AI notes

1. Artificial Intelligence
M.Sc.-16
Directorate of Distance Education
Maharshi Dayanand University
ROHTAK – 124 001

2. Copyright © 2002, Maharshi Dayanand University, ROHTAK
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system
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Maharshi Dayanand University
ROHTAK – 124 001
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4. Contents
UNIT 1 WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 1
Artificial Intelligence: An Introduction
AI Problems
AI Techniques
Games
Theorem Proving
Natural Language Processing
Vision and Speech Processing
Expert System
Search Knowledge
Abstraction
UNIT 2 PROBLEM, PROBLEM SPACE AND SEARCH 21
Defining Problem as a State Space
Production System
Search Space Control Strategy
Breadth First Search and Depth First Search
Problem Characteristics
Heuristic Search Techniques
Generate and Test
Hill Climbing
Best First Search
Branch and Bound
Problem Reduction
Constraints Satisfaction
Means End Analysis
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5. UNIT 3 KNOWLEGE REPRESENTATION 64
Representation and Mapping
Approaches to Knowledge Representation
The Frame Problem
UNIT 4 REPRESENTING SIMPLE FACTS IN LOGIC 87
Representing Simple Facts in Logic
Representing Instance and is a Relationships
Modus Pones
Resolutions (Skolemizing Queries)
Unification
Dependency Directed Backtracking
UNIT 5 RULE BASED SYSTEMS 125
Procedural Versus Declarative Knowledge
Forward Reasoning
Backward Reasoning
Conflict Resolution
Use of Non Backtrack
UNIT 6 STRUCTURES KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION SEMANTIC NET 139
Semantic Nets
Frames
Slots Exceptions
Handling Uncertainties
Probabilistic Reasoning
Use of Certainty Factors
Fuzzy Logic
UNIT 7 LEARNING 178
Concept of Learning
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6. Learning Automation
Genetic Algorithm
Learning by Induction
Neural Networks
Learning in Neural Networks
Back Propagation Network
UNIT 8 EXPERT SYSTEMS 224
Need and Justification of Expert Systems
Knowledge Acquisition
Case Studies
MYCIN
RI
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7. UNIT 3 KNOWLEGE REPRESENTATION 64
Representation and Mapping
Approaches to Knowledge Representation
The Frame Problem
UNIT 4 REPRESENTING SIMPLE FACTS IN LOGIC 87
Representing Simple Facts in Logic
Representing Instance and is a Relationships
Modus Pones
Resolutions (Skolemizing Queries)
Unification
Dependency Directed Backtracking
UNIT 5 RULE BASED SYSTEMS 125
Procedural Versus Declarative Knowledge
Forward Reasoning
Backward Reasoning
Conflict Resolution
Use of Non Backtrack
UNIT 6 STRUCTURES KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION SEMANTIC NET 139
Semantic Nets
Frames
Slots Exceptions
Handling Uncertainties
Probabilistic Reasoning
Use of Certainty Factors
Fuzzy Logic
UNIT 7 LEARNING 178
Concept of Learning
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