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Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq
IJHOP
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments
on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
in Iraq
Abdel-Monnem Sadalaha Kahlel
Technical Agricultural College, Mosul, Iraq
Email:monnem_sadalaha@yahoo.com, Tel.: 07701764919.
The experiment was implemented during the autumn season 2013, to study the effect of three
methods of irrigation and fertilization on the development and yield of the potato (Solanum
tuberosum L.) cv Rivera. Two methods of drip irrigation (putting the pipe at the bottom and at
the top of furrows) and furrow irrigation with three types of fertilizers (chemical fertilizer at rate
of 300 kg urea, 180 kg superphosphate triple, 240 kg potassium sulphate per hectare) and
organic fertilizer at 30 kg.100 m2 -1
with half amount of the chemical fertilizers mentioned. The
organic fertilizers were added in two ways: by scattering dry fertilizer and irrigation with
fertilizer solution near plant roots. Results showed that the highest total water content of leaves
was 86.665%, leaf area 2285 cm
2
, roots dry weight 13.60 g., average tuber weight 69.56 g., and
the percentage of dry matter in tubers 19.26% was produced from applying organic fertilizer by
irrigation, whereas the highest total tubers yield was 16.345 tons.ha
-1
and water use efficiency
9.855 kg. ha
-1
resulted from organic fertilizer by scattering method, also the treatment of drip
irrigation by putting the pipe at the top of the furrows was superior in all studied parameters
except the average tuber weight and total soluble solids compared with the other two
treatments.
Key words: Potato, drip irrigation, furrow irrigation, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, tubers.
INTRODUCTION
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) belongs to Solanaceae
family is one of the most important vegetable crops in the
world and in terms of human consumption it comes in the
fourth grade after wheat, rice, and corn, it is rich in
carbohydrates, nutrients and amino acids (Hassan 1999).
Many factors affected potato production, including
cultivar, weather conditions, planting date, plant nutrition
and irrigation. Potato plants are sensitive to the alteration
in the soil moisture content and any decline or un
uniformity in irrigation (water stress), especially during
initiation and growth phases of tubers resulted in a
significant damage to plants, and decrease the quantity
and quality of tubers yield (Bao-Zhong et. al., 2003, Al-
Aubiady, 2005). Numerous studies on the best methods
to provide appropriate moisture for plant growth has been
conducted, perhaps the drip irrigation is one of the
modern methods used to irrigate potatoes.Shae et al.,
(1999) found an increase in the number of branches, leaf
area and dry weight of the total vegetative growth of plant
when using drip irrigation method as compared with
surface irrigation method. Bao-Zhong et. al.,(2003) noted
that potato plants are sensitive to water stress, and soil
moisture is one of the important factors affecting the
quantity and quality of tubers yield and they used a
different amounts of irrigation water which are 0.25, 0.5,
0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 times of the pan evaporation and they
International Journal of Horticulture and Ornamental Plants
Vol. 1(1), pp. 002-010, May, 2015. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2141-502X
Research Article
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq
Kahlel AMS 002
found that plant height, total water content of the leaves,
number of tubers, average tuber weight and total tubers
yield increased by increasing the amount of irrigation
water, while the specific weight of tubers dropped. Wang
et al. (2006) used sixes drip irrigation frequencies in
potato which irrigate one times every (1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8
days) with uniform water amount per treatments and
noted that the greater the frequency of irrigation the
greater is the length and density of roots and stimulate
tuber growth with increased water use efficiency.
Neelam and Raiput (2007) noticed that the under surface
drip irrigation is one of the modern methods of irrigation,
which ensures taking advantage of the few irrigation
water quantities in the soil through drip irrigation tubes
that are placed under the soil surface, and five depths
were used to place the pipes, namely, (0, 5, 10, 15 and
20 cm) below the soil surface and he studied the
movement of water to the top of soil surface by capillary
action and found that the treatment of placing the pipes at
a depth of 5 cm led to move the water to the top of soil
surface and the soil moisture reached to 21.5%, while
the other depths, the water movement was low and soil
surface remained relatively dry. Al-Janaby (2012) when
irrigated potato by drip irrigation with three levels
(100%,75% and 50%) of pan evaporation, he found that
increasing irrigation level led to a significant increase in
plant height, number of aerobic stems of the plant, leaf
area, dry weight of plant and the total yield of tubers.
The fertilization, provides necessary nutrient elements
for plant growth are important factors to improve plant
growth and production of potato plants (Westerman,
2005), and because of the large interest in recent times
about the quality of production and food safety from
contamination remains of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides raised the question of clean plant production,
free from residual effects of pesticides and mineral
fertilizers and increased the interest in organic agriculture
(El- Ghamring et al. 1999).The use of organic fertilizers, (
local and manufactured) tend to substitute chemical
fertilizers and many researchers reported this, ( Al-
Zahawy,2007, Abdul- Rasoul et al., 2009, Mahmoud and
Al-Salamany, 2010). Al- Zouby et al. (2007) found an
increase in the soil content of total nitrogen from 0.154%
to 0.212%, the available phosphorus from 15.82 to 44.22
mg. kg-1
and potassium from 164.5 to 312 mg. kg-1
and
organic matter from 3.02% to 4.51% in the control
treatment and the treatment of organic and bio-fertilizer
which led to an increase in the total yield of the tubers
from 13.75 to 21.88 ton. ha-1
. Al-Sahaf and Atti(2007)
found that the addition of animal manure (the remnants of
sheep, cattle and poultry) at a rate of 20% of the soil
weight to the potato crop led to a significant increase in
the number of aerobic stems,total and marketable yield
of tubers and the percentage of dry matter in the tubers.
Al-Khafagy, (2009) also found that adding a local poultry
fertilizer at 5 and 10 tons. ha-1
for potato plants led to a
significant increase in plant height, number of tubers and
total yield. Kahlel, (2015) indicate that the addition of
poultry manure as a solution fertilizer near the plants
roots led to a significant increase in plant height, number
of stems per plant, leaf area,fresh and dry weight of the
plant, number of tubers, average tuber weight, tubers
yield per plant, total and marketable yield compared with
the control treatment. Irrigation methods of vegetable
crops have been evolved in order to minimize the amount
of irrigation water and increase water use efficiency,
which reduces the crops production costs, and most of
the Iraqi farmers still follows the old irrigation methods
especially furrows irrigation. In addition to that Iraqi
farmers applying an excessive amount of chemical
fertilizers which caused a problems for the soil and
increase crop production costs, while there are a large
amounts of local organic fertilizers ( animal residues)
available with very low costs,in additional to its benefits
for soil and produce a clean crops free from the
remnants of chemical fertilizer. Therefore, the aim of this
experiment is to study the possibility of applying drip
irrigation instead of furrow irrigation to reduce the amount
of irrigation water, and also the possibility of substitute a
part of chemical fertilizer by applying organic fertilizer in
potato production in Iraq.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was implemented in the vegetable crops
farm of Plant Production Department at Technical
Agricultural College, Mosul, Iraq during the autumn
season 2013, to study the effect of three methods of
irrigation and three types of fertilization on the growth and
yield of potato.
Irrigation treatments:
Furrow irrigation (surface irrigation).
Drip irrigation by putting the pipes at the bottom of the
furrow.
Drip irrigation by putting the pipes at the top of the furrow.
The irrigation pipes used is in the form of T- Tape 16 mm
in diameter with drippers at 20 cm distance.
Fertilization treatments:
Chemical fertilization at a rate of 300 Kg.ha-1
urea (45%
N), 180 Kg.ha-1
triple superphosphate (45% P2 O5) and
240 Kg.ha-1
potassium sulfate (50% K 2O).
Organic fertilizer: poultry manufactured manure
(Italpollina) by scattering under the plants at a rate of 30
kg. 100 m2-1
with half amount of the chemical fertilizer
above.
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq
Int. J. Horticult. Ornam. Plants 003
Table 1. Some physical and chemical properties of the field experiment soil.
ValueProperties
7.3PH
21Organic Matter g. Kg
-1
.
3.380E.C. ds m
-1
14.87Cation Exchange Capacity Meq.100 g.soil-1
42available N (ppm)
0.89available P ( ppm )
141soluble K (ppm )
225CaCO3 g. Kg
-1
.
Particle Size g. Kg-1
.
493.5Sand
161.8Clay
344.7Silt
LoamyTexture Class
Organic fertilizer: poultry manufactured manure
(Italpollina) by irrigation the fertilizer solution near the
roots of the plants at a rate of 30 kg. 100 m
2-1
two doses,
the first after germination and the second after a month
with half amount of the chemical fertilizer above.
The organic fertilizer (Italpollina) is a poultry
manufactured fertilizer produced by the Italian company
Italpollina according to the European Union laws and it is
rich in mineral elements and organic active humic
material (humic acid).
Experimental Design
The study included nine treatments carried out in a
factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block
Design with three replicates. Potato seed (cv. Rivera)
were planted on 2 September on furrows 75 cm wide at a
distance 30 cm. between the tubers in loamy soil (Table
1). Tubers were harvested on 20 December 2013.
Evaluation
The following measurements were recorded:
1. Total water content of the leaves %: determined by
using the following equation:
Total water content % = wet weight – dry weight / wet
weight x 100 (Mohammed, 1985).
2. Relative water content of leaves %: determined by the
following equation:
Relative water content% = wet weight – dry weight
/saturated weight – dry weight X 100 (Mohammed, 1985)
3. Leaf area per plant (cm2
).
4. The dry weight of roots (g.).
5. Number of tubers per plant.
6. Average tuber weight (g.).
7- Plant yields (g.)
8. Total tubers yield per unit area (tons.ha-1
)
9. Marketable yield of tubers (tons.ha-1
)
10. Water use efficiency (kg.m3 -1
) was calculated by the
following equation:
Water use efficiency (kg.m
3 -1
) = total yield (Kg.ha
-1
) /
amount of water added (m3
.ha-1
) (Al-Janaby, 2012).
The amount of water added was calculated for the furrow
treatment by using a water meter, connected to the
irrigation pipe, the total amount of water added to this
treatment during the season was (2230 m3
.ha-1
). The
amount of water added to the two drip irrigation
treatments has been calculated through the discharge of
drippers in drip irrigation pipe for several times, which
record 1.40 L.h
-1
multiplied by the number of drippers in
the experimental unit multiplied by the number of
irrigation hours for all irrigations during the growing
season and calculated for hectare area and the amount
of water added was (1490 m
3
.ha
-1
).
11. Tubers hardness (kg.m3)
:was measured by Pressure
Tester.
12. Total soluble solids in the tubers: was measured by
Hand Refractometer.
13. Percentage of dry matter in the tubers.
Statistical analysis
The results were analyzed statistically according to the
SAS System (SAS, 1998) and compared the averages by
Duncan multiple range test at 0.05 level (Al-Rawy and
Kalaf, 2000).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Table (2) shows the effect of fertilization, irrigation
treatments, and their interaction on the total and relative
water content, leaf area and dry weight of roots. Results
indicated that applying organic fertilizer by irrigation
produced the highest total water content 86.66%, leaf
area 2285 cm2
, and roots dry weight 13.60 g. whereas
the highest relative water content 80.71% result from
applying organic fertilizer by scattering. The irrigation
treatments resulted significant differences in the four
mentioned traits and the highest total water content
87.88%, relative water content 81.55% was from the
treatment of drip irrigation by putting the pipe at the top of
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq
Kahlel AMS 004
Table 2. Effects of fertilization and irrigation treatments and their interaction on total and relative water content, plant leaf
area and roots dry weight of potato plant.
Parameters Treatments
Roots
dry
weight
( g. )
Plant
Leaf
area
(cm
2
.)
Relative
water
content
(%)
Total
water
content
(%)
Irrigation
Treatments
Fertilization
Treatments
Effects of interaction between fertilization and irrigation treatments
12.84 b 1853 b 79.26 f 84.82 c Furrow Irrigation
Chemical
Fertilization13.22 ab 2121 ab 80.79 cd 86.40 b Bottom of furrow
13.69 a 2345 a 81.74 a 87.99 a Top of furrow
12.89 b 2083 ab 79.82 e 85.22 c Furrow Irrigation Organic
Fertilization
By scattering13.22 ab 2261 a 80.64 d 86.23 b Bottom of furrow
13.82 a 2342 a 81.68 ab 87.63 a Top of furrow
13.33 ab 2103 ab 79.21 f 85.32 c Furrow Irrigation Organic
13.55 ab 2341 a 80.43 d 86.66 b Bottom of furrow Fertilization
By irrigation
13.92 a 2411 a 81.23 bc 88.02 a Top of furrow
Effects of fertilization treatments
13.25 a 2106 a 80.59 a 86.40 a Chemical Fertilizer
Fertilization
Treatments
13.31a
2228 a 80.71 a 86.36 a Organic by
Scattering
13.60 a
2285 a 80.29 b 86.66 a Organic by
Irrigation
Effects of irrigation treatments
13.02 b 2013 b 79.43 c 85.12 c Furrow Irrigation
Irrigation
Treatments13.33 b
2241 a 80.62 b 86.43 b Bottom of furrow
13.81 a 2366 a 81.55 a 87.88 a Top of furrow
Means followed with the same latter are not significantly different according to Duncan multiple range test at the probability of 0.05
levels.
the furrow, followed by the treatment of drip irrigation by
putting the pipe at the bottom of the furrow then followed
by the treatment of furrow irrigation. On the other hand,
the highest leaf area 2366 cm2
obtained from drip
irrigation treatment by putting the pipe at the top of the
furrow, which is not significantly vary with the treatment of
putting the pipe at the bottom of the furrow 2241 cm2
, but
it was significantly superior over the furrow irrigation
treatments 2013 cm2
, the dry weight of the roots
increased by drip irrigation treatment at the top of the
furrow 13.81 g which was significantly surpass than the
other two treatments. The interaction between
fertilization and irrigation treatments had a significant
effect in the four mentioned traits,the highest total water
content 88.02% produced from the interaction between
the organic fertilizer by irrigation method and drip
irrigation at the top of the furrow and the lowest water
content 84.82% resulted from the interaction between
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq
Int. J. Horticult. Ornam. Plants 005
the chemical fertilization and furrow irrigation method,
whereas, the highest relative water content 81.74%
obtained from the interaction between the chemical
fertilization and drip irrigation at the top of the furrow and
the lowest relative water content 79.21% was from the
interaction between the organic fertilization by irrigation
and furrow irrigation method. The highest leaf area 2411
cm
2
and higher dry weight of roots 13.92 g. were
obtained from the interaction between the organic
fertilizer by irrigation and drip irrigation at the top of the
furrow. The significant increase in the total water content,
relative water content, leaf area and dry weight of roots
by application of drip irrigation treatment when putting
the pipe at the top of furrow may be due to the increase
in the amount of irrigation water provided by this
treatment as compared with the other two treatments as
a result of reducing the loss of water through evaporation
process as a result of reducing the evaporation space
because of putting the irrigation pipes at the top of the
furrow and the water goes down inside the furrow soil
where the roots system of the plant, which absorb a
large amount of water and translocation to the leaves of
the plant which cause increasing the water content of
leaves and increase the efficiency of photosynthesis
process as the water is the necessary factor in this
process (Mohammed, 1985) and that led to increase the
leaf area per plant, this result agree with the findings of
Shae et al.,(1999) whom found an increase in the leaf
area and dry weight of the total vegetative growth of
potato plant when using drip irrigation method as
compared with surface irrigation method, Bao- Zhong et
al. (2003) whom noticed an increase in the total water
content of plants leaves when increasing the irrigation
water amounts from 0.25 to 1.25 of the pan evaporation,
Al-Janaby (2012) who mentioned an increase in leaf area
per plant by using drip irrigation, and Kahlel and Al-
Othman, ( 2014) reported that sub-surface drip irrigation
increase total and relative water content and leaf area of
potato plant as compare with surface drip irrigation.
Table (3) shows the effect of fertilization and irrigation
treatments and their interaction on the number of tubers
per plant, average tuber weight and plant yield. The
highest number of tubers 5:46 was obtained from
application of organic fertilizer by scattering which is
significantly superior over the other two treatments, and
the treatment of organic fertilizer by irrigation led to a
significant increase in the average tuber weight 69.56 g.,
in addition to that the two treatments of organic fertilizer
by scattering and irrigation were significantly superior in
plant yield (367.73 and 351.04 g) than the chemical
fertilization 309.62 g. The treatment of drip irrigation by
putting the pipes at the top of the furrow better than the
other two treatments in the number of tubers 5.85 g. and
plant yield 395.77 g. While the largest weight of tuber
65.33 g. were produced from the treatment of drip
irrigation at the bottom of the furrow. The interaction
between fertilization and irrigation treatments were
significantly affected the three traits, and the highest
number of tubers per plant 6.04 was from the interaction
between the organic fertilizer by irrigation and drip
irrigation at the top of the furrow and it is significantly
superior over most of the other interactions, while the
highest weight of the tuber 82.64g resulted from the
interaction between the organic fertilizer by irrigation and
drip irrigation at the bottom of the furrow which had
significant effect over all other interactions. The
interaction between organic fertilizer by irrigation and drip
irrigation at the top of the furrow gave the highest yield
per plant 431.10 g. which significantly surpassed all other
treatments. The increase in number of tubers, average
tuber weight, and yield per plant as a result of adding
organic fertilizer by scattering or irrigation near the plants
roots may be due to the role of organic fertilizer in
improving the physical, chemical, and biological
characters of the soil and increase its ability to maintain
water and increase its nutrients content, especially
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (Al-Zouby et al.,
2007, Al-Sahaf and Atti, 2007). Also, Atti and Al-Sahaf,
(2007) mentioned that the addition of organic fertilizer
(Organo Fert.) led to increase variability of phosphorus
element by 50% than the control treatment. The increase
in the nutrients available in the soil increased the
absorption efficiency of elements by plant roots, which
was reflected on raising the efficiency of biological
processes, especially photosynthesis process which led
to increase vegetative growth which contributed in
increasing tuber weight and plant yield. These results
were in harmony with the finding of (Al-Zahawy, 2007,
Abdul-Rasoul et. al., 2009, Al-Khafagy, 2009, Mahmoud
and Al-Salamany, 2010).
The increase in the number of tubers and plant yield as a
result of drip irrigation treatment by putting the pipes at
the top of the furrow may be due to the efficiency of this
method in reducing water loss through evaporation and
increase water use efficiency (Table 4) and the
increasing of water amounts in the soil may increase the
length and the density of roots through the optimal
regulation of soil water, in addition to maintain a high
water potential in the root zone (Wang et al., 2006),
which increase the water absorption, and total water
content in leaves (Table 2) as well as the absorption of
nutrients as a result of increasing its availability in the
soil reflecting the efficiency of the biological processes in
the plant. These results are in agreement with data
reported by Shae et al., (1999) and, Al-Janaby, (2012).
Table (4) shows the effect of fertilization, irrigation
treatments and their interaction on the total yield,
marketable yield, and water use efficiency. The highest
total tubers yield 16.345 ton.ha-1
, marketable tubers yield
15.078 ton.ha-1
and water use efficiency 9.855 kg.m3 -1
resulted from applying organic fertilizer by scattering
method with significantly surpass over chemical fertilizer
treatment.. Treatment of drip irrigation by putting the pipe
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq
Kahlel AMS 006
Table 3. Effect of fertilization and irrigation treatments and their interaction in number of tubers, average
tuber weight and plant yield of potato.
Parameters
Treatments
Plant
yield
( g.)
Average
tuber
weight
( g.)
Number
of tubers
per plant
Irrigation
Treatments
Fertilization
Treatments
Effects of interaction between fertilization and irrigation treatments
270.83 ef 50.72 e 4.46 c Furrow Irrigation Chemical
Fertilization306.38 dc 56.42 cde 4.62 c Bottom of furrow
351.66 c 52.57 de 5.62 ab Top of furrow
334.70 cd 56.27 cde 5.05 bc Furrow Irrigation Organic
Fertilization
By scattering363.50 bc 56.94 cd 5.43 ab Bottom of furrow
405.00 ab 58.52 c 5.91 a Top of furrow
257.60 f 54.69 cde 4.71 c Furrow Irrigation Organic
364.44 bc 82.64 a 4.41 c Bottom of furrow Fertilization
By irrigation
431.10 a 71.37 b 6.04 a Top of furrow
Effects of fertilization treatments
309.62 b 53.23 c 4.90 b Chemical Fertilizer
Fertilization
Treatments367.73 a 57.24 b 5.46 a Organic by Scattering
351.04 a 69.56 a 5.05 b Organic by Irrigation
Effects of irrigation treatments
287.71 c 53.89 c 4.74 b Furrow Irrigation
Irrigation
Treatments344.77 b 65.33 a 4.82 b Bottom of furrow
395.77 a 60.80 b 5.85 a Top of furrow
Means followed with the same latter are not significantly different according to Duncan multiple range test at the probability of 0.05 levels.
at the top of furrow produced the highest total tubers yield
17.595 ton.ha-1
, marketable tubers yield 16.372 ton.ha-1
and water use efficiency 11.792 kg.m3 -1
with significantly
surpass over the other two treatments. The interaction
between fertilization and irrigation treatments had
significant effect in the yield traits, the interaction
between organic fertilizer by irrigation and drip irrigation
by putting the pipe at the top of the furrow obtained the
highest total tubers yield 19.159 ton.ha-1
, marketable
tubers yield 17.842 ton.ha-1
and water use efficiency
12.841 kg.m3 -1
which was significantly surpass over all
other interactions. The superiority of applying organic
fertilizer by the both methods (scattering and irrigation) in
total tubers yield, marketable tubers yield and water use
efficiency over the chemical fertilizer treatment may be
due to the above mentioned role of organic fertilizer
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq
Int. J. Horticult. Ornam. Plants 007
Table 4. Effect of fertilization and irrigation treatments and their interaction in total tubers yield,
marketable tubers yield,and water use efficiency in potato.
Parameters Treatments
Water use
Efficiency
Kg.m
3 -1
))
Marketable
Tubers yield
Ton.h
-1
))
Total tubers
yield
Ton.h
-1
))
Irrigation
Treatments
Fertilization
Treatments
Effects of interaction between fertilization and irrigation treatments
5.397 e 10.832 e 12.036 ef Furrow Irrigation Chemical
Fertilization
9.125 c 12.814 d 13.616 dc Bottom of furrow
10.474 b 14.512 c 15.628 c Top of furrow
6.670 d 13.461 d 14.875 cd Furrow Irrigation Organic
Fertilization
By scattering10.833 b 15.012 c 16.163 bc Bottom of furrow
12.063 a 16.762 b 17.999 ab Top of furrow
5.133 e 10.132 e 11.448 f Furrow Irrigation Organic
10.855 b 14.981 c 16.196 bc Bottom of furrow Fertilization
By irrigation
12.841 a 17.842 a 19.159 a Top of furrow
Effects of fertilization treatments
8.332 b 12.719 c 13.726 b Chemical Fertilizer
Fertilization
Treatments9.855 a 15.078 a 16.345 a Organic by Scattering
9.609 a 14.318 b 15.601 a Organic by Irrigation
Effects of irrigation treatments
5.733 c 11.475 c 12.753 c Furrow Irrigation
Irrigation
Treatments10.271 b 14.269 b 15.325 b Bottom of furrow
11.792 a 16.372 a 17.595 a Top of furrow
Means followed with the same latter are not significantly different according to Duncan multiple range test at
the probability of 0.05 levels.
in improving the physical and chemical soil properties
and its content of various nutrient elements, as well as
organic fertilizer encourages microorganisms and
increased microbial activity which increase the activity of
microbial enzymes such as Nitrogenase, Urease and
Dehydragenase (Fathy et al., 2000). Atti and Al-Sahaf
(2007) reported that using organic fertilizer ( poultry
fertilizer ) led to increase the percentage of mycorrhiza
colonies in potato roots which attributed to the manure
containing of unspecified types of mycorrhiza spores,
which participate increase in the proportion of roots
injury,also organic fertilizer contains some fungi such as
Trichoderma spp. that share with mycorrhiza fungi in positive
interactions to stimulate growth. Al-Sahaf and Atti, (2007) also
reported that the decomposition of organic fertilizers, resulting
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq
Kahlel AMS 008
Table 5. Effects of fertilization and irrigation treatments and their interaction in tubers hardness, total
soluble solid, and dry matter in tubers of potato.
Parameters Treatments
Dry Matter In
Tubers
( % )
Total Soluble
Solids in Tuber
( % )
Tubers
Hardness
(Kg. cm
2 -1
)
Irrigation
Treatments
Fertilization
Treatments
Effects of interaction between fertilization and irrigation treatments
17.24 c 5.50 bc 14.00 b Furrow Irrigation Chemical
Fertilization
17.86 bc 6.00 ab 14.00 b Bottom of furrow
18.31 b 5.50 bc 15.00 a Top of furrow
17.57 bc 6.00 ab 11.50 d Furrow Irrigation Organic
Fertilization
By scatting18.44 b 5.50 bc 15.00 a Bottom of furrow
19.52 a 5.00 c 14.50 ab Top of furrow
18.01 bc 5.50 bc 11.50 d Furrow Irrigation Organic
19.66 a 5.00 c 13.50 c Bottom of furrow Fertilization
By irrigation
20.13 a 6.50 a 15.00 a Top of furrow
Effects of fertilization treatments
17.80 c 5.66 a 14.33 a Chemical Fertilizer
Fertilization
Treatments18.51 b 5.50 a 13.66 b Organic by Scatting
19.26 a 5.66 a 13.33 b Organic by Irrigation
Effects of irrigation treatments
17.60 c 5.66 a 12.33 c Furrow Irrigation.
Irrigation
Treatments18.65 b 5.50 a 14.33 b Bottom of furrow
19.32 a 5.66 a 14.83 a Top of furrow
Means followed with the same latter are not significantly different according to Duncan multiple range test
at the probability of 0.05 levels.
in some amino and organic acid production, all these factors
play an important role in biological processes in plants and led
to an increase in the number of tubers, average tuber weight
and plant yield (Table 3), which was reflected on the
characteristics of the total tubers yield, marketable tubers yield.
These results were in agreement with the findings of (Al-
Zahawy, 2007, Abdul- Rasoul et al., 2009, Al-Khafagy,.2009,
Mahmoud and Al-Salamany,.2010) whom reported that the use
of different organic fertilizer increased total and marketable
tubers yield of potato. The significant increase in the yield
characters as a result of drip irrigation by putting the pipe at the
top of the furrow as compared with the other two treatments
are in agreement with the results of (Bao-Zhong et. al., 2006,
Neelam and Raiput,2007,Badr et. al, 2012, Al- Janaby, 2012).
Perhaps the reason for this is due to the efficiency of this
irrigation method in providing adequate amounts of water in the
root zone and reduces water loss through evaporation and we
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq
Int. J. Horticult. Ornam. Plants 009
have noted that this treatment led to a significant increase in
the total water content in the leaves and roots dry weight
(Table 2) and water availability in the soil increased the ability of
elements for absorption, so all that provided suitable conditions
for biological processes in the plant, especially photosynthesis
where water is an essential factor for this process as well as
the role of nitrogen as one of the essential elements of the plant
because it introduces a number of organic compounds, amino
acids, proteins and nucleic acids and its important in
photosynthesis it participate with magnesium element in the
formation of chlorophyll molecule (Mohammed,1985, Abu-Dahy
and Al- Younis,1988). In addition to the role of phosphorus
element in plant growth which is considered as one of the
nucleoprotein components and enters in the composition of
phospholipids which is one of the living cell membrane
components, as phosphorus associated with the organic
compounds within the cell to produced ATP and ADP (Abu-
Dahy and Al-Younis,1988). Hence the importance of potassium
element to transport photosynthesis products and collected in
the reservoir parts (tubers) (Habib et. al., 2011).
Table (5) shows the effect of fertilization, irrigation and
their interaction on some of qualitative characteristics of the
tubers, where it obviously been found that the chemical fertilizer
led to significant increase in tubers hardness 14.33 kg. cm2 -1
as compared with the two organic fertilizer treatments, while
there is no significant effects has been noticed in total soluble
solid in tubers by fertilization treatments, whereas the highest
percentage of dry matter in tubers 19.26% resulted from the
treatment of organic fertilization by irrigation. The treatment of
drip irrigation by putting the pipe at the top of the furrow gave a
significant increase in tubers hardness 14.83 kg.cm2 -1 and the
percentage of dry matter in tubers 19.32% which surpassed the
other two irrigation treatments. Interaction between fertilization
and irrigation significantly affected the quality characteristics of
the tubers and the highest tubers hardness 15.00 kg.cm2 -1
produced from the three treatments while the highest
percentage of total soluble solids 6.5 was obtained from
interaction between organic fertilizer by irrigation and drip
irrigation at the top of the furrow which is the same treatment
that gave the highest percentage of dry matter in the tubers.
CONCLUSIONS
It can be concluded from this research that it could be
decreased the irrigation water amount of potato crop by
applying drip irrigation system instead of furrow irrigation (which
used by Iraqi farmers now), and the irrigation pipes should be
putted at the top of the furrow to increased productivity,
maintain soil fertility by decreasing nutrient elements leaching
resulted from furrows irrigation, and decreased production
costs. Also it could be applying organic fertilizer to substituted
chemical fertilization partially with maintaining the productivity,
improve soil chemical and physical characteristics, and
decreased production costs.
REFERENCES
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organic and mineral fertilizer in the growth and yield of
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Egypt. Pp. 198.
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yeast on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum
L.). J. Agric. Food Technol. 5(1); 5-11.
Kahlel AMS, Al-Othman SA (2014).Effects of two drip irrigation
methods ( surface and sub-surface ) in growth and yield of
three potato (Solanum tuberosum L) cultivars. Australian
Jour. of Basic and Applied Sci. 8 (15): 252-258.
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq
Kahlel AMS 010
Mahmoud JT, Al-Salamany HK (2010). The effect of organic
and mineral fertilizer in some characters of potato plant
growth. Euphrates J. Agric. Sci. 2 (4): 30-42.
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American. Journal Potato Rescerch.82: 301-307.
Accepted 10 March, 2015.
Citation: Kahlel AMS (2015). Effects of different irrigation
and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato
(Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq. International Journal of
Horticulture and Ornamental Plants 1(1): 002-010.
Copyright: © 2015. Kahlel AMS. This is an open-access
article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are cited.

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Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq

  • 1. Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq IJHOP Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq Abdel-Monnem Sadalaha Kahlel Technical Agricultural College, Mosul, Iraq Email:monnem_sadalaha@yahoo.com, Tel.: 07701764919. The experiment was implemented during the autumn season 2013, to study the effect of three methods of irrigation and fertilization on the development and yield of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv Rivera. Two methods of drip irrigation (putting the pipe at the bottom and at the top of furrows) and furrow irrigation with three types of fertilizers (chemical fertilizer at rate of 300 kg urea, 180 kg superphosphate triple, 240 kg potassium sulphate per hectare) and organic fertilizer at 30 kg.100 m2 -1 with half amount of the chemical fertilizers mentioned. The organic fertilizers were added in two ways: by scattering dry fertilizer and irrigation with fertilizer solution near plant roots. Results showed that the highest total water content of leaves was 86.665%, leaf area 2285 cm 2 , roots dry weight 13.60 g., average tuber weight 69.56 g., and the percentage of dry matter in tubers 19.26% was produced from applying organic fertilizer by irrigation, whereas the highest total tubers yield was 16.345 tons.ha -1 and water use efficiency 9.855 kg. ha -1 resulted from organic fertilizer by scattering method, also the treatment of drip irrigation by putting the pipe at the top of the furrows was superior in all studied parameters except the average tuber weight and total soluble solids compared with the other two treatments. Key words: Potato, drip irrigation, furrow irrigation, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, tubers. INTRODUCTION Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) belongs to Solanaceae family is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world and in terms of human consumption it comes in the fourth grade after wheat, rice, and corn, it is rich in carbohydrates, nutrients and amino acids (Hassan 1999). Many factors affected potato production, including cultivar, weather conditions, planting date, plant nutrition and irrigation. Potato plants are sensitive to the alteration in the soil moisture content and any decline or un uniformity in irrigation (water stress), especially during initiation and growth phases of tubers resulted in a significant damage to plants, and decrease the quantity and quality of tubers yield (Bao-Zhong et. al., 2003, Al- Aubiady, 2005). Numerous studies on the best methods to provide appropriate moisture for plant growth has been conducted, perhaps the drip irrigation is one of the modern methods used to irrigate potatoes.Shae et al., (1999) found an increase in the number of branches, leaf area and dry weight of the total vegetative growth of plant when using drip irrigation method as compared with surface irrigation method. Bao-Zhong et. al.,(2003) noted that potato plants are sensitive to water stress, and soil moisture is one of the important factors affecting the quantity and quality of tubers yield and they used a different amounts of irrigation water which are 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 times of the pan evaporation and they International Journal of Horticulture and Ornamental Plants Vol. 1(1), pp. 002-010, May, 2015. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2141-502X Research Article
  • 2. Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq Kahlel AMS 002 found that plant height, total water content of the leaves, number of tubers, average tuber weight and total tubers yield increased by increasing the amount of irrigation water, while the specific weight of tubers dropped. Wang et al. (2006) used sixes drip irrigation frequencies in potato which irrigate one times every (1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 days) with uniform water amount per treatments and noted that the greater the frequency of irrigation the greater is the length and density of roots and stimulate tuber growth with increased water use efficiency. Neelam and Raiput (2007) noticed that the under surface drip irrigation is one of the modern methods of irrigation, which ensures taking advantage of the few irrigation water quantities in the soil through drip irrigation tubes that are placed under the soil surface, and five depths were used to place the pipes, namely, (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm) below the soil surface and he studied the movement of water to the top of soil surface by capillary action and found that the treatment of placing the pipes at a depth of 5 cm led to move the water to the top of soil surface and the soil moisture reached to 21.5%, while the other depths, the water movement was low and soil surface remained relatively dry. Al-Janaby (2012) when irrigated potato by drip irrigation with three levels (100%,75% and 50%) of pan evaporation, he found that increasing irrigation level led to a significant increase in plant height, number of aerobic stems of the plant, leaf area, dry weight of plant and the total yield of tubers. The fertilization, provides necessary nutrient elements for plant growth are important factors to improve plant growth and production of potato plants (Westerman, 2005), and because of the large interest in recent times about the quality of production and food safety from contamination remains of chemical fertilizers and pesticides raised the question of clean plant production, free from residual effects of pesticides and mineral fertilizers and increased the interest in organic agriculture (El- Ghamring et al. 1999).The use of organic fertilizers, ( local and manufactured) tend to substitute chemical fertilizers and many researchers reported this, ( Al- Zahawy,2007, Abdul- Rasoul et al., 2009, Mahmoud and Al-Salamany, 2010). Al- Zouby et al. (2007) found an increase in the soil content of total nitrogen from 0.154% to 0.212%, the available phosphorus from 15.82 to 44.22 mg. kg-1 and potassium from 164.5 to 312 mg. kg-1 and organic matter from 3.02% to 4.51% in the control treatment and the treatment of organic and bio-fertilizer which led to an increase in the total yield of the tubers from 13.75 to 21.88 ton. ha-1 . Al-Sahaf and Atti(2007) found that the addition of animal manure (the remnants of sheep, cattle and poultry) at a rate of 20% of the soil weight to the potato crop led to a significant increase in the number of aerobic stems,total and marketable yield of tubers and the percentage of dry matter in the tubers. Al-Khafagy, (2009) also found that adding a local poultry fertilizer at 5 and 10 tons. ha-1 for potato plants led to a significant increase in plant height, number of tubers and total yield. Kahlel, (2015) indicate that the addition of poultry manure as a solution fertilizer near the plants roots led to a significant increase in plant height, number of stems per plant, leaf area,fresh and dry weight of the plant, number of tubers, average tuber weight, tubers yield per plant, total and marketable yield compared with the control treatment. Irrigation methods of vegetable crops have been evolved in order to minimize the amount of irrigation water and increase water use efficiency, which reduces the crops production costs, and most of the Iraqi farmers still follows the old irrigation methods especially furrows irrigation. In addition to that Iraqi farmers applying an excessive amount of chemical fertilizers which caused a problems for the soil and increase crop production costs, while there are a large amounts of local organic fertilizers ( animal residues) available with very low costs,in additional to its benefits for soil and produce a clean crops free from the remnants of chemical fertilizer. Therefore, the aim of this experiment is to study the possibility of applying drip irrigation instead of furrow irrigation to reduce the amount of irrigation water, and also the possibility of substitute a part of chemical fertilizer by applying organic fertilizer in potato production in Iraq. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was implemented in the vegetable crops farm of Plant Production Department at Technical Agricultural College, Mosul, Iraq during the autumn season 2013, to study the effect of three methods of irrigation and three types of fertilization on the growth and yield of potato. Irrigation treatments: Furrow irrigation (surface irrigation). Drip irrigation by putting the pipes at the bottom of the furrow. Drip irrigation by putting the pipes at the top of the furrow. The irrigation pipes used is in the form of T- Tape 16 mm in diameter with drippers at 20 cm distance. Fertilization treatments: Chemical fertilization at a rate of 300 Kg.ha-1 urea (45% N), 180 Kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate (45% P2 O5) and 240 Kg.ha-1 potassium sulfate (50% K 2O). Organic fertilizer: poultry manufactured manure (Italpollina) by scattering under the plants at a rate of 30 kg. 100 m2-1 with half amount of the chemical fertilizer above.
  • 3. Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq Int. J. Horticult. Ornam. Plants 003 Table 1. Some physical and chemical properties of the field experiment soil. ValueProperties 7.3PH 21Organic Matter g. Kg -1 . 3.380E.C. ds m -1 14.87Cation Exchange Capacity Meq.100 g.soil-1 42available N (ppm) 0.89available P ( ppm ) 141soluble K (ppm ) 225CaCO3 g. Kg -1 . Particle Size g. Kg-1 . 493.5Sand 161.8Clay 344.7Silt LoamyTexture Class Organic fertilizer: poultry manufactured manure (Italpollina) by irrigation the fertilizer solution near the roots of the plants at a rate of 30 kg. 100 m 2-1 two doses, the first after germination and the second after a month with half amount of the chemical fertilizer above. The organic fertilizer (Italpollina) is a poultry manufactured fertilizer produced by the Italian company Italpollina according to the European Union laws and it is rich in mineral elements and organic active humic material (humic acid). Experimental Design The study included nine treatments carried out in a factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Potato seed (cv. Rivera) were planted on 2 September on furrows 75 cm wide at a distance 30 cm. between the tubers in loamy soil (Table 1). Tubers were harvested on 20 December 2013. Evaluation The following measurements were recorded: 1. Total water content of the leaves %: determined by using the following equation: Total water content % = wet weight – dry weight / wet weight x 100 (Mohammed, 1985). 2. Relative water content of leaves %: determined by the following equation: Relative water content% = wet weight – dry weight /saturated weight – dry weight X 100 (Mohammed, 1985) 3. Leaf area per plant (cm2 ). 4. The dry weight of roots (g.). 5. Number of tubers per plant. 6. Average tuber weight (g.). 7- Plant yields (g.) 8. Total tubers yield per unit area (tons.ha-1 ) 9. Marketable yield of tubers (tons.ha-1 ) 10. Water use efficiency (kg.m3 -1 ) was calculated by the following equation: Water use efficiency (kg.m 3 -1 ) = total yield (Kg.ha -1 ) / amount of water added (m3 .ha-1 ) (Al-Janaby, 2012). The amount of water added was calculated for the furrow treatment by using a water meter, connected to the irrigation pipe, the total amount of water added to this treatment during the season was (2230 m3 .ha-1 ). The amount of water added to the two drip irrigation treatments has been calculated through the discharge of drippers in drip irrigation pipe for several times, which record 1.40 L.h -1 multiplied by the number of drippers in the experimental unit multiplied by the number of irrigation hours for all irrigations during the growing season and calculated for hectare area and the amount of water added was (1490 m 3 .ha -1 ). 11. Tubers hardness (kg.m3) :was measured by Pressure Tester. 12. Total soluble solids in the tubers: was measured by Hand Refractometer. 13. Percentage of dry matter in the tubers. Statistical analysis The results were analyzed statistically according to the SAS System (SAS, 1998) and compared the averages by Duncan multiple range test at 0.05 level (Al-Rawy and Kalaf, 2000). RESULT AND DISCUSSION Table (2) shows the effect of fertilization, irrigation treatments, and their interaction on the total and relative water content, leaf area and dry weight of roots. Results indicated that applying organic fertilizer by irrigation produced the highest total water content 86.66%, leaf area 2285 cm2 , and roots dry weight 13.60 g. whereas the highest relative water content 80.71% result from applying organic fertilizer by scattering. The irrigation treatments resulted significant differences in the four mentioned traits and the highest total water content 87.88%, relative water content 81.55% was from the treatment of drip irrigation by putting the pipe at the top of
  • 4. Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq Kahlel AMS 004 Table 2. Effects of fertilization and irrigation treatments and their interaction on total and relative water content, plant leaf area and roots dry weight of potato plant. Parameters Treatments Roots dry weight ( g. ) Plant Leaf area (cm 2 .) Relative water content (%) Total water content (%) Irrigation Treatments Fertilization Treatments Effects of interaction between fertilization and irrigation treatments 12.84 b 1853 b 79.26 f 84.82 c Furrow Irrigation Chemical Fertilization13.22 ab 2121 ab 80.79 cd 86.40 b Bottom of furrow 13.69 a 2345 a 81.74 a 87.99 a Top of furrow 12.89 b 2083 ab 79.82 e 85.22 c Furrow Irrigation Organic Fertilization By scattering13.22 ab 2261 a 80.64 d 86.23 b Bottom of furrow 13.82 a 2342 a 81.68 ab 87.63 a Top of furrow 13.33 ab 2103 ab 79.21 f 85.32 c Furrow Irrigation Organic 13.55 ab 2341 a 80.43 d 86.66 b Bottom of furrow Fertilization By irrigation 13.92 a 2411 a 81.23 bc 88.02 a Top of furrow Effects of fertilization treatments 13.25 a 2106 a 80.59 a 86.40 a Chemical Fertilizer Fertilization Treatments 13.31a 2228 a 80.71 a 86.36 a Organic by Scattering 13.60 a 2285 a 80.29 b 86.66 a Organic by Irrigation Effects of irrigation treatments 13.02 b 2013 b 79.43 c 85.12 c Furrow Irrigation Irrigation Treatments13.33 b 2241 a 80.62 b 86.43 b Bottom of furrow 13.81 a 2366 a 81.55 a 87.88 a Top of furrow Means followed with the same latter are not significantly different according to Duncan multiple range test at the probability of 0.05 levels. the furrow, followed by the treatment of drip irrigation by putting the pipe at the bottom of the furrow then followed by the treatment of furrow irrigation. On the other hand, the highest leaf area 2366 cm2 obtained from drip irrigation treatment by putting the pipe at the top of the furrow, which is not significantly vary with the treatment of putting the pipe at the bottom of the furrow 2241 cm2 , but it was significantly superior over the furrow irrigation treatments 2013 cm2 , the dry weight of the roots increased by drip irrigation treatment at the top of the furrow 13.81 g which was significantly surpass than the other two treatments. The interaction between fertilization and irrigation treatments had a significant effect in the four mentioned traits,the highest total water content 88.02% produced from the interaction between the organic fertilizer by irrigation method and drip irrigation at the top of the furrow and the lowest water content 84.82% resulted from the interaction between
  • 5. Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq Int. J. Horticult. Ornam. Plants 005 the chemical fertilization and furrow irrigation method, whereas, the highest relative water content 81.74% obtained from the interaction between the chemical fertilization and drip irrigation at the top of the furrow and the lowest relative water content 79.21% was from the interaction between the organic fertilization by irrigation and furrow irrigation method. The highest leaf area 2411 cm 2 and higher dry weight of roots 13.92 g. were obtained from the interaction between the organic fertilizer by irrigation and drip irrigation at the top of the furrow. The significant increase in the total water content, relative water content, leaf area and dry weight of roots by application of drip irrigation treatment when putting the pipe at the top of furrow may be due to the increase in the amount of irrigation water provided by this treatment as compared with the other two treatments as a result of reducing the loss of water through evaporation process as a result of reducing the evaporation space because of putting the irrigation pipes at the top of the furrow and the water goes down inside the furrow soil where the roots system of the plant, which absorb a large amount of water and translocation to the leaves of the plant which cause increasing the water content of leaves and increase the efficiency of photosynthesis process as the water is the necessary factor in this process (Mohammed, 1985) and that led to increase the leaf area per plant, this result agree with the findings of Shae et al.,(1999) whom found an increase in the leaf area and dry weight of the total vegetative growth of potato plant when using drip irrigation method as compared with surface irrigation method, Bao- Zhong et al. (2003) whom noticed an increase in the total water content of plants leaves when increasing the irrigation water amounts from 0.25 to 1.25 of the pan evaporation, Al-Janaby (2012) who mentioned an increase in leaf area per plant by using drip irrigation, and Kahlel and Al- Othman, ( 2014) reported that sub-surface drip irrigation increase total and relative water content and leaf area of potato plant as compare with surface drip irrigation. Table (3) shows the effect of fertilization and irrigation treatments and their interaction on the number of tubers per plant, average tuber weight and plant yield. The highest number of tubers 5:46 was obtained from application of organic fertilizer by scattering which is significantly superior over the other two treatments, and the treatment of organic fertilizer by irrigation led to a significant increase in the average tuber weight 69.56 g., in addition to that the two treatments of organic fertilizer by scattering and irrigation were significantly superior in plant yield (367.73 and 351.04 g) than the chemical fertilization 309.62 g. The treatment of drip irrigation by putting the pipes at the top of the furrow better than the other two treatments in the number of tubers 5.85 g. and plant yield 395.77 g. While the largest weight of tuber 65.33 g. were produced from the treatment of drip irrigation at the bottom of the furrow. The interaction between fertilization and irrigation treatments were significantly affected the three traits, and the highest number of tubers per plant 6.04 was from the interaction between the organic fertilizer by irrigation and drip irrigation at the top of the furrow and it is significantly superior over most of the other interactions, while the highest weight of the tuber 82.64g resulted from the interaction between the organic fertilizer by irrigation and drip irrigation at the bottom of the furrow which had significant effect over all other interactions. The interaction between organic fertilizer by irrigation and drip irrigation at the top of the furrow gave the highest yield per plant 431.10 g. which significantly surpassed all other treatments. The increase in number of tubers, average tuber weight, and yield per plant as a result of adding organic fertilizer by scattering or irrigation near the plants roots may be due to the role of organic fertilizer in improving the physical, chemical, and biological characters of the soil and increase its ability to maintain water and increase its nutrients content, especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (Al-Zouby et al., 2007, Al-Sahaf and Atti, 2007). Also, Atti and Al-Sahaf, (2007) mentioned that the addition of organic fertilizer (Organo Fert.) led to increase variability of phosphorus element by 50% than the control treatment. The increase in the nutrients available in the soil increased the absorption efficiency of elements by plant roots, which was reflected on raising the efficiency of biological processes, especially photosynthesis process which led to increase vegetative growth which contributed in increasing tuber weight and plant yield. These results were in harmony with the finding of (Al-Zahawy, 2007, Abdul-Rasoul et. al., 2009, Al-Khafagy, 2009, Mahmoud and Al-Salamany, 2010). The increase in the number of tubers and plant yield as a result of drip irrigation treatment by putting the pipes at the top of the furrow may be due to the efficiency of this method in reducing water loss through evaporation and increase water use efficiency (Table 4) and the increasing of water amounts in the soil may increase the length and the density of roots through the optimal regulation of soil water, in addition to maintain a high water potential in the root zone (Wang et al., 2006), which increase the water absorption, and total water content in leaves (Table 2) as well as the absorption of nutrients as a result of increasing its availability in the soil reflecting the efficiency of the biological processes in the plant. These results are in agreement with data reported by Shae et al., (1999) and, Al-Janaby, (2012). Table (4) shows the effect of fertilization, irrigation treatments and their interaction on the total yield, marketable yield, and water use efficiency. The highest total tubers yield 16.345 ton.ha-1 , marketable tubers yield 15.078 ton.ha-1 and water use efficiency 9.855 kg.m3 -1 resulted from applying organic fertilizer by scattering method with significantly surpass over chemical fertilizer treatment.. Treatment of drip irrigation by putting the pipe
  • 6. Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq Kahlel AMS 006 Table 3. Effect of fertilization and irrigation treatments and their interaction in number of tubers, average tuber weight and plant yield of potato. Parameters Treatments Plant yield ( g.) Average tuber weight ( g.) Number of tubers per plant Irrigation Treatments Fertilization Treatments Effects of interaction between fertilization and irrigation treatments 270.83 ef 50.72 e 4.46 c Furrow Irrigation Chemical Fertilization306.38 dc 56.42 cde 4.62 c Bottom of furrow 351.66 c 52.57 de 5.62 ab Top of furrow 334.70 cd 56.27 cde 5.05 bc Furrow Irrigation Organic Fertilization By scattering363.50 bc 56.94 cd 5.43 ab Bottom of furrow 405.00 ab 58.52 c 5.91 a Top of furrow 257.60 f 54.69 cde 4.71 c Furrow Irrigation Organic 364.44 bc 82.64 a 4.41 c Bottom of furrow Fertilization By irrigation 431.10 a 71.37 b 6.04 a Top of furrow Effects of fertilization treatments 309.62 b 53.23 c 4.90 b Chemical Fertilizer Fertilization Treatments367.73 a 57.24 b 5.46 a Organic by Scattering 351.04 a 69.56 a 5.05 b Organic by Irrigation Effects of irrigation treatments 287.71 c 53.89 c 4.74 b Furrow Irrigation Irrigation Treatments344.77 b 65.33 a 4.82 b Bottom of furrow 395.77 a 60.80 b 5.85 a Top of furrow Means followed with the same latter are not significantly different according to Duncan multiple range test at the probability of 0.05 levels. at the top of furrow produced the highest total tubers yield 17.595 ton.ha-1 , marketable tubers yield 16.372 ton.ha-1 and water use efficiency 11.792 kg.m3 -1 with significantly surpass over the other two treatments. The interaction between fertilization and irrigation treatments had significant effect in the yield traits, the interaction between organic fertilizer by irrigation and drip irrigation by putting the pipe at the top of the furrow obtained the highest total tubers yield 19.159 ton.ha-1 , marketable tubers yield 17.842 ton.ha-1 and water use efficiency 12.841 kg.m3 -1 which was significantly surpass over all other interactions. The superiority of applying organic fertilizer by the both methods (scattering and irrigation) in total tubers yield, marketable tubers yield and water use efficiency over the chemical fertilizer treatment may be due to the above mentioned role of organic fertilizer
  • 7. Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq Int. J. Horticult. Ornam. Plants 007 Table 4. Effect of fertilization and irrigation treatments and their interaction in total tubers yield, marketable tubers yield,and water use efficiency in potato. Parameters Treatments Water use Efficiency Kg.m 3 -1 )) Marketable Tubers yield Ton.h -1 )) Total tubers yield Ton.h -1 )) Irrigation Treatments Fertilization Treatments Effects of interaction between fertilization and irrigation treatments 5.397 e 10.832 e 12.036 ef Furrow Irrigation Chemical Fertilization 9.125 c 12.814 d 13.616 dc Bottom of furrow 10.474 b 14.512 c 15.628 c Top of furrow 6.670 d 13.461 d 14.875 cd Furrow Irrigation Organic Fertilization By scattering10.833 b 15.012 c 16.163 bc Bottom of furrow 12.063 a 16.762 b 17.999 ab Top of furrow 5.133 e 10.132 e 11.448 f Furrow Irrigation Organic 10.855 b 14.981 c 16.196 bc Bottom of furrow Fertilization By irrigation 12.841 a 17.842 a 19.159 a Top of furrow Effects of fertilization treatments 8.332 b 12.719 c 13.726 b Chemical Fertilizer Fertilization Treatments9.855 a 15.078 a 16.345 a Organic by Scattering 9.609 a 14.318 b 15.601 a Organic by Irrigation Effects of irrigation treatments 5.733 c 11.475 c 12.753 c Furrow Irrigation Irrigation Treatments10.271 b 14.269 b 15.325 b Bottom of furrow 11.792 a 16.372 a 17.595 a Top of furrow Means followed with the same latter are not significantly different according to Duncan multiple range test at the probability of 0.05 levels. in improving the physical and chemical soil properties and its content of various nutrient elements, as well as organic fertilizer encourages microorganisms and increased microbial activity which increase the activity of microbial enzymes such as Nitrogenase, Urease and Dehydragenase (Fathy et al., 2000). Atti and Al-Sahaf (2007) reported that using organic fertilizer ( poultry fertilizer ) led to increase the percentage of mycorrhiza colonies in potato roots which attributed to the manure containing of unspecified types of mycorrhiza spores, which participate increase in the proportion of roots injury,also organic fertilizer contains some fungi such as Trichoderma spp. that share with mycorrhiza fungi in positive interactions to stimulate growth. Al-Sahaf and Atti, (2007) also reported that the decomposition of organic fertilizers, resulting
  • 8. Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq Kahlel AMS 008 Table 5. Effects of fertilization and irrigation treatments and their interaction in tubers hardness, total soluble solid, and dry matter in tubers of potato. Parameters Treatments Dry Matter In Tubers ( % ) Total Soluble Solids in Tuber ( % ) Tubers Hardness (Kg. cm 2 -1 ) Irrigation Treatments Fertilization Treatments Effects of interaction between fertilization and irrigation treatments 17.24 c 5.50 bc 14.00 b Furrow Irrigation Chemical Fertilization 17.86 bc 6.00 ab 14.00 b Bottom of furrow 18.31 b 5.50 bc 15.00 a Top of furrow 17.57 bc 6.00 ab 11.50 d Furrow Irrigation Organic Fertilization By scatting18.44 b 5.50 bc 15.00 a Bottom of furrow 19.52 a 5.00 c 14.50 ab Top of furrow 18.01 bc 5.50 bc 11.50 d Furrow Irrigation Organic 19.66 a 5.00 c 13.50 c Bottom of furrow Fertilization By irrigation 20.13 a 6.50 a 15.00 a Top of furrow Effects of fertilization treatments 17.80 c 5.66 a 14.33 a Chemical Fertilizer Fertilization Treatments18.51 b 5.50 a 13.66 b Organic by Scatting 19.26 a 5.66 a 13.33 b Organic by Irrigation Effects of irrigation treatments 17.60 c 5.66 a 12.33 c Furrow Irrigation. Irrigation Treatments18.65 b 5.50 a 14.33 b Bottom of furrow 19.32 a 5.66 a 14.83 a Top of furrow Means followed with the same latter are not significantly different according to Duncan multiple range test at the probability of 0.05 levels. in some amino and organic acid production, all these factors play an important role in biological processes in plants and led to an increase in the number of tubers, average tuber weight and plant yield (Table 3), which was reflected on the characteristics of the total tubers yield, marketable tubers yield. These results were in agreement with the findings of (Al- Zahawy, 2007, Abdul- Rasoul et al., 2009, Al-Khafagy,.2009, Mahmoud and Al-Salamany,.2010) whom reported that the use of different organic fertilizer increased total and marketable tubers yield of potato. The significant increase in the yield characters as a result of drip irrigation by putting the pipe at the top of the furrow as compared with the other two treatments are in agreement with the results of (Bao-Zhong et. al., 2006, Neelam and Raiput,2007,Badr et. al, 2012, Al- Janaby, 2012). Perhaps the reason for this is due to the efficiency of this irrigation method in providing adequate amounts of water in the root zone and reduces water loss through evaporation and we
  • 9. Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq Int. J. Horticult. Ornam. Plants 009 have noted that this treatment led to a significant increase in the total water content in the leaves and roots dry weight (Table 2) and water availability in the soil increased the ability of elements for absorption, so all that provided suitable conditions for biological processes in the plant, especially photosynthesis where water is an essential factor for this process as well as the role of nitrogen as one of the essential elements of the plant because it introduces a number of organic compounds, amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids and its important in photosynthesis it participate with magnesium element in the formation of chlorophyll molecule (Mohammed,1985, Abu-Dahy and Al- Younis,1988). In addition to the role of phosphorus element in plant growth which is considered as one of the nucleoprotein components and enters in the composition of phospholipids which is one of the living cell membrane components, as phosphorus associated with the organic compounds within the cell to produced ATP and ADP (Abu- Dahy and Al-Younis,1988). Hence the importance of potassium element to transport photosynthesis products and collected in the reservoir parts (tubers) (Habib et. al., 2011). Table (5) shows the effect of fertilization, irrigation and their interaction on some of qualitative characteristics of the tubers, where it obviously been found that the chemical fertilizer led to significant increase in tubers hardness 14.33 kg. cm2 -1 as compared with the two organic fertilizer treatments, while there is no significant effects has been noticed in total soluble solid in tubers by fertilization treatments, whereas the highest percentage of dry matter in tubers 19.26% resulted from the treatment of organic fertilization by irrigation. The treatment of drip irrigation by putting the pipe at the top of the furrow gave a significant increase in tubers hardness 14.83 kg.cm2 -1 and the percentage of dry matter in tubers 19.32% which surpassed the other two irrigation treatments. Interaction between fertilization and irrigation significantly affected the quality characteristics of the tubers and the highest tubers hardness 15.00 kg.cm2 -1 produced from the three treatments while the highest percentage of total soluble solids 6.5 was obtained from interaction between organic fertilizer by irrigation and drip irrigation at the top of the furrow which is the same treatment that gave the highest percentage of dry matter in the tubers. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded from this research that it could be decreased the irrigation water amount of potato crop by applying drip irrigation system instead of furrow irrigation (which used by Iraqi farmers now), and the irrigation pipes should be putted at the top of the furrow to increased productivity, maintain soil fertility by decreasing nutrient elements leaching resulted from furrows irrigation, and decreased production costs. Also it could be applying organic fertilizer to substituted chemical fertilization partially with maintaining the productivity, improve soil chemical and physical characteristics, and decreased production costs. REFERENCES Abdul-Rasol KJ, Jawad KS, Al-Dolayme HY (2009). Effect of organic and mineral fertilizer in the growth and yield of potatoes and concentration of NPK nutrients in the leaves of the plant in different stages of growth. Iraqi J.of Agric. Sci., 40(1): 56-68 Abu-Dahy YM. Al-Yuonis MA (1988). Plant nutrition. Bagdad University. Iraq. Pp. 122. Al-Kafagy HAF (2009). Effect of organic and phosphate fertilizer on the growth and yield of potato Var. Dezari. Euphrates J. Agric. Sci. 1(2): 50-58. Al-Aubiady, AMS (2005). Physiological Studied to Improve Growth, Yield, Tuber Seed Production and Decrease the Water Stress in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Ph.D Thesis – College of Agric. And Forestry – Mosul Univ. Iraq. Pp 163. Al- Rawy, KM, Kalaf Allah AM ( 2000). 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  • 10. Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq Kahlel AMS 010 Mahmoud JT, Al-Salamany HK (2010). The effect of organic and mineral fertilizer in some characters of potato plant growth. Euphrates J. Agric. Sci. 2 (4): 30-42. Mohammed AK (1985). Plant physiology part 1. Dar Al-Kutub Publishing - University of Mosul. Pp. 216. Neelam P, Raiput TBS (2007). Effect of drip tape placement depth irrigation level on yield of potato. Agricultural Water Management, 881(1-3): 209-223. SAS (1998). Statistical analysis system. Inc. Nc 27511. USA. Shae JB, Steel DD, Groger BL (1999). Irrigation scheduling methods for potatoes in the northern great plant.Transaction of the ASAE. 42(2): 351-360. Wang FX, Kang Y, Liu SP (2006). Effect of drip irrigation frequency on soil wetting pattern and potato growth in North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 79 : 248-264. Westerman DT (2005). Nutritional requirements of potatoes. American. Journal Potato Rescerch.82: 301-307. Accepted 10 March, 2015. Citation: Kahlel AMS (2015). Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iraq. International Journal of Horticulture and Ornamental Plants 1(1): 002-010. Copyright: © 2015. Kahlel AMS. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.