UNIT IIAir pollution –Sources – pollutants –CO, NOx, SOx, Hydrocarbons, Particulates. Effect on ecosystem., Ozone layer –importance, Ozone depletion-Control measures- Acid rain-control of acid rain- Green house effect-global warming,-photochemical smog- effect pollution on plants and human beings. Control of air pollution .Noise Pollution – physiological response to noise,Noise categories- effect of noise – biological effects.

1. Namshad.KP
Asst. Professor
NAM College Kallikkandy

2. UNIT II
Air pollution –Sources – pollutants –CO, NOx, SOx, Hydrocarbons,
Particulates. Effect on ecosystem., Ozone layer –importance, Ozone depletion-
Control measures- Acid rain-control of acid rain- Green house effect-global
warming,-photochemical smog- effect pollution on plants and human beings.
Control of air pollution .
Noise Pollution – physiological response to noise,
Noise categories- effect of noise – biological effects.

3. Environmental pollutant
Any substance that adversely
affects the human health,
quality of the life and natural
functioning of the ecosystem.
Cause of Environmental
Pollution
Rapid growth in Population
Urbanization
Industrialization
Transportation

4. Air Pollution Types of Sources
• There are four main types of air
pollution sources:
• mobile sources – such as cars,
buses, planes, trucks, and trains
• stationary sources – such as
power plants, oil refineries,
industrial facilities, and factories
• area sources – such as
agricultural areas, cities, and
wood burning fireplaces
• natural sources – such as wind-
blown dust, wildfires, and
volcanoes
Air pollution refers to
the release of
pollutants into the air
that are detrimental to
human health and the
planet as a whole.
Air pollution is known
to cause irritation in
the eyes, lungs, nose,
and throat. It creates
respiratory problems.

6. Carbon Monoxide Harmful effect of CO
• Breathing CO can cause headache,
dizziness, vomiting, and nausea.
• If CO levels are high enough, you
may become unconscious or die.
• Exposure to moderate and high
levels of CO over long periods of
time has also been linked with
increased risk of heart disease.
• Carbon monoxide combines with
haemoglobin, produces
carboxyhaemoglobin.
It is produced due to
incomplete combustion,
metallurgical operations and
naturally by plants as well as
animals.

7. Sulphur dioxide Harmful effect of SO2
• Sulfur dioxide affects the
respiratory system,
• can irritate the eyes.
• It causes coughing
• it can cause acid rain.
• Sulfur dioxide inhibits
photosynthesis by
disrupting the
photosynthetic mechanism.
Combustion of
sulphur bearing
fuels such as coal
and oil, Volcanic
eruptions.

8. Nitrogen oxide Harmful effect.
• It can cause damage to the
human respiratory tract.
• It can form smog and acid
rain.
• It reduces plant growth.
• High levels can have a
negative effect
on vegetation, including
leaf damage and reduced
growth.
It is emitted from
vehicle exhaust, and
the burning of coal,
oil, diesel fuel, and
natural gas, especially
from electric power
plants.

9. Hydrocarbon Harmful effect
• It is a major contributor to eye
and respiratory irritation caused
by photochemical smog.
• It also reduce the
photosynthetic ability of plants,
• It increase cancer rates in
humans and animals,
• It increase the risk of
respiratory illness
Combustion
of fuel in
automobiles,
refineries,
natural gas.

10. Particulate Matter • These particles include
dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and
liquid droplets. Some
particulate matter is large
enough to see, but other
particulate matter can be
seen only with a
microscope.
Particulate matter is
the term for tiny
particles found in the
air.
It is formed in the
atmosphere because of
chemical reactions
between pollutants.

11. Particulate matter Harmful effect of Particulate
matter
• Irregular heartbeat
• Aggravated asthma
• Decreased lung function
• Increased respiratory
symptoms, such as irritation of
the airways, coughing, or
difficulty breathing
Particulate matter is in
the air pollution
emitted from vehicles,
factories, construction
sites, smoking
cigarettes tilled fields,
unpaved roads, and
burning of fossil fuels.

12. Effect on Ecosystem
1) Acid rain
 Acid rain is one of the effect of air
pollution.
 Acid Rain as the name suggests can
be said to be the precipitation of
acid in the form of rain in the
simplest manner.
 When air pollutants like oxides of
nitrogen and sulphur react with
rainwater and come down with the
rain, then this results in Acid Rain .
 pH of rain water drops below 5.6
making it acidic, thereby,
causing acid rain.

13. Control of acid rain
• The only precaution that we can
take against acid rain is having a
check at the emission of oxides
of nitrogen and sulphur.
• We have so far seen the details of
acid rain and its harmful effect
on animals, plants and the
monuments.
• Being responsible citizens, one
should be aware of the harmful
effects they cause and of the
industries which give out
nitrogen and sulphur compound
wastes unethically.
• A great way to reduce acid
rain is to produce energy
without using fossil fuels.
• Use cleaner fuel.
Effect of acid Rain
• It increases the acidity of soil
which damage trees,plants.
• It causes respiratory ailments
in human beings and animals.
• It increases the acidity of lake
and river which is harmful for
fishes.
• It corrodes water pipes
resulting in the leaching of
metals such as Fe, Pb and Cu
into the drinking water.
• Damages buildings and other
structures made of stone or
metal.

14. Ozone Layer
• Ozone layer of shield is
present in the stratosphere
• Exist approximately between
15 to 40 km from the earth.
• Itisjustabovethe troposphere.
Function
Filter the harmful radiation of
sunlight like UV.
Effect
Health problem
Damage eyes.
Decrease the elasticity of lung
tissues.
Cause skin cancer
Effect on Ecosystem

15. What is Ozone Layer Depletion?
• Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of the
ozone layer present in the atmosphere.
• This happens when the chlorine and bromine
atoms in the atmosphere come in contact with
ozone and destroy the ozone molecules.
• One chlorine can destroy 100,000 molecules
of ozone.
• It is destroyed more quickly than it is created.

16. Ozone Layer Depletion

17. Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS).
Chlorofluorocarbons
nitrogen oxides
sulphur dioxide
carbon tetrachloride
methyl chloroform.

18. Control Measures
• AvoidUsingPesticides
• MinimizetheUseofVehicles
• UseEco-friendlyCleaningProducts
• The Use of Nitrous Oxide should be
Prohibited

19. Green house effect • Ozone, methane, carbon dioxide, water
vapor and chlorofluorocarbons are
called greenhouse gases.
• It form a thick cover around the earth.
• greenhouse gases act like a blanket,
absorbing IR radiation and preventing it
from escaping into outer space. The
net effect is the gradual heating of
Earth's atmosphere and surface, a
process known as global warming.

20. Global Warming • Due to excess use of fossil
fuel, the level of CO2
increasing.
• The increased amount of
CO2 in the atmosphere
increases the green house
effect.
• The excess increase in
green house effect increases
the temperature of the
atmosphere which results in
global warming.

22. Adverse effects of global
warming and green house effect
• Due to global warming, the
average global temperature will
increase.
• This will lead to the melting of
polar ice caps and flooding of
low lying areas all over theearth.
• Increase in the global
temperature results in the
infectious diseases like dengue,
malaria, yellow fever, sleeping
sickness etc
Global warming can be reduced by
the following methods:
• Reduce the burning of fossil
fuels by minimizing the use
of automobiles.
• Plant trees and encourage
afforestation.
• Avoid burning of dry leaves,
wood etc.

23. Photochemical Smog
• Photochemical smog is a type of smog produced when
ultraviolet light from the sun reacts with nitrogen oxides
in the atmosphere.
• It is visible as a brown haze, and is most prominent during
the morning and afternoon, especially in densely
populated, warm cities.

24. Effects of photochemical smog Control measures of
photochemical smog
• Use catalytic converters in
automobiles (prevent the
release of NO and HC).
• Plantation of plants like
Pinus, Juniparus, Quercus,
Pyrus and Vitis which
metabolise NO.
• O3 and PAN cause eye
irritation.
• O3 and NO irritate the
respiratory system.
• Leads to cracking of rubber
and extensive damage to
plant life.
• It causes corrosion of
metals, building materials
etc.

25. EFFECT ON PLANTS
Sulphur dioxide
• Leaves exposed to these
chemicals begin to loose
their colour, and white
spots are formed.
• Some leaves develop red,
brown or black spots.
• *It also reduces the rate of
photosynthesis and protein
synthesis.
Nitrogen dioxide
• Nitrogen dioxide affects
leaves and seedlings.
• Chlorosis and tip burn are
also very common
symptoms in case of
angiosperms and in conifer
needles respectively

26. • Plants exposed to higher
concentration of ozone show
different colour of spots on their
leaves
• Common symptoms of plants
exposed to ozone are yellowing,
stippling (small darkly
pigmented areas) flecking (tiny
light-tanirregularspotslessthan
1mm diameter), blotching in
leaves, premature senescence
andearlymaturity.
• Ozone also inhibits
male reproductive
features such as pollen
formation, pollination,
pollen germination and
pollen tube growth
EFFECT ON PLANTS

27. • People with lung diseases, such
as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and
emphysema will generally have
more serious health effects at
higher SO2 levels.
• Children are at higher risk from
SO2 exposure because their lungs
are still developing. They are also
more likely to have asthma, which
can get worse with SO2 exposure.
• Older adults may be more
affected by SO2 exposure,
possibly because they are more
likely to have pre-existing lung or
cardiovascular disease.
• Active people of all ages who
exercise or work outdoors have
higher exposure to sulfur dioxide
than people who are less active.
• Makeitmoredifficulttobreathedeeply
andvigorously.
• Causeshortnessofbreath,andpainwhen
takingadeepbreath.
• Causecoughingandsoreorscratchy
throat.
• Inflameanddamagetheairways.
• Aggravatelungdiseasessuchasasthma,
emphysema,andchronicbronchitis.
• Increasethefrequencyofasthmaattacks.
• Makethelungsmoresusceptibleto
infection.
• Continuetodamagethelungsevenwhen
thesymptomshavedisappeared.
• Causechronicobstructivepulmonary
disease
EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH

28. ControlofAirPollution
• Conserve energy - at home, at work, everywhere.
• Look for the ENERGY STAR label when buying
home or office equipment.
• Carpool, use public transportation, bike, or walk
whenever possible.
• Follow gasoline refueling instructions for
efficient vapor recovery, being careful not to spill
fuel and always tightening your gas cap securely.
• Consider purchasing portable gasoline containers
labeled “spill-proof,” where available.
• Keep car, boat, and other engines properly tuned.
• Be sure your tires are properly inflated.
• Use environmentally safe paints and cleaning
products whenever possible.
• Mulch or compost leaves and yard waste.
• Consider using gas logs instead of wood.

30. Noise Pollution
• Sound is essential to our
daily lives but noise is not.
• Noise is generally used as
an unwanted sound, or
sound which produces
unpleasant effects and
discomfort on the ears.
Among the most Noise
categories
• electronicnoise,
• Thermalnoise,
• intermodulationnoise,
• cross-talk,
• impulsenoise,
• shotnoise
• transit-timenoise

31. Physiological Response To Noise
What is Physiological noise?
Physiological noise is any
distraction due to
a physiological function that
interferes with communication.
What are adverse effect of noise
pollution?
Unwanted noise can damage
physiological health. Noise pollution is
associated with several health
conditions, including cardiovascular
disorders,hypertension,highstressleve
ls,hearingloss,sleepdisturbances,and
otherharmfulanddisturbingeffects.
How is noise controlled?
Position noise sources further
away from workers

32. What are effect of noisy
environment.
• Exposure to prolonged or
excessive noise has been
shown to cause a range of
health problems ranging
from stress, poor
concentration, productivity
losses in the workplace, and
communication difficulties
and fatigue from lack
of sleep, to more serious
issues such as
cardiovascular disease