south east asia civilizations, geographical influence on early civilizations

1. SOUTH-EAST ASIANSOUTH-EAST ASIAN
CIVILIZATIONSCIVILIZATIONS
LECTURE 1LECTURE 1
Geographical InfluenceGeographical Influence
On Early CivilizationsOn Early Civilizations
By Norshambinti Lebai ItamandBy Norshambinti Lebai Itamand
Assoc. Prof. Ar. Hjh. ZamnahAssoc. Prof. Ar. Hjh. Zamnah NusiNusi

2. ObjectiveObjective
At the end of the lecture, studentsAt the end of the lecture, students
should be able to understand theshould be able to understand the
processprocess of civilization developmentof civilization development
through geographical factors.through geographical factors.

3. Geographical FactorsGeographical Factors
i.i. Latitude / climateLatitude / climate
ii.ii. TopographyTopography
iii.iii. Flora & FaunaFlora & Fauna
iv.iv. GeologyGeology

4. Influencing FactorsInfluencing Factors
i.i. TradingTrading
ii.ii. ColonizationColonization
iii.iii. MissionaryMissionary
Assimilation ofAssimilation of
knowledgeknowledge

5. intermarriage
Cross-
culture
Influencing FactorsInfluencing Factors
Intermarriage
Multiple-Beliefs
Cross-Culture
Wider Horizon of
Perceptions

6. BeliefsBeliefs
►AnimismAnimism
►HinduismHinduism
►BuddhismBuddhism
►IslamIslam

7. AnimismAnimism
► Belief in the spirits of nature e.g.Belief in the spirits of nature e.g.
plants & trees; rivers & seas; hills &plants & trees; rivers & seas; hills &
mountains; earth; sky; winds; andmountains; earth; sky; winds; and
animals.animals.
► The spirits can cause illness andThe spirits can cause illness and
misfortunes, or otherwise, bring inmisfortunes, or otherwise, bring in
luck and prosperity as well as goodluck and prosperity as well as good
health.health.
► Practice offerings for goodness inPractice offerings for goodness in
return in the form of food; flowers;return in the form of food; flowers;
blood of animals; etc.blood of animals; etc.

8. HinduismHinduism
►Originate from IndiaOriginate from India
►Polytheist with multiple layers ofPolytheist with multiple layers of
beliefsbeliefs
►33 Gods in various forms and33 Gods in various forms and
functionsfunctions
►3 main Gods3 main Gods
BrahmaBrahma - the creator- the creator
SivaSiva - the destroyer- the destroyer
VishnuVishnu - the balancer- the balancer

9. HinduismHinduism
►Believe in reincarnationBelieve in reincarnation (reborn)(reborn)
with the law ofwith the law of karmakarma (punishment(punishment
for the acts of vices),for the acts of vices), mokhshamokhsha (nirvana)(nirvana)
►Sacred book known asSacred book known as VedasVedas
►Sacred epic known asSacred epic known as
Mahabarata -Mahabarata - famousfamous RamayanaRamayana
(storey of the victory over evils).(storey of the victory over evils).

10. BuddhismBuddhism
►Originate from IndiaOriginate from India
►2 streams -2 streams - MahayanaMahayana
Hinayana (Theravada)Hinayana (Theravada)
►Mahayana -Mahayana - belief in godkingbelief in godking
►Hinayana -Hinayana - belief in salvationbelief in salvation
►Believe in reincarnationBelieve in reincarnation

11. IslamIslam
► Originate from Middle EastOriginate from Middle East
► MonotheistMonotheist
► Belief in 6 pillars of faith guided byBelief in 6 pillars of faith guided by
the sacred book of Al Quranthe sacred book of Al Quran
► Practice 5 pillars of Islam guided byPractice 5 pillars of Islam guided by
Prophet MuhammadProphet Muhammad s.a.w.s.a.w. (hadith)(hadith)

12. IslamIslam (continuation)(continuation)
► 4 streams internationally4 streams internationally
ShafieShafie
HambaliHambali
HanafiHanafi
MalikiMaliki
► 2 streams in SEA2 streams in SEA
Islam Pasisir (Peninsular Malaysia &Islam Pasisir (Peninsular Malaysia &
Sumatra)Sumatra)
Islam Abangan (Java)Islam Abangan (Java)

13. Islam
Animism Hinduism
Buddhism
Overlapping Beliefs

14. SOUTH-EAST ASIANSOUTH-EAST ASIAN
CIVILISATIONSCIVILISATIONS
LECTURE 2LECTURE 2
The Social Structures and BeliefsThe Social Structures and Beliefs
► By Norshambinti Lebai Itamand Assoc. Prof. Ar. Hjh. ZamnahBy Norshambinti Lebai Itamand Assoc. Prof. Ar. Hjh. Zamnah
NusiNusi

15. A Family Unit
Head of Family /Head of Family /
FatherFather

16. A Village
Head of Family /
Father

17. A family
The family head
The village head
“ketua kg”
A village – “kampung”

18. A village
A family unit
“Penghulu”-
the sub district head
A sub district – “mukim”

19. A district – “daerah”
Comprises of several sub districts
-The Head-
D.O.

20. DistricDistric
tsts
D.O.D.O.
DistricDistric
tsts
D.O.D.O.
DistricDistric
tsts
D.O.D.O.
DistricDistric
tsts
D.O.D.O.
DistricDistric
tsts
D.O.D.O.
DistricDistric
tsts
D.O.D.O.
DistricDistric
tsts
D.O.D.O.
WhoWho
??
A state –A state –
“negeri”“negeri”

21. Several states made up aSeveral states made up a
………………
Who is theWho is the
ruler?ruler?
 Agung - MalaysiaAgung - Malaysia
 Presiden – Indonesia &Presiden – Indonesia &
PhilippinesPhilippines
 King – ThailandKing – Thailand
 Prime Minister ?Prime Minister ?

22. The Malay SultanatesThe Malay Sultanates
Agung (from a state)Agung (from a state)
Sultans (9 states)Sultans (9 states)
Yang Di Pertua (4 states)Yang Di Pertua (4 states)

23. OriginsOrigins
 Parameswara –Parameswara –
SumatranSumatran
 BugisBugis
 MinangkabauMinangkabau
 AchehAcheh
The most dorminantThe most dorminant
- Johor, Selangor, Kedah, Perak,- Johor, Selangor, Kedah, Perak,
pulau Pinangpulau Pinang

24. BendaharaBendahara
TemenggungTemenggung
ShahbandarShahbandar
BendahariBendahari
LaksamanaLaksamana
SultanSultan
Orang KayaOrang Kaya
(Ketua Daerah(Ketua Daerah ))
PenghuluPenghulu
KetuaKetua
KampongKampong
RakyatRakyat
JelataJelata

25.  Bendahara - AdvisorBendahara - Advisor
 Temenggung - Internal AffairsTemenggung - Internal Affairs
- Chief Police- Chief Police
- Royal Customary in Chief- Royal Customary in Chief
 BendahariBendahari - Secretary- Secretary
- Treasurer- Treasurer
- Customary in charge- Customary in charge
 Laksamana -Laksamana - Commander in charge of MilitaryCommander in charge of Military
ForceForce
- Royal Messenger- Royal Messenger
Shahbandar - Foreign Traders AffairShahbandar - Foreign Traders Affair

26. SOUTH-EAST ASIANSOUTH-EAST ASIAN
CIVILISATIONSCIVILISATIONS
LECTURE 3LECTURE 3
The Imperial PowersThe Imperial Powers
► By Norsham binti Lebai Itam and Assoc. Prof. Ar. Hjh.By Norsham binti Lebai Itam and Assoc. Prof. Ar. Hjh.
Zamnah NusiZamnah Nusi

27. SOUTH-EAST ASIANSOUTH-EAST ASIAN
CIVILIZATIONSCIVILIZATIONS
 The Javanese KingThe Javanese King
 The Buddhist KingThe Buddhist King
 The Vietnam KingsThe Vietnam Kings
 The Spanish GovernorsThe Spanish Governors
 The Malay SultanThe Malay Sultan

28. The Javanese KingThe Javanese King
► Mid 7Mid 7thth
- 10- 10thth
CC
““Hindu Sanjaya” in central province of JavaHindu Sanjaya” in central province of Java
(Old Mataram)(Old Mataram)
““Buddhist Sailendra” in the East of CentralBuddhist Sailendra” in the East of Central
JavaJava
 1111thth
- 14- 14thth
CC
““Majapahit” - Hindu / BuddhistMajapahit” - Hindu / Buddhist
 1515thth
- 18- 18thth
CC
““Mataram” - IslamMataram” - Islam

29. Mataram’s RulingMataram’s Ruling
BoundariesBoundaries
Negara Agung
Mantja Negara
Tanah Sabrang
Kraton
Negara

30. • Negara Agung (Kings families)
area immediately around Surakarta (Solo)
and Jogjakarta
• Mantja Negara (Bupati)
outer provinces of Java except western & eastern tips
• Tanah Sabrang
the land overseas such as Palembang & Banjarmasin

31. “priyayi”priyayi”
the elite, the knights who served King
““wong tjilikwong tjilik””
the peasants
Two Pronounced Castes

32. Structure of Mataram CentralStructure of Mataram Central
AdministrationAdministration
PATIH
4 CHIEF WEDANA
8 LESSER WEDANA
* There is no précised function mainly on personal relations.

33. The Buddhist KingsThe Buddhist Kings
Centers : 11th
> 15th
C
 Ava - North Burma
 Ayudhya - North Bangkok
 Phnom Penh - Cambodia ( Kampuchea )
> Based on magical and physical powers
> Introduced social and political authority which
overlapped with Buddhism
> Practice tributary diplomacy like China
> Kingdom is the cosmos (heaven) while the king is
proclaimed God

34. Ava - North Burma
> Pagan Dynasty
Ayudhaya - North Bangkok, Thailand
> Rama Dynasty
The strongest Buddhist King and still
remain in power without being
colonised
Phnom Penh - Cambodia
> The Weakest

35. Buddhist KingsBuddhist Kings
Ruling BoundariesRuling Boundaries
CAPITALCAPITAL
PrincipalitiesPrincipalities
at distantat distant
West - borders of ChinaWest - borders of China
South- Segenting Kra,South- Segenting Kra,
MalaysiaMalaysia

36. Vietnam KingVietnam King
> Confucius in faith> Confucius in faith
> Regarded as “son of God”> Regarded as “son of God”
> Chinese oriented ruling system> Chinese oriented ruling system
> Developed scholars in Chinese> Developed scholars in Chinese
philosophyphilosophy
for administratorsfor administrators
> Loose power control based on> Loose power control based on

37. KingKing
Board ofBoard of
AppointmeAppointme
ntnt
FinancFinanc
ee
RitesRites
WarWar
JusticJustic
ee
PublicPublic
WorkWork
Vietnam King Ruling StructureVietnam King Ruling Structure

38. Vietnam KingVietnam King
Ruling BoundariesRuling Boundaries
ForbiddenForbidden
City / PalaceCity / Palace
Inner Capital CityInner Capital City
Outer Capital CityOuter Capital City
NN
SS

39. The Spanish GovernorsThe Spanish Governors
Philippines 17Philippines 17thth
C – 18C – 18thCthC
 Major Spanish concern was the galleonMajor Spanish concern was the galleon ((a large three-a large three-
masted sailing ship used especially by the Spanish between themasted sailing ship used especially by the Spanish between the
15th and 18th centuries)15th and 18th centuries) tradetrade
 Dependant on the power of church and personalDependant on the power of church and personal
gaingain
 Change of social and economic structure inChange of social and economic structure in
PhilippinesPhilippines
& worldwide, declined the Spanish power in the& worldwide, declined the Spanish power in the
countrycountry
 Constant resistance with Muslim Sultanates inConstant resistance with Muslim Sultanates in
Mindanao also the cause of the declineMindanao also the cause of the decline
 The centre was ManilaThe centre was Manila

40. Spanish Ruling StructureSpanish Ruling Structure
MonarchMonarch
Governor Captain - generalGovernor Captain - general
Provincial GovernorsProvincial Governors
The Friars (church)The Friars (church)
Cabeza (barangay)Cabeza (barangay)

41. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
TO SOUTH EAST ASIANTO SOUTH EAST ASIAN
ARCHITECTUREARCHITECTURE
► Presented by Norsham binti Lebai ItamPresented by Norsham binti Lebai Itam

42. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

43. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

44. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM
From the Arab word which means
repeatedly
Philosophers define tradition as a
repetitive action done without
any connection to the senses
Human need will eventually
become a normality/norm or
tradition
Need is the basis to design
TRADITION
TRADITION

45. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM
process that has become a
common practice in a society
(until it become a law that is
mandatory)
Eg. Adat perpateh
Ways that have become a
standard/norm eg.
•water (liquid) and cold
•Fire (hot)
TRADITIONTRADITION

46. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM
Culture is the evolution of
mannerism in society –
development of the senses
Cultural characteristic –
regarding culture that is
advanced
Culture is the overall societal
way of life (which embraces
action, mannerism and the way
we think) physically and
spiritually .
(Civilization, mannerism and
mental development)

47. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM
Tradition is repetitive action
that becomes a need
forming
law
forming
mannerism
forming
Complete way of life

48. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

49. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

50. EVOLUTION OF SPACEEVOLUTION OF SPACE
AND FORMAND FORM

51. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

52. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM
COMMON ORIGIN
SIMILARITIES
ARCHITECTURAL
STYLES

53. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM
ATTIC
MAIN LEVEL
UNDER FLOOR
LEVEL

54. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

55. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

56. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM
HOUSE FORM
SOCIO-CULTURAL
FACTORS
RESULTED FROM
TECHNOLIOGY
AVAILABE
MODIFIED BY

57. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

58. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

59. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

60. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

61. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

62. EVOLUTIONOFEVOLUTIONOF
SPACESPACE
ANDFORMANDFORM
LIVED IN DWELLINGS
WHERE MATERIALS
FOUND LOCALLY –
RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

63. NEOLITHIC HOUSE AT
NONG CHAE SAO,
WESTERN THAILAND
►EVOLUTIONOFSPACEEVOLUTIONOFSPACE
ANDFORMANDFORM

64. EVOLUTIONOFSPACEANDFORMEVOLUTIONOFSPACEANDFORM

65. EVOLUTIONOFSPACEANDFORMEVOLUTIONOFSPACEANDFORM

66. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM
COLONIAL INFLUENCECOLONIAL INFLUENCE

67. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM
THE TRADITIONAL STRAND

68. EVOLUTION OF SPACE AND FORMEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND FORM

69. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

70. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

71. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM
STRUCTURESSHOWINGSADDLEROOFANDGABLEHORNS

72. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

73. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

74. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

75. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

76. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

77. EVOLUTION OF SPACEEVOLUTION OF SPACE
AND FORMAND FORM

78. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

79. EVOLUTION OF SPACE ANDEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND
FORMFORM

80. EVOLUTIONOFSPACEANDEVOLUTIONOFSPACEAND
FORMFORM

81. ReferencesReferences
►Tregoning, 19…., In Search of SouthTregoning, 19…., In Search of South
East Asia,East Asia,
►Ismail Ragi Al Faruqi & Sopher,D.E,Ismail Ragi Al Faruqi & Sopher,D.E,
1974, Macmillan Publishing, New1974, Macmillan Publishing, New
YorkYork..

82. Thank YouThank You
The EndThe End