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ATP CYCLE
M.Prasad Naidu
MSc Medical Biochemistry,
Ph.D.Research Scholar
 The term high-E compounds or energy rich
compounds is usually applied to substances
which possess sufficient free E to liberate at
least 7 Cal/mol at pH 7.0
 The compounds which liberate less than 7.0
Cal/mol are referred to as low-E compounds.
 Most of the high E compounds contain PO4
3-
(exception acetyl CoA) hence they are called
high E phosphate compounds.
Compounds ΔG0
(Cal/mol)
Phosphoenol pyruvate -14.8
Carbamoyl phosphate -12.3
Cyclic AMP -12.0
1,3bisphosphoglycerate -11.8
phosphocreatine -10.3
Acetyl phosphate -10.3
SAM -10.0
Pyrophosphate -8.0
Acetyl CoA -7.7
ADP→AMP+Pi -6.6
Glucose-1-
phosphate
-5.0
Fructose-6-
Phosphate
-3.8
Glucose-6-
phosphate
-3.3
Glycerol-3-
phosphate
-2.2
 1. Pyrophosphates e.g. ATP
 2. Acyl phosphates e.g. 1,3-bisphosphogly
 3. Enol phosphates e.g. PEP
 4. Thioesters e.g. acetyl CoA
 5. Phosphagenes e.g. phosphocreatine
 The living objects require a continuous supply of
FE mainly for
 1. to synthesize macromolecules from simpler &
smaller precursors
 2. to transport molecules and ions across
membranes against gradients and
 3. to perform mechanical work, as in the muscle
contraction etc.,
 The FE in these processes is derived from the
environment.
 The phototrophs obtain this E by trapping light E from
the SUN.
 On the other hand, chemotrophs obtain it by the
oxidation of food stuffs.
 This FE is partly transformed into special form b4 it is
used for biosynthesis, tpt, motion and fidelity.
 This special carrier of FE is ATP.
 ATP plays a central role in the transference of FE from
exergonic to the endergonic processes in the cells.
 ATP donates much of its chemical E to energy
requiring processes (biosynthesis, transport) by
undergoing a breakdown to ADP and Pi.
 ATP was discovered in extracts of skeletal
muscles by Karl Lohmann in GE and by
Cyrus Fiske and Y.Subbarow (US)
simultaneously in 1929.
 Later it was found to be present in all types of
cells- animal, plant and microbial.
 Fritz.A.Lipmann a GE born US biochemist
postulated that ATP is the 10
and universal
carrier of chemical E in cells.(Nobel prize)
 He also first proposed the ATP Cycle , and is
popularly known as Father of ATP cycle.
 He introduced squiggle notation to designate E
rich bonds of biomolecules such as ATP and
ADP.
 ATP, ADP & AMP occur not only in cell cytosol
but also in MC and the nucleus.
 ATP serves as the principal immediate donor of
FE in biological systems rather than as a
storage form of E.
 In a typical cell, an ATP molecule is consumed
with in a minute of its formation.
 The turnover of ATP is very high.
 For instance , a resting human consumes about
40kg ATP in a day.
 The endergonic processess such as bio-
synthesis, active tpt etc can occur only if ATP is
continuously regenerated from ATP
 Phototrophs harvest the FE in light to regenerate
ATP where as chemotrophs form ATP by the
oxidation of food stuffs.

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ATP cycle

  • 1. ATP CYCLE M.Prasad Naidu MSc Medical Biochemistry, Ph.D.Research Scholar
  • 2.  The term high-E compounds or energy rich compounds is usually applied to substances which possess sufficient free E to liberate at least 7 Cal/mol at pH 7.0  The compounds which liberate less than 7.0 Cal/mol are referred to as low-E compounds.  Most of the high E compounds contain PO4 3- (exception acetyl CoA) hence they are called high E phosphate compounds.
  • 3. Compounds ΔG0 (Cal/mol) Phosphoenol pyruvate -14.8 Carbamoyl phosphate -12.3 Cyclic AMP -12.0 1,3bisphosphoglycerate -11.8 phosphocreatine -10.3 Acetyl phosphate -10.3 SAM -10.0 Pyrophosphate -8.0 Acetyl CoA -7.7
  • 5.  1. Pyrophosphates e.g. ATP  2. Acyl phosphates e.g. 1,3-bisphosphogly  3. Enol phosphates e.g. PEP  4. Thioesters e.g. acetyl CoA  5. Phosphagenes e.g. phosphocreatine
  • 6.  The living objects require a continuous supply of FE mainly for  1. to synthesize macromolecules from simpler & smaller precursors  2. to transport molecules and ions across membranes against gradients and  3. to perform mechanical work, as in the muscle contraction etc.,
  • 7.  The FE in these processes is derived from the environment.  The phototrophs obtain this E by trapping light E from the SUN.  On the other hand, chemotrophs obtain it by the oxidation of food stuffs.  This FE is partly transformed into special form b4 it is used for biosynthesis, tpt, motion and fidelity.  This special carrier of FE is ATP.  ATP plays a central role in the transference of FE from exergonic to the endergonic processes in the cells.
  • 8.  ATP donates much of its chemical E to energy requiring processes (biosynthesis, transport) by undergoing a breakdown to ADP and Pi.  ATP was discovered in extracts of skeletal muscles by Karl Lohmann in GE and by Cyrus Fiske and Y.Subbarow (US) simultaneously in 1929.  Later it was found to be present in all types of cells- animal, plant and microbial.
  • 9.  Fritz.A.Lipmann a GE born US biochemist postulated that ATP is the 10 and universal carrier of chemical E in cells.(Nobel prize)  He also first proposed the ATP Cycle , and is popularly known as Father of ATP cycle.  He introduced squiggle notation to designate E rich bonds of biomolecules such as ATP and ADP.
  • 10.  ATP, ADP & AMP occur not only in cell cytosol but also in MC and the nucleus.  ATP serves as the principal immediate donor of FE in biological systems rather than as a storage form of E.  In a typical cell, an ATP molecule is consumed with in a minute of its formation.  The turnover of ATP is very high.  For instance , a resting human consumes about 40kg ATP in a day.
  • 11.  The endergonic processess such as bio- synthesis, active tpt etc can occur only if ATP is continuously regenerated from ATP  Phototrophs harvest the FE in light to regenerate ATP where as chemotrophs form ATP by the oxidation of food stuffs.