Chapter11

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mr_rodriguez23Teacher
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Chapter 11,[object Object],Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase,[object Object]
From Kingdom to Republic,[object Object]
The Etruscans and Rome,[object Object],Legend: City’s existence owed to flight of Aeneas,[object Object], Migrated from Troy,[object Object],The Aeneidby Virgil,[object Object],Indo-Europeans arrive 2000 B.C.E. – blend,[object Object],Bronze arrives c. 1800, Iron c. 900,[object Object]
Romulus and Remus,[object Object],Twin descendants of Aeneas,[object Object],Abandoned by evil uncle along Tiber River,[object Object],Nursed by wolf and grow strong,[object Object],753 B.C.E. – Romulus founds Rome – becomes king,[object Object]
The Etruscans,[object Object],from Anatolia,[object Object],Colonized Roman regions ,[object Object],Thriving cities, economic alliances (bronze, iron),[object Object],Society declines late 6thc. BCE,[object Object],Greek maritime attacks,[object Object],Celtic invasions from north (Gaul),[object Object]
The Kingdom of Rome,[object Object],Monarchy through 7th-6thc. BCE,[object Object],Geographic advantage – along Tiber, not on coast,[object Object],Streets, temples, public buildings,[object Object],Major center of trade routes,[object Object],Benefits from decline of Etruscans,[object Object]
The Roman Republic and Its Constitution,[object Object],509 B.C.E. – Romans overthrow last Etruscan king,[object Object],Replaced with Aristocratic republic,[object Object]
Establishment of the Republic,[object Object],Roman Forum,[object Object],Republican constitution,[object Object],Executive: 2 consuls with civil and military powers,[object Object],Consuls elected by assembly of aristocrats (hereditary),[object Object],Senate – advised consuls and ratified decisions,[object Object]
Conflicts Between Patricians and Plebeians,[object Object],Patricians (aristocrats),[object Object],Plebeians (commoners),[object Object],Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation,[object Object],Rights expanded through 3rdc. BCE,[object Object],6-month appointments of dictators in emergencies,[object Object]
Chapter11
Expansion of the Republic,[object Object],Dominated Etruscans,[object Object],Took over iron industry 5th-4thc. BCE,[object Object],Expansion via military threat and incentives,[object Object],Tax exemptions,[object Object],Trade privileges,[object Object],Citizenship,[object Object],Restricted alliances,[object Object],Required military service,[object Object]
Roman Republic 146 B.C.E.,[object Object]
Expansion in the Mediterranean,[object Object],Carthage main competitor,[object Object],Antigonids, Ptolemies, Seleucids,[object Object],Hellenistic prosperity supported growing trade network ,[object Object]
The Punic Wars,[object Object],Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE,[object Object],3 wars over Sicilian grain supply,[object Object],Rome gains control of Carthaginian lands,[object Object],Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2nd C. BCE,[object Object]
From Republic to Empire,[object Object]
Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems,[object Object],Land distribution,[object Object],Perennial problem,[object Object],Development of large latifundia,[object Object],Unfair competition for smaller landholders,[object Object]
The Gracchi Brothers,[object Object],Tiberius and Gaius,[object Object],Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats,[object Object],Assassinated,[object Object],Development of private armies made up of landless peasants,[object Object],Gaius Marius (with reformers),[object Object],Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats),[object Object]
Civil War,[object Object],87 BCE Gaius Marius takes Rome,[object Object],Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out 83 BCE,[object Object],Reign of terror follows – encourages Romans to kill “enemies” of the state,[object Object],Sulla imposed conservative programs – weakened influence of lower classes,[object Object]
The Foundation of Empire,[object Object],Rome still plagued with class conflict,[object Object],Poor flooded cities, joined private militaries,[object Object],Julius Caesar become a popular leader in favor of social reform,[object Object],Led the process from republic to imperial rule,[object Object]
Julius Caesar,[object Object],Nephew of Marius,[object Object],Escapes Sulla’s terror,[object Object],Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad,[object Object],Attacks Rome 49 BCE,[object Object],Names self Dictator for life in 46 BCE,[object Object],Centralized rule, confiscated land from conservatives,[object Object],Assassinated in 44 B.C.E.,[object Object]
Augustus,[object Object],Civil conflict follows death of Caesar,[object Object],Nephew Octavian fights Mark Antony & Cleopatra,[object Object],Takes title Augustus 27 BCE,[object Object],Ruled for 45 years,[object Object]
Augustus’s Administration,[object Object],Monarchy disguised as a republic,[object Object],Kept republican form of government,[object Object],Increasing centralization of political, military power,[object Object],Stablilized empire,[object Object],Death in 14 CE,[object Object]
Continuing Expansion and Integration of the Empire,[object Object],Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas,[object Object],Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain,[object Object],Integrate into economy and society,[object Object],Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources,[object Object],Allied with local rulers,[object Object],Developed infrastructure, cities emerge (Paris, Lyons, London, Cologne, Segovia),[object Object]
Chapter11
Roman Empire - 117 C.E.,[object Object]
The PaxRomana,[object Object],Roman Peace,[object Object],27-250 CE,[object Object],Facilitated trade, communication,[object Object]
Roman Roads,[object Object],Roads linked the territories, supported trade and communication,[object Object],Curbs, drainage, milestones,[object Object],Postal service,[object Object]
Chapter11
Roman Law,[object Object],Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE,[object Object],Adapted to diverse populations under Roman Rule,[object Object],Laws integrated larger society,[object Object],Innocent until proven guilty,[object Object],Right to challenge accusers in court,[object Object]
Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean,[object Object]
Trade and Urbanization,[object Object],Focus on Mediterranean,[object Object],Growing economy brings social change,[object Object],State brings more regions into control,[object Object],Agriculture – foundation of economy,[object Object]
Commercial Agriculture,[object Object],Latifundia: production for export,[object Object],Regional specialization increases – better use of land,[object Object],Integration of Empire-wide economy,[object Object],Spain- olive oil, wine, horses, metals,[object Object],Palestine and Syria – fruits, nuts, wool,[object Object],Italy – pottery, glassware, bronze,[object Object],Greece – olives, vines,[object Object],Gaul – grain, copper,[object Object]
Mediterranean Trade,[object Object],Vigorous trade,[object Object],Sea lanes linked ports from Syria and Palestine to Spain and North Africa,[object Object],Roman navy kept sea free of pirates – cargo safer and larger,[object Object],“mare nostrum” – our sea,[object Object]
Chapter11
The City of Rome,[object Object],Cities promoted economic and social change,[object Object],Cash flowed to Rome,[object Object],Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce,[object Object],Massive construction projects,[object Object],Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts,[object Object],Technology: concrete,[object Object]
Chapter11
Chapter11
Roman Cities,[object Object],Cities built at strategic points,[object Object],Imported goods, luxury items,[object Object],Underground sewage,[object Object],Circus Maximus,[object Object],250,000 spectators,[object Object],Colosseum,[object Object],Gladitorial Games,[object Object]
Chapter11
Family and Society,[object Object],Roman family consisted of entire household,[object Object],Slaves,[object Object],Free Servants,[object Object],Close relatives,[object Object]
The Pater Familias,[object Object],Pater Familias: “father of the family”,[object Object],Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery, determine work, punish as see fit,[object Object],Women not allowed to inherit property,[object Object],Rarely enforced,[object Object],Supervised household,[object Object]
Wealth and Social Change,[object Object],Newly rich challenge aristocracy,[object Object],Poor class increased in size,[object Object],Often rioted to improve conditions,[object Object],Distraction: “Bread and Circuses”,[object Object]
Slavery,[object Object],2ndc. CE: estimated at 1/3 of Empire population,[object Object],Customary manumission at age 30,[object Object],Agricultural work, quarries, mines,[object Object],Chain labor,[object Object],Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE – 70,000 slaves ,[object Object],Educated slaves - Epictetus,[object Object]
The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean,[object Object]
Greek Philosophy and Religions of Salvation,[object Object],As people moved throughout the Mediterranean world, they carried their religious beliefs,[object Object],Roads and communications spread popular religions,[object Object]
Roman Deities,[object Object],Polytheistic,[object Object],Major gods – Jupiter, Mars, Ceres (grain),[object Object],Tutelary deities,[object Object],Absorption of gods from other cultures,[object Object]
Greek Influence,[object Object],Influenced Roman philosophy and use of reasonable thought,[object Object],Stoics – sought universal moral standards,[object Object]
Cicero and Stoicism,[object Object],Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE),[object Object],Major orator, writer,[object Object],Influenced by Greek thought,[object Object],Proponent of Stoicism,[object Object],Emphasized duty to live in accordance with nature and reason,[object Object],Pursuit of justice as highest duty,[object Object]
Religions of Salvation,[object Object],Masses found comfort in religions of salvation,[object Object],Provided a sense of purpose,[object Object],Spread during Hellenistic times,[object Object],Brought to Rome by migrants,[object Object],Roads served as highways for religions of salvation,[object Object]
Mithraism,[object Object],From Zoroastrian myth: god of Sun, light,[object Object],Roman version emphasizes strength, courage, discipline,[object Object],Women not admitted into cult,[object Object],Appealed to military,[object Object]
Cult of Isis,[object Object],Open to men and women,[object Object],Most popular religions of salvation before Christianity,[object Object],Used to cope with stresses of cosmopolitan life,[object Object]
Judaism and Early Christianity,[object Object],10th century BCE – Jewish Kingdoms of David and Solomon dissolve,[object Object],Jewish faith maintained by followers under foreign rulers,[object Object],Jews did not want to participate in worshipping of deities,[object Object]
The Jews and the Empire,[object Object],Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures,[object Object],Refusal to recognize state gods,[object Object],Tension grows as Rome expands into Southwest Asia,[object Object],Repeated Jewish rebellions in Palestine,[object Object],Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in Jewish Wars (66-70 CE),[object Object]
The Essenes,[object Object],Messianic Jewish Cult ,[object Object],1st century BCE,[object Object],Strict moral codes,[object Object],Baptism – ritual,[object Object],look for savior to free from Roman rule ,[object Object],Ascetic lifestyle,[object Object],Dead Sea Scrolls,[object Object]
Jesus of Nazareth,[object Object],Jewish teacher,[object Object],Born about 4 BCE,[object Object],Moral code, reputation for miracle-working,[object Object],“kingdom of God is at hand”,[object Object],Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify Jesus in early 30s CE,[object Object],IesusNazarenus Rex Iudaeorum,[object Object]
Jesus’ Early Followers,[object Object],Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature (later),[object Object],Title Christ: “Anointed One”,[object Object],Teachings recorded in New Testament,[object Object],Over time, teach he is son of God,[object Object]
Paul of Tarsus,[object Object],Jewish followers – some want to gain converts,[object Object],Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles,[object Object],Jew from Anatolia,[object Object],Intensive travel, missionary activity,[object Object]
Early Christian Communities,[object Object],Local leaders: Bishops,[object Object],Regional variation in doctrine and ritual,[object Object],Nature of resurrection,[object Object],Role of women,[object Object],Gradual acceptance of core texts,[object Object]
The Growth of Early Christianity,[object Object]
Summary,[object Object],Under Romans, Mediterranean peoples become tightly integrated,[object Object],Roman Empire – Administration over vast lands,[object Object],Specialized agriculture and industrial production,[object Object],Spread of popular religions, Philosophy,[object Object]
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Chapter11

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Notas do Editor

  1. Tribunes held right to vetoPatricians still dominated politicsGained right to elect one of two consuls – like Athens, slowly expand rights
  2. Class conflicts continued
  3. Rome faced challenges from neighboring townsConsolidated power by taking control of ItalyFounded a large regional state (used to be a city state) – established military colonies, friendly policies
  4. Played major role in affairs around MediterraneanConflicts with other Mediterranean powers
  5. Carthage dominant in Northern Africa, except Egypt (originally a Phoenician colony)
  6. Sicily was heart of grain supply in Medit.Romans conquer Carthage and burn most of it to the ground, enslave 50,000 survivorsLater conflict with declining Hellenistic Empires, pirates try to destabilize
  7. Imperial expansion brought wealth problems and benefitsUneven distribution of wealthRepublic slowly dissolves and imperial government instituted
  8. Conquered lands fell into hands of wealthy elitesBenefited from slave labor
  9. Between 2nd and 1st centuriesLike Wang Mang in China- wanted to redistribute landOver limit would lead to land reallocation to small farmersLoyalty to generals due to paycheck
  10. Reign of terror lasts five years10,000 individuals murderedProgram did not succeed in long term
  11. Rises to popularityPublic spectacles, victories in Gaul
  12. Centralizes military Large scale building programsGrants citizenship to ruled territories
  13. Ensuing 2 centuries
  14. Grain from Africa, Egypt and Sicily find way to large cities
  15. 10,000 statues, 700 pools, 500 fountains, 36 marble triumphal arches, temples, bath houses, public buildings, stadiums
  16. Employment of hundreds of thousands, population surged
  17. Even execute them
  18. Define Cosmopolitan – cosmos- world, Polities - citizens