each passing year from 72 AD till 1947 AD with the prayer "that the next year will see them in Jerusalem".This was the prayer of every true blooded Jew for well over 1075 years since 726BC till.1947 AD, when the United Nation organization announced the birth of the nation of Israel- For the time being this was a happy ending for the scattered Jews.As we write in 2011 AD, Israel was found to be hostlile and inimical to many of these Arab neighbouring kingdoms - particularly Iran which has openly stated "Israel must be wiped out from the world map" The other part of their sad story concerns the lost tribes, and our narration of all the above history has a certain relevance in knowing about the lost tribes-we discuss the issue in the next chapter. Chapter : IV THE CONCLUDING PART OF THE STORY :- The Reader is invited to the passage in the Bible (Math.10.6) where Jesus Christ advises his disciples' to go in search of the lost sheep (tribes)! He was referring to the enslavement and deportation of nearly 27300 families from the northern part of the Kingdom of Israel by Sargon II of the Assyria. In the year following their deportation there was no further news about what happened to them.The deportation took place in 627 BC.and their where abouts remained un known. So when Jesus come on the scene almost 6 countries had rolled out.On the basis of the hypocthesis that a new generation in every 25 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 56. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 28 years, about 24/or 12 generation would have emerged.During the 6 cen- turies since the capture and Departation of the Jews from the northern part of Israel no information about them was available so they began to think that some trouble or calamity he has overtaken their kinsmen taken as slaves. Thus the notion of ten lost tribes in which began to to take shape . It was these lost tribes Jesus referred to as the lost sheep. No doubt later on Jesus spoke about the lost sheep in a broader context to indicate the inclusion of each and every soul that strays away from the path of righteousness labeling them as sheep that had lost its way. It was the exhortation of Jesus addressed to the disciples that impelled St.Thomas to go to India 2 times when he came to know of the presence of Jewish settlements in the north, and north western part of India, at the first instance and later on about their presence in the south- ern part of India. Were these people the descendants of the lost tribes., if so how did they reach out so far from the places of their incar- ceration? The Jewish families of the 10 tribes of the northern Israel who were taken to Assyria were informed that their kinsmen in the southern Israel kingdom were also conquered by the kings of to their homeland Israel and made slaves and taken to other kingdoms. Emperor, Sargon, attacked Samaria and took 30,000 Israelites as prisoners (2 Kings 18:12) .The Assirians also started marrying women of Israel and a new generation called Samaritans was born. The captive Israelites multiplied in their places where they were deported to as slaves began to spread out to different parts of the Earth. Research evidences show their presence in Sindh and North - western provinces, Baluchistan(Baluchistan ranges are called Solomom ranges) in Hindu Kush region, Thakshila (Rawal Pindi), an important place of learning and trade centre on the silk route to China- and also to Afghani- stan, Kashmir, Pakistan,india, Africa, Europe, America, China, Korea & Japan, etc. Researchers were able to establish their presence in those areas, on account of their foot - prints which they left behind. The foot - prints were mainly the similarities in the technique they used to bury their dead. The jews and their descendant's graves and the grave sites were called "Dolmens" wherever they went. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 57. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 29 An explanation about Afghan pathans :- It is claimed that the grandson of King Saul of Benjamin tribe was called Afghana and that he rose to become the head of the army. When Nebuchadnezzar, the emperor of Babylon overran the kingdom of Israel in 607 B.C. and took 80,000 Israelites to his kingdom. Afghana was said to have escaped with his followers and made good his way to a place called Gore near the HinduKush ranges. he was astonished to meet many families of the lost tribes already settled there keeping Jewish cus- toms infact and speaking fluent Aramic language. He is said to have gathered them under his leadership- they were called Afghanas, which later became the name of the country now called "Afghanistan". The term "pathan" came from word "path" meaning ten in the Dravadian lan- guage which was widely spoken among the section of jews in the medterranien region. Pathans therefore came to be associated with the people settled in the region. It may be remembered that the Israelites found in this region were indeed the 10 tribes who were called the "Pathans" the details of their arrival and the setting up of their kingdom of Afghanistan are furnished in "Mahasan-I-Afhghani", a document compiled by the Iranian writer, "Nemathulla Harvi", who was a historian in the court of the Emperor Jahangir, in 1612A.D. It may be mentioned here that the Afghanistan Pathans who were of the lost tribes and many of them had embraced Islam,"Sunni"were they also called Afridis (in Persian Afridi means new arrivals). The first king of Afghanistan was from the Afghana clan, called Ahmed Shah, and the kingdom lasted from 1747 to 1973A.D. Even though many of the lost tribes converted to Islam, they con- tinued to observe many rituals and socio-cultural practices of the lost tribes. They were known to circumcise their male infants on the 8th day after birth, They Kept separate mats for prayers (Talith),wore marriage rings (Hupa), observed menstrual cleanliness abstained from forbidden food (camels and horses),avoided boiling flesh in milk observed distinction of clean and unclean bird meat, observed sabath, lighting of candles on sabath days, and praying towards Jerusalem, smearing of blood on the doorsteps during epidemic, rearing of goats for special festivals, keeping the book of 'psalms' below the pillow during an illness and the display of ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 58. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 30 the star of David in their houses. The presence of many Hebrew words in Afghan language, naming of hills and hill ranges after famous Jewish leaders( Ranges in Baluchistan called Solomon ranges), all bear witness to their jewish heritage . Over the centuries, some of the Jewish Pathans now called Af- ghan pathans belonging to the lost tribes were following the silk route for their trading activities and found themselves travelling to the west and east coast regions of India, passing through the present day Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states to reach Kerala in pursuit of trading in spices, condiments, sandalwood and pre- cious stones, In kerala they settled mainly in sea-ports, like Cranganore, Palayur, Thondy(Calicut), Paravoor, Quilon and riverside towns like Cocomangalam(Malayattor ) of Periyar, Niranem and Nilakkal of Pampa River most of which were spice producing centres. They were also found living in Marayur, Wayanad, Pathanamthitta. This is the brief history of the movement of the Jews of the lost tribe to Palayur, the starting part of the Kizhakkekara clan. An explanation regarding the confusion about who St.Thomas converted? In the light of research and studies, making use of the epigraphic and literary sources, modern historiographers like Prof. Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai came to the conclusion that the ancestors of the present day Nambudiris established their temple centred gramas, in the span of the 8th and the 9th centuries in Kerala. Only by the 9th and the 10th centu- ries of the Christian era, many of the temples in kerala were constructed. Dr. Keshavan Veluthatt states that the 32 Nambudiri gramas re- ferred to in "Keralolppathi" suggested that their migration to Kerala was during the 8th century. The reason for this confusion was because some of the Pathan families embraced Hinduism during their long stay in India and became known as Bhatts and Bhattathiris in the Konkan Coast. Iyers, Iyengars and Shastris in the Western Coast and those settled in Kanchipuram called themselves as Tamil Brahmins and they spread to Mylapore. Those settled in kerala were the early converts and not nambudri brahmins. Following this, Jewish Pathans delect (reomove) the portion also mi- grated to the above places in search of trade. This prompted St. Thomas to visit Mylapore and other areas. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 59. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 31 St. Thomas came to india on two occations. People remember the epic journey of St. Thomas in A.D 52 to Cranganore in South India. This journey was done on ship along the popular sea route by taking advantage of the "HIPPALUS" wind which is the south west monsoon winds as we know it now. What is not so well - known and recalled is the fact of St. Thomas's 1st visit to North India. He went to Taxila to help design the architecture of the palace of the Parthian King, Gondophorus (BC 95 to AD 45). He is said to have followed the silk - route to reach Taxila along with a leader in trading, Mr. Hebban who told him about the presence of large Jewish settlements in and around the place. St. Thomas converted many Jewish Pathans to Christianity in the area of Takhshila. There he was made to understand that there were many Jewish settlements in South India also and to reach them, the sea - route was the best option. There is a mistaken notion that the very first converts were Brah- min numbudris And this took place in AD52(i.e first century after christ). This is a wrong belief. India was thus, twice blessed to have the presence of this pre- cious saint of the Lord and the early beginning of the conversion to Chris- tianity of the lost tribes besides the Indian people, who had not known Christ. He spent 20 years in India. He was martyred in Mylapore on the 3rd of July A.D and Christians in South India observe this day as "DUKHRANA". It may be recalled that when Jesus exhorted his disciples to go out to the 4 corners of the Earth and bring to the people his teachings, he made a special mention to seek the lost sheep - meaning the families of the lost tribes which was one of the main reasons of St. Thomas to come to far away India, where he was given to understand the members of the lost tribes had migrated and settled (Mathew 10.6). We noted earlier that St. Thomas had heard about the presence of Jewish families in South India when he went to Taxila. When he reached Cranganore Port in Kerala Coast, he was surprised to find that the Jew- ish Pathans spoke Aramaic language and many of the socio - cultural practices were similar to that of the Jewish people of Israel. The first conversion took place in Palayur where 4 families namely, Pakalmattom, Shankarapuri, Kalli and Kaliyankal. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 60. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 32 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw
  • 61. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 33 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw
  • 62. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 34 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw
  • 63. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 35 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw
  • 64. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 36 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw
  • 65. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 2000 B.C. The Silk route through India 37 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw
  • 66. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 38 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw
  • 67. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 39 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw
  • 68. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 40 Ingt°°c IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw 10-˛mw q‰m≠p apX¬ ]membpsS Ncn-{X-Øn-sm∏w S- °pIbpw X-Xm-sbmcp Ncn{Xw cNn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv tIc-fØns‚- hnhn[ `mKßfn-te°v IrjnImcy߃°mbpw temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mKß-fn-te°v tPmen-bpsS -`m-Kambpw -IpSn-tb-dnbhcm-Wv Ing-t°°c IpSpw_mwK߃. ]≠v hym]mcw Pnhn-X-am¿§-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp {InkvXob IpSpw_w Beph CS-∏-≈n-bn¬ n∂pw hym]m-cm-h-iy-߃°mbn tIm´bw ASpØv aW¿ImSv h∂v Xma-kn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. A∂v ]mem {]tZiw ao- ® n¬ F∂m- W v Adn- b s∏´ncp- ∂ - X v . A∂v ChnSsØ nbaßfpw ymbm-ym-b-ßfpw tm°n S-Øn-bn-cp- ∂Xpw cmPy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°m-h-iy-amb Imcy-߃ sNbvXn-cp-∂Xpw cmPm-hn-smØ A[nImcmh-Im-i-߃ D≠m-bn-cp∂ ao-®n¬ I¿Ømhv F∂ CS-{]-`p-hm-bn-cp-∂p. ao®n¬ I¿Øm°∑mcpsS ]q¿∆nI¿ a[pcbn¬ n∂pw h∂hcmWv. a[pc ao-m£n t£{Xw ]pcm-X {]kn-≤-am-Wv. aom£n t£{X-Ønv ASp-Øp-n∂pw h∂-h¿ F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ ao-®n¬ F∂v Chsc hnfn-®p-h∂p. ao-®n¬°m¿ Xma-kn® {]tZ- iw {ItaW ao-®n¬ Icbmbpw, ao-®n-en-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ ]pg ao- ®n¬ Bdmbpw Adn-b-s∏-´p. sslµh CXn-lm-k-Øn¬ ]memgn IS- ™t∏mƒ AarXv e`n-®-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂p. ao-®n-en-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ ]pgsb ]mem-gn-bmbn `‡¿ hnti-jn-∏n-®p. ]memgn hmsam-gn-bneqsS {ItaW tem]n®v ]membv (Palai) Bbn. ]membv˛¬ A®Sn ajn ]Xn-™-t∏mƒ B[p-n-I -Im-esØ ]mem F∂-t]cv cq]-s∏-´p. PmXnhyh-ÿbpw Xo≠epw sXmSoepw ne-n-∂n-cp∂ ]Ømw q‰m-≠n¬ tahn-S, ao-®n¬ {]tZisØ CS-{]-`p-°ƒ ºn- ImSv Nmh-°m´v I¿Øm-°∑mcm-bn-cp-∂p. ‘Cu®, ]q®, mbv, {kmWn’ F∂n-hbv°v Aip≤n Iev]n-®n-cp-∂n-√. {km-b-mb ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
  • 69. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 41 tbip-hn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ {kmWn sXm´m¬ Aip-≤am-bXpw ip≤- - amIpw F∂ hnizmkw mb-∑m-cnepw {_m-“-W-cnepw A∂v cqV-aq- e-am-bn-cp-∂p. FÆ, D∏v, ]©-km-c XpS-ßnb ntXym-]tbmK hkvXp- - °ƒ Aip-≤-am-bm¬ AXv IgpIn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xnpw km[y-am- bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu kml-Ncy-Øn¬ tah-S, ao-®n¬ {]tZ-isØ I¿Øm- - °-∑m¿ Btem-Nn®v tahS Hcp hym]m-c-tI-{µ-am-°-W-sa∂ Dt±- iy-tØmsS aW¿ImSv n∂pw I√-°-Spº F∂ {InkvXob IpSpw- _Ønse Hcmsf tah-Sbv°v sIm≠p-h-∂p. At±-l-sØ IpSpw-_- ktaXw kz¥w `h-Øn-SpØp≈ Fd-tIm∂n ]pc-bn-SØn¬ hoSp- - - - n¿Ωn®v Xma-kn-∏n-®p. Fd-tIm∂n ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xmakn®-Xn-m¬ Fd-tIm∂n am∏n-f-am¿ (alm-]n-≈) F∂mWv Ct±-lhpw ]n≥ap-d- °mcpw Adn-b-s∏-´Xv. ]mem {]tZiØv BZy-Im-eØv Npcp°w Nne ItØm-en- °m -Ip-Spw-_-߃ am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. 10-˛mw q‰m-≠p-hsc Ch¿ Acp-hn-Øpd ]≈n-bn-emWv B≤ymXvanImhiy߃°mbn t]mbn-cp-∂-Xv. Fd-tIm∂n, hb-e-s°m-ºv, Xd-bn¬, Iq´p-¶¬ F∂o mev {]apJ IpSpw-_ßfpsS tXr-Xz-Øn¬ 1002 Pqsse 3˛v ]mem- - - bn¬ ]pXnb ]≈n°v I√n´v n¿Ωm-W-{]-h¿Ø--߃ Bcw-`n-®p, CXn¬ {]Y-aÿmw Fd-tIm-∂n- Ip-Spw-_Øn-m-Wv. Cu ]≈n-bmWv - - ]n∂oSv IØo-{U¬ ]≈n-bmbn Db¿Øn-b-Xv. Ing-t°°c IpSpw_mwK-ß-fpsS hy‡-amb Ncn{Xw 16˛mw q‰m-≠n¬ XpS-ßp-∂p. 16, 17 q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I-cpsS Ncn{Xw apJy-ambpw hmsam-gn-bmbn e`n-®hbm-Wv. 1650-˛¬ Fd-tIm∂n - - am∏n-f-am-cn¬ C´n-s®-dnb F∂- IpSpw_mY≥ sh´n-°m´v IpSpw-_- Øn-te°v amdn-Øm-a-kn-®p. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse ]q¿∆n-I- cn¬ t]cv e`y-amb BZy ]nXm-a-l≥ Cu C´n-s®-dn-b-bmWv. sh´n- °m´v ]pc-bnS-Øn¬ Xma-kn® C´n-s®-dn-bbv°v Ggv ]p{X-∑m-cmWv D≠mb-Xv. CXn¬ aqØ-bmƒ Ab¿Ip-∂Øv IpS-I-t»-cnepw c≠m- a≥ ao-®n¬ ]cn-¥n-cn-°epw aq∂m-a≥ tahnS ]pfn-°epw mem- a≥ søq¿ mK-tm-en-°epw A©m-a≥ sh´n-°mSv Xd-hm-´nepw Bdm-a≥ sXmSp-Ibnepw Ggm-apw Cf-b]p-{X-p-amb sXmΩ≥ F∂ - - ‘sXmΩ≥]-Wn-°¿’ Ing-X-Sn-bqcpw Xma-kn-®p. Chsc√mw ktlm-Z- c-im-JIfmsW¶nepw Im¿jn-Ita-JebpsS {]tXy-IXbpw hoSp-Iƒ - - - - - - XΩn-ep≈ Zqc-°q-Sp-Xepw bm{Xm kuI-cy-ß-fpsS A`mhhpw Cu ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○