2. Content Radioactive wastes classification and management, state of art – UE, Poland, VLLW Landfills – locationpolicy, technology, technicalrequirements, 2
5. VeryLowLevel Waste Has radioactivityclose to naturallyoccuringin environment, Lowradiationtype: beta and gamma, alpha - Lowheatemission, Comesfromdismantling of nuclearfacilities and industrial plants, whichinvolvesinproductioncycleusage of naturallyradioactive materials,(thisdefinitionvariesbetween EU and Poland) Standard solution: on-surfacedisposalwith wastes compaction, 5
6. LowLevel Waste - Long Lived(OPNA) Comesfromdismantling first nuclearplants, instalationgearusingisotops, Long-Lived: (PL) : depends on radioactivitylevel (400kBq/kg) (EU): e.g. firedetectors, lighting conductors, graphite-moderatedgas-cooledreactors (dismantling) Standard solution: variesdepending on country. 6
8. IntermediateLevel Waste (ILW, OPSA): Characterized by medium Beta and Gamma-typeradiation, high Alpha-type, Large waste amountcomefromactive NP., shellsfromrecycledfueltanks, equipment, Disposal: currently under study, e.g. France – surfacereinforcedconcretecells, 8
9. High Level Waste High alpha, beta and gamma-typeradiation, High heatemission, Over 80% of HLW isproduced by Nuclear Energy Industry, Due to veryunstableparameters, vulnerable to environment, most commondisposalis „deeptype” (technology mayvary, depend on ground/rock conditions). 9
13. State of Art: Poland Twonuclearreactors: MARIA and EWA (1st reactor, 1958-1995), locatedin Świerk, One National Radioactive Waste DisposalFacilityin Różan, Disposalismanaged by Zakład Unieszkodliwiania Odpadów Promieniotwórczych 13
14. State of Art: Poland 2 First plansof nuclearpower plant was inventedin 80’s, stoppedin 90’s due to public opinion, finances and SovietUn-Stable Technology (Charnobyl), Location: Żarnowiec Currently, „green light” for nuclear energy isgiven by government, „Energeticpolicy of Poland untill 2030” consist a projection of twonuclearpowerplants, Propablylocation of new: Żarnowiec and Klempicz, Consortium of PGE-EDF Energie de France 14
15. State of Art: Poland 3 In connection to building of Power Plants, theremust be buildnewdisposalfacilities, In late 70’s thefeasibilitystudy on deepdisposal was started, Therewere many conceptions of waste deposition, 15
16.
17. Due to hazard of agressivebehaviour of sweet water, project was abandoned,
21. Waste DisposalFacilitylocation: Cannot be located on terrainendangeredwith: Oftenfloodswithpropability of wavebiggerthan 500 years, Seismicactivity – natural orinduced by men, Rock beddingmovements, Nearbymetropolies, points of cult, Watersafetyzones, Mining areas, Landfills (on surfacedisposals) cannot be build: Under groundwatertable, Close to therivers (belowrivertable), 20
22. Choose of disposalfacilitylocation: Society and economicalconditionswithspecialconcernesabout: Demography, Ownership, Culturalvalues and estetics, „Economical Bill”, „Index of Emotions” Geographicalconditions: Geologicalstructure and itsevolution, Geomorphology, Hydrogeologicalconditions, 21
23. VLLW Landfill Construction 22 Consist of single ormultiplechasis for waste deposition, Isprojected (Fr) for usageabout 50-100 years, Large problem withmineralcapcoversettlements and parameterschangesin time (withchangingwatercontent),
26. Definitions - 1 Isotopes – differenttypes of atoms of the same chemical element, withdifferentnumber of neutrons, but having same atomicnumber 25
27. Definitions - 2 1 Bq – SI derived unit of radioactivity, itisdefined as a activity of a quantity of radioactive waste materialinwhich one nucleusdecays per second, Previouslyusedderived unit: 1Ci (Kiur)=39E9Bq Types of radiation: ALPHA – cannotpenetratethe skin, can be blocked by a sheet of paper, but isdangerousinthelung, BETA – canpenetrateintothe body but can be blocked by a sheet of alluminiumfoil, GAMMA – can go rightthroughthe body, requiresseveral cm of concrete, or ~1m of water, to blockit 26
28. Bibliography: B. Nielubowicz, Odpady Promieniotwórcze – Wstępne badania i analizy wybory lokalizacji składowiska. Instytut Techniki Budowlanej; Instrukcje, Wytyczne, Poradniki – nr 339/2003: Badania gruntów do budowy przesłon izolacyjnych na składowiskach odpadów, Warszawa 2003. Instytut Techniki Budowlanej; Instrukcje, Wytyczne, Poradniki – nr 411/2005: Badania gruntów i kontrola jakości wykonanych z nich przesłon izolacyjnych na składowiskach odpadów, Warszawa 2005. Instytut Techniki Budowlanej; Instrukcje, Wytyczne, Poradniki – nr 444/2009: Zasady budowy składowisk odpadów. ANDRA Activity report: Fosteringdialogue and outreach, Paris 2008. 27
