3. Instructional Design :
An engineering activity to design instructional product to
help learner acquire some knowledge or skill.
M. David Merill (2001)
Requires 2 major activities
:
What to teach? How to teach?
~determine what to teach~ ~strategy to be used~
knowledge analysis choice of delivery system
select specific components presentation
and sequence practice
discussion with SME learner guidance
back to terminology
4. Instructional Design Theory:
A set of prescription for designing instructional product.
M. David Merill (2001)
back to terminology
5. Theoretical Tool:
Words, vocabularies (in the instruction) that are used in
identifying the knowledge and strategy components in those
Instructional Design Theory.
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6. (a) Knowledge Components :
i. knowledge objects.
ii. knowledge components.
❀ example in knowledge base portrayals.
INSTRUCTIONAL COMPONENTS
(b) Strategy Components :
i. presentation (demonstration phase).
-tell
-show
ii. application (practice
phase).
-ask
-do previous next
7. produce an instructional
product (e-learning resource)
1
to guide GIAT MARA students
to acquire some knowledge and
skill.
A set of prescriptions
2 (process) on how to design a
LABU SAYONG in detail.
Words (terminology), pictures
are used in the prescriptions
3
to enable students comprehend
better.
back to terminology
8. EXIT
Group’s Title :
Knowledge Components
Knowledge Objects
Knowledge Base (Data Base)
Strategy Components
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9. Knowledge Components (KC)
Is a description of a mental structure or process the learner uses, either
alone or in combination with other knowledge components to accomplish
steps in a task or a problem.
(a) “explicit” knowledge component.
b
a
Example : “...vertical angles are congruent...”
(sudut tegak adalah sepadan)
c
Information is clearly given and formulated. Unambiguous.
(b) “implicit” knowledge component.
Example : “...if angle A and angle B are vertical angles,
and
angle A is 90o, then B is ?...”
A skill has been acquired and understood though it did not
directly expressed.
back to Group’s next
10. Example of a table known as “knowledge base potrayals” which consists
of a collection of knowledge component for ‘The Object Sentence’.
collection of knowledge component
1
Punctuation
Sentence Subject Predicate Purpose
The smell of The smell of makes me (.
statement
that curry that curry think of )
makes me think mom’s
of mom’s cooking.
cooking.
we emotion (!
What a What a
)
horrible show horrible
we saw! show __
saw!
knowledge object : a framework (a container)
2
identifying necessary
knowledge components.
back to Group’s previous
11. Knowledge Objects (KO)
(1) A precise way to describe the subject matter content or knowledge to be
taught.
(2) A framework for identifying necessary knowledge components.
(3) A way to organize a data base (knowledge base) of content resources.
(4) Such organized data can be used to teach a variety of different contents.
(5) Consist of a set of fields (containers) for the component of knowledge
required to implement.
(6) A knowledge object can have 5 default major components :
entity – device, person, creature, place, object, thing
parts -
properties
activity
process
❀ there may be several different classes of components as the description
category maybe subdivided into several sub components.
(5.1 ) Example 1 (5.2 ) Example 2
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12. Sets of field (containers) for the component of knowledge
required for ‘The Topic Sentence’.
Component Name Description
Name Sentence ‘expresses a complete thought’
Part1 Subject ‘tells whom or what the sentence is
about’
Part2 Predicate ‘tells something about the
subject’
Legal Values
Purpose makes a statement
Property1
asks a question
makes request
express emotion
Punctuation period ( . )
Property2
question mark ( ? )
exclamation point ( ! )
back to KO
13. (5.2a) Example 2 of KO
Entities Properties Legal Values Portrayal
Mark Mood Happy
Sad
Surprised
Angry
Boss Present Yes
Taken from Knowledge Objects and Mental-Models, Fig. 3, pg10-
back to KO continue
11 (2000)
14. (5.2b) Example 2 of KO (Processes and Activities-PEAnet) ...continue
Action Process Consequences Condition
Statement Make Mark
triggers changes Mood : happy
1 “we have a new happy
contract”
Statement Make Mark
triggers changes Mood : sad
“but you don’t
2 sad
get to direct the
object”
Make Mark
Statement Mood : surprised
triggers changes
3 surprised
“Jean will
direct this
project”
Statement changes Mood : surprised
Make Mark
trigger Boss present :
“you get to
4 angry
s YES
work for Jean”
Boss present :
Mood : angry
NO
back to KO back to (5.2a)
15. Knowledge Base
(1) Knowledge base is organized by knowledge object.
(2) Knowledge base consists of text, audio, video and graphics.
(3) Knowledge base is a set of multimedia resources that represent
knowledge object by giving examples that have its own record. The
fields in such record provide values for each of the parts and
properties of the knowledge objects.
3.1 Example.
back to Group’s
16. Knowledge Base Portrayals
Use for Other Strategies
(1) Able to write a computer
program for different
strategies Predicate
Simple for teaching
Subject Predicate
such knowledge.
(2) Any record can be used to
The smell of makes me makes think
compose strategies such
Sentence
the curry think of as presentation strategies,
exploration strategies and
mom’s
The smell of
practice strategies.
cooking.
the curry
(3) Possible to build tutorial
makes me think programs that allow
of mom’s Purpose Number of complete thoughts
students to request
cooking. additional examples,
A Complete Record
one additional prectices or
make a (1) Can itemize every
statement instance in knowledge others.
base with its respective
components completely.
(2) With all the component
indicated, any record can
Advantage 1 be used to illustrate
(explain) any part,
Advantage 2 property or kind of the
knowledge object being
taught.
back to KB
17. (a) Knowledge Components :
i. knowledge objects.
ii. knowledge components.
❀ example in knowledge base portrayals.
INSTRUCTIONAL COMPONENTS
(b) Strategy Components :
i. presentation (demonstration phase).
-tell
-show
ii. application (practice
phase).
-ask
-do back to Group’s
18. Two Levels of Information
General Information : SHOW
(1)Expository Generality (EG). (1) To demonstrate specific
TELL
(2)InformationTo present-generalentity,
(1) about an information such as
information todefinitions identifying categories ofofobjects,
example a concept,
student.
procedure or a
(2) To present a definition. steps in procedure,
list of
(3) To present steps in a of events in a process. visualization of a process.
list
procedure.
(4) To present events in a TELL andSHOW
(3)Two presentation components – .
process.
Specific Information : DO
(1)Expository Instance (Eeg). (1) To let student able to use
ASK
(2)Consist An important practice non examples of a concept,knowledge or
(1) of - examples and
their
demonstrate certain skill
component for students to (visualization) how to perform a specific
demonstration
acquired.
procedure.
acquire a skill.
(2) Requires student to
(2) To obtain general
analyze examples.
ASK DO
(3) Two practice componentsas
information presented – and .
(3) Requires student to
mentioned in TELL.
perfom a procedure.
(4) Requires student to
interpret a process. back to IC
19. References:
Entwistle, N., Marton, F. (1994) Knowledge objects: understanding
constituted through intensive academic study, British Journal of
Education Psychology, 64(1), pp. 161-78
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