Basic Principles of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics

1. The Principles of Pharmacology
and Pharmacotherapeutics
Code PH: 1.1
Dr Monica Jain,
Senior Professor,
Department of Pharmacology,
SMS Medical College , Jaipur.

2. Learning objectives
• At the end of the session the student would
be able
• Define Pharmacology and describe its basics
principles
• Enumerate and differentiate branches of
Pharmacology
• List and discuss sources of drug information
• Describe the nomenclature of drug

3. Pharmacology
• Definition-is the science of drugs (greek
pharmakon –drug ;logos- science)
• A branch of science which deals with
mechanism of action,therapeutic uses
,adverse effect and fate of drugs in human
beings
• All aspects of knowledge about drugs specially
relevant effective and safe use of drugs

4. Definition of drug
• Drug –french: drogue – a dry herb
It is the single active chemical entity present in
medicine that is used for
diagnosis,prevention,treatment/cure of
disease
In 1966 WHO is any substance or product that is
used or intended to be used to modify or
explore physiological systems or pathological
states for benefit of recipient

5. Two main division
• Pharmacodynamics – dynamis power
• What drug does to body – means physiological
and biochemical effect of drugs and their
mechanism of action at organ/subcellular
/macromolecular levels
• relation between the drug concentration and
its effect.

7. 2 .Division – Pharmacokinetics
• What the body does to the drug also called as
ADME studies
• relationship with the onset, duration and
intensity of the drug effect
• Pharmacokinetics is currently defined as the
study of the time course of drug absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Clinical pharmacokinetics is the application
of pharmacokinetic principles to the safe and
effective therapeutic management of drugs in an
individual patient.

9. Branches of pharmacology
1. Pharmacokinetics
2. Pharmacodynamics
3. Therapeutics
4. Chemotherapy
5. Toxicology
6. Clinical Pharmacology
7. Pharmacy
8. Pharmacognosy
9. Pharmacogenetics
10. Pharmacoeconomics
11. Pharmacoepidemiology
12. Comparative Pharmacology
13. Pharmacoeconomics
15. Posology

10. Pharmacotherapeutics
• The branch of pharmacology that deals with
the art and science of treatment of disease. It
is the application of pharmacological
information together with the knowledge of
disease, for the prevention and cure of the
disease.

11. Chemotherapy:
• Chemotherapy refers to the treatment of
diseases by chemicals that kill the cells,
specially those of microorganisms and
neoplastic cells.

12. Toxicology:
• Toxicology is the branch of pharmacology which
includes the study of adverse effects of drugs on
the body. It deals with the symptoms,
mechanisms, treatment and detection of
poisoning caused by different chemical
substances.
The main criterion is the dose. Essential
medicines are poisons in high doses and some
poisons are essential medicines in low doses.

13. Clinical Pharmacology
• Clinical pharmacology is the scientific study of drugs in
man. It includes pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
investigations in healthy or diseased individuals. It also
includes the comparison with placebos, drugs in the market
and surveillance programmes.
The main objectives are:
1. Maximize the effect of drug
2. Minimize the adverse effects
3. Promote safety of prescription
• Aims include:
1. Generate optimum data for use of drug.
2. Promote usage of evidence based medicine.

14. Pharmacy:
• Pharmacy is the branch of Pharmacology and
is the art and science of compounding by
dispensing drugs preparing suitable dosage
form for administration to man and animals.
The health profession blends health science
with chemical science and effective use
of drugs

15. Pharmacognosy:
• Pharmacognosy is the identification
of drugs by just seeing or smelling them. It is a
crude method no longer used. Basically it
deals with the drugs in crude or unprepared
form and study of properties of drugs form
natural sources or identification of
new drugs obtained from natural sources.

16. Pharmacoeconomics:
• Pharmacoeconomics deals with the cost
of drugs In this discipline the cost of
one drug is compared with another for same
use. The cheap drugs are preferred.

17. Pharmacogenetics:
deals with the genetic variations that cause difference
in drug response among individuals or population.
Single gene mediated differences or drug response
Example includes succinyl choline which is a skeletal
muscle relaxant used in general anesthesia. It is
metabolized by pseudocholine esterase and has short
duration of action. The presence of enzyme is
determined by the gene and lack of this is recessively
inherited. This may lead to respiratory paralysis, apnea
and death.

18. Pharmacogenomics
• Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes
affect a person's response to drugs. This relatively
new field combines pharmacology (the science of
drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and
their functions) to develop effective, safe
medications and doses that will be tailored to a
person's genetic makeup.
• Pharmacogenomics is a broader term, which
studies how all of the genes (the genome) can
influence responses to drugs..

19. Pharmacoepidemiology:
• Pharmacoepidemiology deals with the effects
of drugs on a large population after its
approval for clinical use

20. Pharmacovigilance
• Science related to
detection,assessment,understanding and
prevention of adverse effect or other drug
related problem(DAUP)

21. Posology:
• Posology deals with the dosage of drugs
Example includes paracetamol given as one
tablet of 500mg thrice a day.

22. Sources of drug information
• Primary sources of drug information include
unpublished studies and original articles
published in reputed peer-reviewed journals
reporting original research, ideas or opinions.
They provide the most up-to-
date information on that particular topic.

23. Secondary source
Secondary literature refers to
references that either index or
abstract the primary literature, with
the goal of directing the user to
relevant primary literature

24. Tertiary source
• Tertiary sources provide information that has
been summarized and distilled by the author
or editor to provide a quick easy summary of a
topic.
• Some examples of tertiary resources include
textbooks, compendia, review articles in
journals, and other general information, such
as may be found on the Internet.

25. Difference
Pharmacopoeias
• Limit drug information up to
drug substances and dosage
forms
• Committee have more of
physcians
• BP
• US
• IP
Formulary
• Deals with pharmaceutical
ingredients and committee
consist of pharmacists
• Pharmaceutical codex
• National formulary by
American association
• National formulary of India

28. Nomenclature of drug
• A marketed drug has three names:
• a chemical name-scientific name based on
the compound's chemical structure It is not
used to identify the drug in a clinical or
marketing situation.
• 2. Non Proprietary name
• 3. Proprietary name.

29. Non Proprietary name
• It is also the name that is authoritatively accepted by a
scientific body.
• The scientific body may be country-specific, and hence,
different countries might end up having different
names for the same drug.
• There are two classes of non proprietary names; 1.
Approved Name 2. Official Names
• APPROVED NAME: This name is given to drug by bodies
like United Stats Adopted Name Council (USAN) and
British Approved Name (BAN) soon after its
introduction

30. United States United Kingdom
Acetaminophen Paracetamol
Albuterol Salbutamol
Epinephrine Adrenaline
Ergonovine Ergometrine
Isoproterenol Isoprenaline
Meperidine Pethidine
Norepinephrine Noradrenaline
Lignocaine Lidocaine
The generic name is easier to remember
Examples of drugs with more than one
generic name

31. Official name
• OFFICIAL NAMES: It is the name approved by
the National Pharmacopeia Commission and
included in the official book i.e.
Pharmacopeia. The official name must be
identical with approved name

32. PROPRIETARY NAME
• It is the name given to a drug by the
pharmaceutical firm which sell the drug.
• A single drug is sold under many proprietary names
by different firms. They are written with capital
initial letter
Clinicians usually described drug by their
proprietary names.
For example, diclofenac sodium is marketed under
various brand names like Voltaren SR®, Dicloran®,
Diclocare®, Cofenac®, etc.

33. EXAMPLE
• CHEMICALNAME:
N(4hydroxyphenyl)acetamide.
• NON-PROPRIETARY NAME: Approved Name:
British Approved Name (BAN): paracetamol
United States Adopted Name (USAN):
acetaminophen
• Official Name: Acetaminophen
• PROPRIETARY NAME: Panadol, Calpol, Adol