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First Amendment,[object Object],COMM 502, Jan. 26 - 31, 2011,[object Object]
1791,[object Object],Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.,[object Object]
First amendment,[object Object],[object Object]
Rights: limits on governmental action,[object Object]
 (1) Original intentThe meaning intended by the framers,[object Object]
(2) “The First Amendment means today what the Supreme Court says it means.”,[object Object]
3 main approaches to first amendment,[object Object],ABSOLUTIST APPROACH,[object Object],Absolutist theory,[object Object],2. BALANCING APPROACH,[object Object],Ad hoc balancing theory,[object Object],Preferred position balancing theory,[object Object]
3 main approaches to first amendment (CONT),[object Object],3. VALUE-BASED APPROACH,[object Object],Meiklejohnian theory,[object Object],Marketplace of ideas theory,[object Object],Access theory,[object Object],Self-realization theory,[object Object]
(1)ABSOLUTIST APPROACH,[object Object]
Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ...”,[object Object]
ABSOLUTIST THEORY,[object Object],The dispositive question is whether the action prohibited is a form of “speech”,[object Object],Justice Hugo L. Black,[object Object]
What is speech?,[object Object],[object Object]
Expressive conduct
the person engaging in conduct intends to convey a message
The audience is likely to understand the message,[object Object]
(2)BALANCING APPROACH,[object Object]
Competing interestsIndividuals: free speechGovernment: restrictions,[object Object]
Balancing approach,[object Object],Courts should weigh the individual’s interest in free speech against the government’s interest in restricting speech ,[object Object]
Ad hoc balancing,[object Object],On a case-by-case basis, the courts should identify whose interest prevails ,[object Object]
Preferred position balancing,[object Object],Free speech wins unless the government shows a strong legitimate interest in restricting speech,[object Object]
Preferred position balancing,[object Object],The government bears the burden of making the case for censorship,[object Object]
(3) VALUE-BASED APPROACH,[object Object]
Value-based approach,[object Object],Identify the values served by the First Amendment and rule so that to advance those values,[object Object]
What values does the First Amendment serve?,[object Object]
Values served by protecting free speech,[object Object],[object Object]
Discovery of truth: When truth and falsehood are allowed to compete, truth wins out
Self-fulfillment: Free speech allows individuals to express themselves/identity,[object Object]
Some categories of speech more valuable than othersAlexander Meiklejohn,[object Object]
Marketplace of ideas THEORY,[object Object],[object Object],John Stuart Mill,[object Object]
Marketplace of ideas THEORY,[object Object],[object Object],Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes,[object Object]
Marketplace of ideas,[object Object],Rationale for invalidating overbroad laws,[object Object]
Access THEORY,[object Object],[object Object]
Government has an obligation to force access
Unequal access to the marketplace of ideas
Media do not allow access voluntary,[object Object]
Self-fulfillment theory,[object Object],[object Object],Professor C. Edwin Baker,[object Object]
Does the First Amendment apply only to the federal government?,[object Object],When is it constitutional for the government to censor speech?,[object Object]
(1)Does the First Amendment apply only to the federal government?,[object Object]
Gitlow v. New York (1925),[object Object],[object Object]
Conviction upheld
Court: states need to comply with First Amendment33,[object Object],Benjamin Gitlow,[object Object]
The Incorporation Doctrine: The Bill of Rights placed limitations on the actions of states and governments via the 14th Amendment (Due Process),[object Object]
(2)LIMITATIONS ON THE FIRST AMENDMENT,[object Object]
Two types of limitations,[object Object],Censorship,[object Object],[object Object]
Time, place & manner – content is not censored, only the manner of delivery,[object Object]
TYPES OF PRIOR RESTRAINT,[object Object],[object Object]
Government bans particular types of content (e.g., sedition)
Individuals need permission from local authorities before assembly

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