Tank design consideration to achieve safety;reduce risk of unplanned maintenance;ensuring working capacity and maintenance. benefits of a fixed roof over your floating roof. Common questions about full-contact roofs. illustration of tank components. tight-fitting seals

1. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
www.hmttank.com
A Comprehensive Approach
to Tank Design and Tank
Equipment Selection
Andrew A East
Director
HMT International Business Development Group

2. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
www.hmttank.com
Core objectives of a
comprehensive approach
• Through proper tank design and consideration
of all key factors, we believe we can achieve:
– Greater than 80% reduction in emissions
– Nearly 10% increase in working capacity
– Upwards of 70% reduction in unusable inventory
(adding back more than € 300k to working capital)
– Between € 250K and € 400k per tank in reduced
maintenance costs every 30 years
– Improved tank safety
– Reduced risk of unplanned maintenance
– No increase in up-front capital cost

3. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Core design considerations
• In order to design the ideal tank, key performance
factors need to be considered:
– Emissions and product loss reduction (impacts on financial and regulations)
– Safety of the tank and its appurtenances
– Working capacity of the tank
– Inventory utilization in the tank (usability of your working capital)
– Maintenance considerations (to minimize both planned and unplanned)
– Up-front capital cost of the tank and tank products

4. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Emissions Factors

5. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Background information:
Tools available to estimate emissions
• Modelling programs
– Provide the capability to build virtual tanks to estimate emissions based on
AP-42 equations and loss factors
– Helpful for calculating emissions of future assets for permit application
– Helpful for evaluating different tank equipment options
– May also be used by regulators for compliance audits
– Tanks 4.0.9d
• The latest version of the EPA’s tank emissions estimation software – widely used in U.S.
– TankESP
• Additional functionality over Tanks 4.0.9d, and more up-to-date with AP-42
• Physical observation and accurate surveys/measurement
– Good for finding leaks; not good for annual-average extrapolation
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

6. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
Factors that influence tank emissions:
• Wind
– Average wind speed and whether the tank is covered with a fixed roof or dome
• Floating roof penetrations and seams
– Type, quantity, size and method of sealing
• Floating roof seals
– Type and quality
• Temperature factors
– Average temperatures on site, as well as tank color (effect of solar gain)
• Tank diameter / height
• Operational factors
– Product stored, cycles per month, etc.

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EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
Capture the benefits of a fixed
roof over your floating roof
• A fixed roof over your floating roof eliminates the
evaporative effect of the wind, greatly reducing
emissions from seals and all roof penetrations
Example of the
Benefits
For a 36.6m (120’) diameter
tank, storing gasoline RVP 10
in Houston, the difference
between a covered and an
uncovered tank is nearly 6
metric tons per year.

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EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
Self-supporting roofs yield more
benefits, by eliminating column
penetrations in the floating roof
• No columns means elimination of the principle
floating roof emission source
• More significant impact on larger diameter tanks
(due to the elimination of more columns)
Example of the
Benefits
For a typical 36.6m (120’)
diameter IFRT with 7
columns, storing gasoline
RVP 10, column well
emissions account for
approximately 1.4 metric
tons per year (approx. 193
kg) per column)

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EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
Further reduce your emissions
by eliminating leg penetrations
• No leg penetrations means no leg emissions
• Fixed legs (not adjustable) can achieve this
because they do not penetrate the roof.
• A suspended roof can also achieve this while
still reducing inventory (heel)
Example of the
Benefits
For a typical 36.6m (120’)
diameter tank, storing
gasoline RVP 10, the
difference between a leg-
supported steel IFR and a
cable-suspended welded
aluminum IFR or one piece
roof is another 1.4 metric
tons per year (approx. 32
kg per leg).

10. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
Further reduce your emissions
by eliminating leg penetrations
• No leg penetrations means no leg emissions
• Fixed legs (not adjustable) can achieve this
because they do not penetrate the roof.
• A suspended roof can also achieve this while
still reducing inventory (heel)
Example of the
Benefits
For a typical 36.6m (120’)
diameter tank, storing
gasoline RVP 10, the
difference between a leg-
supported steel IFR and a
Deckmaster GRE one piece
roof is another 1.4 metric
tons per year (approx. 32
kg per leg).

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EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
Common questions about full-contact roofs
Question 1: By eliminating the vapor space, are deck seam
emissions eliminated?
– No. Only through completely eliminating seams through seal-welding or one-piece
construction are deck seam emissions eliminated. FC roofs which use bolts, fasteners
or adhesives to join components still have deck seam emissions according to AP-42
and all industry-accepted modeling programs
Question 2: If the roof panels are factory welded, does this mean I
can use the welded construction loss factor
– Only through completely field-welding all seams between the panels (resulting in a
single contiguous roof) does an IFR qualify as welded construction per AP-42
Question 3: Why is there a different model in TANKS 4.0.9d for
IFRT and DEFRT?
– Due to the way EFR penetrations are constructed, a covered external floating roof
emits less than typical steel IFR construction. For example, longer leg sleeves on a
typical EFR result in lower emissions. Be sure to choose the right tank type to model.

12. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
Utilize a welded-seam or one-piece IFR
to eliminate all deck seam emissions
• Deck seam emissions refer to the product that escapes at the seams in
skin-and-pontoon roofs or the seams in bolted panel roofs
• Seal-welded joints between panels completely eliminate this source
• One-piece construction completely eliminates this source as well
Bolted construction
Emissions from seams between sheets
on either a pontoon roof(shown above)
or bolted panel type Full contact roof
Welded construction
No seams, no seam emissions
(Full contact welded aluminium roof
shown above)
One-piece construction
No seams, no seam emissions
(One Piece GRE roof shown above)

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EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
The impact of eliminating deck seams
Skin & Pontoon
Sheet-construction
(Bolted)
Zero
Deck Seam
Emissions
Full Contact
Panel-construction
(Bolted)
Any Welded or
One-piece IFR
Emissions
along each
deck seam
2,334 kg/yr* 3,852 kg/yr* 0 Kg/yr
Assumptions: 36.6m x 14.6m tank, 600mm freeboard, Gasoline RVP 13, Houston, 24 turnovers/year
* Deck seam emissions only; these figures do not include emissions for seals or other appurtenances

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EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
Emissions Comparison (kg/year)
for Various Tank Configurations and Various Major Markets
Assumptions • All tanks are 36.6m diameter x 14.6m high with 13.4m of working capacity (3,722,518 gal)
• Stored product is gasoline, RVP 10
• Each IFR equipped with primary mechanical shoe seal and rim-mounted secondary seal
• Each IFR with the exception of the welded IFR is equipped with adjustable deck legs
• Emissions based on 24 tank turnovers per year
• Bolted panel based on a 5’ (1.5m) x 12’ (3.66m) panel; bolted sheet is 5’ (1.5m) wide
• All deck fittings “Typical” except the suspended IFR, which has no leg penetrations
• Cone roofs have 7 columns
Location EFRT
Domed
EFRT
Cone Roof,
Steel IFR,
Adj Legs
Cone Roof,
Aluminum
Bolted
Panel IFR,
Adj Legs
Cone Roof,
Aluminum
Skin &
Pontoon IFR,
Adj Legs
Dome,
Welded or
One-piece IFR,
Suspended
(no legs)
Houston 9,478 820 3,646 6,542 5,879 664
Los Angeles 8,029 739 3,264 5,852 5,259 602
Chicago 8,607 552 2,379 4,251 3,822 450
Rotterdam 15,179 573 2,478 4,430 3,983 464
Moscow 5,305 447 1,882 3,351 3,014 365
Lagos, Nigeria 14,028 1,163 5,268 9,480 8,514 941
Singapore 8,544 1,061 4,787 8,608 7,732 858
Saudi Arabia 18,679 1,146 5,191 9,340 8,389 933

15. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Utilize tight-fitting seals
(that remain tight throughout the service life of the tank!)
• As defined in:
– API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (1997)
– Chapter 19, Section 2 (Evaporative Loss Measurement)
– 5.2.1 – Rim-seal Loss Factor
• Defined as:
“The loss factors for average-fitting seals are applicable for
typical rim-seal conditions and should be used except when a
rim-seal is known to be consistently tight-fitting (that is,
when there are no gaps more then 1/8 in. (3mm) wide
between the rim seal and the tank shell), in which case
the loss factors for tight-fitting seals are applicable”
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

16. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Utilize tight-fitting seals
(that remain tight throughout the service life of the tank!)
• Poorly performing
seals can be a
major source of
emissions as well
as a safety risk
Example of the Benefits
For a typical 36.6m (120’)
diameter tank with a primary shoe
seal, storing Gasoline RVP 10, the
difference between tight fitting
and average fitting seals can be a
33% reduction in rim seal
emissions.
Rim Seal Factors as per API Chapter 19.2 (1997)
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

17. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Impact of Emissions Savings
Single-tank Comparison
Traditional Tank
– 36.6m(120’) x 14.63m(48’)
with Cone Roof
– Leg-supported steel IFR
– Gasoline RVP 10, Houston
• Emissions per tank:
3,646 kg/yr
Reduced Emission Tank
– 36.6m(120’) x 14.63m (48’) with Dome
Roof
– Chain-suspended, welded or one-piece IFR
– Gasoline RVP 10, Houston
• Emissions per tank:
664 kg/yr
82% lower emissions per tank
through proactive design
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

18. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Emissions Comparison
EFRT vs Dome + Aluminator FC system
75% Reduction in Emissions
This example is based on a 135’ Crude Tank in Salt Lake City, Utah. EFRT has standard deck fittings
and adjustable legs. Suspended Aluminator FC has standard deck fittings. 24 turnovers per year.

19. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Impact of Emissions Savings
Total Tank Farm Expansion
9 Traditional Tanks
Total Tank Farm
Emissions:
32,814 kg/yr
49 Reduced Emission Tanks
Total Tank Farm
Emissions:
32,536 kg/yr
444% more tanks under the same permit
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

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Safety Factors

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Safety Benefits of Ideal Tank vs. EFRT
• Suspended systems eliminate the risk
of spiral collapse during maintenance

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Safety Benefits of Ideal Tank vs. EFRT
• Eliminate snow and ice
hazards on EFR
• Eliminate drain hazards
• Recent failures:
 Ohio
 Pennsylvania
 Alberta Also a maintenance benefit

23. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Utilize Chain Suspension for
Major Safety Benefits
• Best available
suspension
technology
• Non-kinking, high-
strength alloy chain
• Tight lay pattern
• Eliminates potential
snagging
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

24. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Chain Suspension Safety Benefit 1:
Eliminate Confined Space Entry Risks
• Easy-access dome hub cover allows
pinning from the top of the dome
• Simply allow the product to drain to
maintenance level, then pull up the
slack and pin before draining tank
• After maintenance, re-pin in low
operating position any time after
IFR is floating
• Eliminates confined space entry
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

25. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Chain Suspension Safety Benefit 2:
Set Maintenance Position at Optimum Height
• Choose optimum
height - chain
provides pinning
flexibility
• Set maintenance
position above
working height
to give workers
full ergonomic
access
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

26. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Chain Suspension Safety Benefit 3:
Eliminate Bottom Repair Hazards
• Not necessary to
jack up IFR to get
a tractor inside
• No risk of the
tractor damaging
support legs
• Clear and open;
no obstructions to
work around
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

27. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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If using a full-contact panel-constructed
IFR, ensure it can be certified gas-free
Open-cavity panel design
• Completely open internal cavity does not impede vapor detection
Traditional Metallic Sandwich/Honeycomb Panel
• Internal cavity filled with partitions or fillers
• Internal materials may impede vapor detection
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

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Utilize a seal that can be certified gas-free
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
• Foam log or bag seals are
prone to wear and punctures,
and can trap product, creating
a hazardous environment, and
problems with disposal of
saturated foams.
• Shoe seals or other mechanical
seals comprised of stainless
steel, fabrics and other
materials which cannot retain
or become damaged by
product are preferred

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Working Capacity and
Inventory Utilization Factors

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Factors that contribute to working capacity:
• Type of fixed roof (impacts max fill level)
• Type of internal floating roof (impacts max fill level)
• Whether IFR has legs (impacts minimum fill level)
• Whether tank utilizes a drain-dry sump or plateau bottom
(impacts minimum fill level)
Through proactive tank design and
careful selection of tank products,
working capacity can be maximized
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

31. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Factors that impact working capacity:
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
ENGINEERED
SAFETY
WORKING
CAPACITY
INVENTORY
UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
1. IFR travel constraints
at the top of the tank
(max fill height)
2. Depth of the Floating
Roof System
3. IFR travel constraints
at the bottom of the
tank (min fill height)

32. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Working Capacity Factor 1:
Conditions at the top of the tank
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
ENGINEERED
SAFETY
WORKING
CAPACITY
INVENTORY
UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
Steel cone roof
Rafter clips consume
6-8” of capacity
Aluminum Dome
Mounted flush to top
angle, consuming no
tank capacity
Top Angle
Elevation
High-fill
interference
from rafters
No high-fill
interference
below top
angle

33. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Capture capacity through the use of a
low-profile internal floating roof
• Steel internal floaters
are typically 500mm in
pontoon & rim depth
• Low-profile aluminum
or GRE roof depth is
only 230mm or less
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
Recapture 270mm of
working capacity using a
low-profile Aluminum or
GRE Full-Contact Roof
500mm
230mm

34. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Benefits of Working Capacity Gains
• Financial Impacts
– Increase income-generating capability of tank
– Hold more product when you want in order to optimize market conditions
• Maintenance Flexibility
– Take a different tank out of service with less worry of storage constraints
• Operational Efficiencies
– Take larger deliveries at one time, reducing transactional costs per barrel
• Deferred Capital Costs in the Future
– Each additional barrel of storage you capture from this asset defers the
need for future storage as you grow
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
ENGINEERED
SAFETY
WORKING
CAPACITY
INVENTORY
UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

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• A bottom-fill system with
suspended IFR allows roof to be
lowered to within 300mm of the floor
• Recaptures 760mm
of capacity (800m3
in a 36.6M tank)
• 6% increase
in capacity
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
ENGINEERED
SAFETY
WORKING
CAPACITY
INVENTORY
UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
Working Capacity Factor 3:
Conditions at the bottom of the tank
Assumes no mixers or diffusers; however, capacity
gains can still be achieved with these in place

36. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Utilize a “plateau” bottom and suspended
roof to gain capacity and reduce inventory
• A mesa bottom displaces the majority of remaining product inventory
when the IFR is in the low position (product that is normally unusable
and ties up valuable working capital)
• Ideal for use when perimeter mixers or other equipment prevents the
IFR from being lowered completely to the bottom
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

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Cone roof structure impedes travel of
IFR to high position by 300mm (150mm
structure and 150mm safety clearance)
Dome roof only requires
150mm of safety clearance
Low-profile
FC roof is only
230mm of roof
depth plus
300mm of
secondary seal
Traditional
steel roof is
approximately
500mm of
pontoon depth
and 300mm of
secondary seal
Steel roof
legs limiting
vertical travel
of IFR to
within
1100mm of
tank bottom
Suspended
roof and
plateau
bottom
eliminate
majority of
unusable
inventory
Increase of 1,150m³ in working capacity
Or 27,600m³ per year at 24 turnovers (over 170,000 barrels)
13,050m³
working capacity
Working Capacity Comparison 1
Traditional Tank vs. Dome + Suspended Roof + Plateau Bottom
14,200m³
working capacity
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

38. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Cone roof structure impedes travel of
IFR to high position by 300mm (150mm
structure and 150mm safety clearance)
Dome roof only requires
150mm of safety clearance
Low-profile
FC roof is only
230mm of roof
depth plus
300mm of
secondary seal
Traditional
steel roof is
approximately
500mm of
pontoon depth
and 300mm of
secondary seal
Steel roof
legs limiting
vertical travel
of IFR to
within
1100mm of
tank bottom
Suspended
roof and
drain-dry
sump allow
IFR to travel
to within
300mm of
tank bottom
Working Capacity Comparison 2
Traditional Tank vs. Dome + Suspended Roof + Drain Dry Sump
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
Increase of 1,280m³ in working capacity
Or 30,720m³ per year at 24 turnovers (over 190,000 barrels)
13,050m³
working capacity
14,330m³
working capacity

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• Re-capture lost
working capital
by eliminating
unusable
inventory
Inventory reduced by 672m³ (over 4000 barrels)
Inventory Utilization Comparison 1
Traditional Tank vs. Dome + Suspended Roof + Plateau Bottom
1,120m³
unusable inventory
448m³
unusable inventory
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

40. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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• Re-capture lost
working capital
by eliminating
unusable
inventory
Inventory reduced by 800m³ (over 5000 barrels)
Inventory Utilization Comparison 2
Traditional Tank vs. Dome + Suspended Roof + Drain Dry Sump
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY
1,120m³
unusable inventory
320m³
unusable inventory

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Impacts of gained capacity
• To achieve the
same cumulative
working capacity,
a tank farm owner
could operate 12
traditional tanks
or 11 ideal tanks.
• Or, using the same number of tanks, the owner could increase
its cumulative working capacity by over 15,000m³ (over
90,000 barrels)
• An owner building a new tank farm could spend only 92% of the
capital to achieve the same working capacity.
Traditional Tank Farm Ideal Tank Farm
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

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Maintenance Factors

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Eliminate painting and coating
on your fixed and floating roofs
• Aluminum domes
require no painting
• Aluminum or GRE IFRs
require no painting
Example of the Benefits
A steel cone roof and IFR located in a
coastal zone (such as Houston ship
channel), will typically require painting
of the cone roof and IFR every 10 years.
For a 36.6m (120’) tank, this could cost
approximately € 75,000
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

44. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Eliminate structural steel
repairs on your fixed roof
• Domes require only
moderate maintenance
on elastomers every
20 to 30 years
(estimated € 10-15k)
Example of the Benefits
A steel cone roof located in a coastal
zone (such as Houston ship channel),
will typically require structural repairs
every 20 years. For a 36.6m (120’)
tank, this would cost approximately
€ 150,000.
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

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Full-Contact IFR Durability Factors
• Extruded aluminum rim section (not welded) or one-piece
GRE structure
– Flexibility to handle turbulence without loss of strength
• Designed to handle more than minimum API loading criteria
– Built for high flow rates, turbulence, pigging operations and other
unanticipated operational loads and stresses
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

46. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
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Seal System Durability Factors
• All stainless steel moving parts
• No springs or weights that wear
• Correctly specified hardened stainless
steel for spring retention and centering
of the roof, eliminating many sources
of potential seal damage
• Consideration of tank verticality and
out-of-roundness
• Quality fabrics
• Materials that are truly compatible with
the stored product
EMISSIONS /
PRODUCT LOSS
SAFETY
WORKING CAPACITY /
INVENTORY UTILIZATION
MAINTENANCE
& DURABILITY

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Summary

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Summary Comparison
Traditional
Tank
Ideal Tank A
(Dome + suspended
FC + plateau bottom)
Ideal Tank B
(Dome + suspended
FC + drain dry sump)
Tank dimensions
36.6m(120’) x
14.6m(48’)
36.6m(120’) x
14.6m(48’)
36.6m(120’) x
14.6m(48’)
Emissions
(lbs per year) 3,646 kg/yr 664 kg/yr 664 kg/yr
Maintenance cost
€250 - €450k per 30
year period
€10-15k every 30 years $15-20k every 30 years
Safety ---
Improved over
Traditional Tank
Improved over
Traditional Tank
Working capacity 13,050m³ 14,200m³ 14,330m³
Additional capacity --- +1,150m³ +1,280m³
Unusable inventory 1,120m³ 448m³ 320m³
Inventory reduction --- -672m³ -800m³
Capital Cost
(new tank)
--- Similar to Traditional Tank Similar to Traditional Tank
36.6m x 14.6m IFRT, Storing Gasoline (RVP 10), in Houston, Texas
Equipped with primary mechanical shoe seal and rim-mounted secondary seal. Annual turnover of 24 cycles.

49. Global AST Solutions Provider Since 1978
www.hmttank.com
Questions / Discussion