2014/Aug/20 新增implicit rules和.PHONY說明 2014/Jul/19 Fix minor error 2014/Jul/12 Fix minor error

1. GNU Make, Autotools,
CMake ⡆௓
Wen Liao

2. Disclaimer
ᢞᙳ∦㈨ᩱⅭస⪅ᩚ⌮㈨ᩱཬಶேពぢ䠈ἄ᭷⥂
㐣ᄫㅽ☜ㄆ䠈ㄳㆫ⪅⮬⾜᩵㓃

3. ┠ᶆ
● ⡆௓GNU Make, Autotools, ࿴CMake
○ Autotools࿴CMake㒊௷ᴟᗘ⡆௓

4. ヨ⎔ቃ

5. Outline
● GNU Make
● Autotools
● CMake
● ཨ⪃㈨ᩱ
● Q & A

6. ஦ඛ‽ഛ
● Ⅽ஢ᝍⓗ⏕άᖾ⚟⨾⁹䠈ㄳ☜ㄆ⦅㍴ჾᨭ᥼㢷
♧✵ⓑᏐඖ࿴<tab>Ꮠඖ!
geany:
<tab> trailing space
vim:

7. 㜝᪊GNU Make
● man make
○ GNU make utility to maintain groups of programs
○ ???

8. ┤᥋┳౛Ꮚ
ᛠ㯟⦅㆞?

9. ⡆ႝ䠈gcc hello.c

10. ຍ☞䠈㏺ಶᛠ㯟⦅㆞?

11. GG! 㑏せຍinclude Path

12. 㑣㯟ୖⓒಶ᷐᱌ᛠ㯟㎨䠛ᡴ฿Ṛ䠛

13. ᑙ᱌᷐᱌㔞኱⦅㆞ⓗၥ㢟
● ᡃ⬟୙⬟ᡴ୍⾜ᣦ௧ᑵᖳᡃ⮬ື⦅㆞?
● ᡃ⬟୙⬟ྈ⦅㆞᭦ື㐣ⓗ᷐᱌?
○ ໟྵᨵ஢*.h᷐᱌ᑞ᠕*.c㒔ྍ௨⮬ື㔜⦅
● ྍ୙ྍ௨᭷ἄ᭷㟰άⓗ⦅㆞⤌ែ?
○ タᐃdebug mode㑏᫝release mode
○ タᐃ⦅㆞ჾ㑅㡯
○ Compile timeᣦᐃᕧ㞟
■ -DMY_VAR=1
○ ...

14. Yes You Can!

15. 㜝᪊GNU Make
● man make
○ The purpose of the make utility is to
determine automatically which pieces of a
large program need to be recompiled,
and issue the commands to recompile
them.
○ ⓑヰ: ༠ຓ⦅㆞ⓗ᫬ೃỴᐃ
■ 㑣㒊௷せ㔜⦅
■ ᣦᐃ㔜᪂⦅㆞ⓗືస

16. Hello Makefile
target prerequisites
recipe ୍ᐃせ<tab>㛤㢌!
௨ୗ᝟ἣ᭳ᇳ⾜recipe
● ᪂ቔ䠖target᷐᱌୙Ꮡᅾ
○ ㏻ᖖtarget᫝୍ಶ᷐᱌䠈ణ᫝㏺୙᫝ᚲせᲄ௳
● ᭦᪂䠖prerequisites᷐᱌᭦ື᫬㛫ẚtarget᷐
᱌㑏せ᪂

17. ㄡ說Makefile୍ᐃせ⦅㆞᷐᱌?
target prerequisites
୍㛤ጞྈ᭷Makefile䠈ୗmakeฟ⌧㘒ㄗ說↓ἲ產⏕dep_file
產⏕dep_fileᚋ᭳ᇳ⾜@echo Test
產⏕test_fileᑵ୙ᇳ⾜@echo Test
᭦᪂dep_file ᭦ື᫬㛫ᚋ᭳ᇳ⾜@echo Test
recipe

18. ᶞ≪target
● ➨୍ಶtarget✃Ⅽdefault target䠈ஓ᫝makeⓗ㐍ධ㯶䚹
● @⾲♧୙せᢕᣦ௧༳ฟ䠈ྍ௨⦎⩦ᢕ௚ᣡᤶ┳┳䚹
● $@ᒎ㛤ᚋ᫝targetⓗྡ✃

19. ㄳẚᑞୖ㡫䠈やᐹ㡰ᗎ䟿

20. ㆰᩝ
● タᐃ
○ VAR = VAL
○ VAR := VAL
○ VAL ?= VAL
○ VAR += VAL
○ ඼௚ᡃ୙᠐ⓗ
● タᐃ᫬ᶵ
○ ᷐᱌䠈㏻ᖖᑵ᫝Makefile內
○ make ࿨௧ⓗཨᩝ
○ ⎔ቃㆰᩝ
● ྲྀ值
○ $(VAR)

21. VAR = VAL
VAR := VAL
VAL ?= VAL
VAR += VAL

22. ୕ᑠ䠛

23. ㆰᩝタᐃ: 㐃ືᆺ =
VAR1 ➨୍ḟタᐃ
VAR2 ⓗ值࿴VAR1┦ྠ
༳ฟVAR2ⓗ內ᐜ
VAR1 ➨஧ḟタᐃ
෌༳ฟVAR2ⓗ內ᐜ

24. ඳḟVAR2ⓗ內ᐜ䠈᭳㞉VAR1ᨵㆰ

25. ㆰᩝタᐃ䠖❧้⏕ᩀᆺ :=
ྈᨵ㏺⾜䠈ᢕ = ᨵᡂ :=

27. ㆰᩝタᐃ: 㡸タᆺ ?=

29. ㆰᩝタᐃ䠖ຍ☞ᆺ +=

31. ᑠ⤖
タᐃ ⌮ゎ᪉ᘧ
VAR = VAL 㐃ືᙧ
VAR := VAL ❧༶⏕ᩀᙧ
VAL ?= VAL 㡸タᙧ
VAR += VAL ຍ☞ᙧ
඼௚ᡃ୙᠐ⓗ ୙᠐ⓗ୙▱㐨ᛠ㯟ゎ㔚

32. 內ᘓㆰᩝ (⠇㗴)
ྡ✃ ព⩏
$@ targetྡ✃
$^ ᡤ᭷ⓗprerequisitesྡ✃
$< ➨୍ಶprerequisiteྡ✃
⏝㏵அ୍䠖
target: dep1.c inc.h test.h
<tab> gcc -o $@ $<
$? ẚtarget㑏᪂ⓗprerequisitesྡ✃

33. ⠊౛
タᐃせ產⏕ⓗᇳ⾜᷐
タᐃせ⦅㆞ⓗ⛬ᘧ᷐
⦅㆞ཨᩝ
ᒎ㛤ㆰᩝ䠈౫ᒎ㛤ⓗ
ㆰᩝ⦅㆞᷐᱌
Ύ㝖產⏕ⓗ᷐᱌つ๎

34. ┠㗴ୗ᭷ཎጞ᷐࿴Makefile
⦅㆞᭷ᒎ㛤ㆰᩝ୪ᣦᐃᑞ
᠕᷐᱌┠㗴ୗ᭷ཎጞ᷐࿴
Makefile
ᇳ⾜᷐ᕬ⥂產⏕
Ύ㝖ᇳ⾜᷐୪㔜᪂⦅㆞

35. ᲄ௳ุ᪇⠊౛
LOGNAME᫝⎔ቃㆰᩝ!

36. LOGNAME᫝⎔ቃㆰᩝ!
ே⫗タᐃLOGNAME內ᐜ

37. function⠇㗴
● ㄒἲ
○ $(ภᩝྡ✃ ཨᩝ)
ศ㢮 ภᩝྡ✃ 說᫂ ⠊౛ (ㄳ㈞฿Makefileᐿ !)
イᜥ
$(waring イᜥ) 㢷♧㆙࿌イᜥ௨ཬᑞ᠕ⓗ⾜⹰ $(warning Your gcc version is too old)
$(error イᜥ) 㢷♧㘒ㄗイᜥ䚸ᑞ᠕ⓗ⾜⹰ᚋ⤖᮰
make
conf=my_file
$(error file $(conf) not found)
Ꮠ୵
⹦⌮
$(subst from,to,⹦⌮ᩥᏐ) Ꮠ୵᭰᥮,ᚋ㠃✵ⓑⅭཨᩝⓗ୍㒊௷ $(warning $(subst .c,.o,test.c hello.c))
$(patsubst pattern,᭰᥮ᩥᏐ,⹦⌮ᩥᏐ) patternᏐ୵᭰᥮,ᚋ㠃✵ⓑⅭཨᩝⓗ୍
㒊௷䚹%௦⾲௵ព㛗ᗘⓗ௵ពᏐඖ䚹
$(warning $(patsubst t%.c,a%.o,test.c
hello.c))
඼௚ $(shell ࿨௧) ᇳ⾜࿨௧䠈ᅇബᩥᏐ⤖ᯝ $(warning $(shell ls /))

38. 㐃⧰ᢏ
● OBJS=$(patsubst %.c,%.o,$(shell ls *.c))

39. ᖖぢ㘒ㄗ䠖ẗಶrecipe ᇳ⾜≪ែ୙ᘏ⧰
㐀ᡂⓗᝒ๻
⠊౛䠖ᘓ❧୍ಶ┠㗴䠈㐍ධヱ┠㗴๓ᚋ
༳ฟ┠๓ᕤస┠㗴☜ㄆษ᥮┠㗴ᡂຌ

40. 㛤⊼䠈ἄ᭷ษ᥮฿test┠㗴

41. ✽Ꮿ┳ⓗ䠈ྍ௨┳฿make⹦⌮recipeⓗ
᪉ᘧ᫝產⏕᪂ⓗprocess䠈ᇳ⾜recipe䠈
↛ᚋ⤖᮰ヱprocess
$ strace -f make
vfork(Process 8949 attached (waiting for parent)
Process 8949 resumed (parent 8947 ready)
) = 8949
[pid 8949] execve("/bin/mkdir", ["mkdir", "-p", "test"],
[/* 42 vars */]) = 0
<... wait4 resumed> [{WIFEXITED(s) &&
WEXITSTATUS(s) == 0}], 0, NULL) = 8949
--- SIGCHLD (Child exited) @ 0 (0) ---

42. ᑠ⤖
● GNU make: ༠ຓ⦅㆞ⓗ᫬ೃỴᐃ
○ 㑣㒊௷せ㔜⦅
○ ᣦᐃ㔜᪂⦅㆞ⓗືస
● ᡤ௨ᑃMakefile䠈୺せᥥ㏙
○ 產⏕᷐᱌࿴ཎጞ᷐ⓗ㜝⫃ᛶ
○ ␜㏺ல᷐᱌᭦ື᫬㛫㜝ಀ᭷ㆰ໬ⓗ᫬ೃ䠈ヱ
೴ொ㯟஦?

43. ⿵඘1: ἄ᭷Makefileⓗmake
┠๓┠㗴ἄ᭷Makefile
↷ᶏmakeქქ
↷ᶏmake++

44. Implicit Rules
୕ᑠ䠛

45. make -p
CPP㏺㑔ྍ୙᫝C++䠈᭷
⯆㊃man cpp
㑏グᚓㆰᩝႫ䠛

46. make -p (᥋㜝䠅
make᭷內ᘓ㡸タⓗ⹦⌮つ๎䠈ㄳ࿴ୖ㡫ㆰᩝ௨ཬ๓㠃ⓗㄒ
ἲᑞ↷

47. ⿵඘2: .PHONY
⠊౛Makefile䠈ໟྵ產⏕binary࿴Ύ㝖binary

48. ⋵┳┳
Ύ㝖binary
產⏕᪂᷐䠈ྡ✃Ⅽclean
᷐᱌cleanᏑᅾ䠈↓ἲΎ㝖binary
ᚲ㡲฽㝖᷐᱌cleanᡯ⬟ᇳ⾜target

49. ศᯒ
● recipe ⓗᇳ⾜࿴target௨ཬprerequisites᷐᱌
᫬㛫㈨イ᭷㜝
● cleanⓗ┠ⓗ୪୙᫝せ產⏕clean᷐᱌䠈ஓᑵ᫝
說targetᇳ⾜recipe࿴target᫝ྰⅭ᷐᱌↓㜝

50. .PHONY
● ࿴᷐᱌↓㜝ⓗtarget
● ⏝ἲ
.PHONY: ௨✵ⓑ㝸㛤ⓗTARGETྡ✃
● ⠊౛
.PHONY: clean install

51. ಟṇ
.PHONYᅾ㏺㑔

52. ┳┳ᩀᯝ

53. ᘏఙ㢟ᮦ/ᅇᐙຌㄢ
● ዴఱ⮬ື㐍ධ୙ྠ┠㗴Make?
● ዴఱ⮬ື產⏕C source᷐࿴Header᷐᱌rule?
○ hello.c includes f1.h, f2.h䠈ඳኳᚋཪຍධf3.h䚹ᡭືᨵ
ᚇ⣼䚹
● ᭷ἄ᭷㎨ἲᢕᡤ᭷ⓗタᐃᨺᅾ᷐᱌內⤥
Makefile include?

54. ๦ୗᑵ᫝⣽⠇䠈ㄳ⮬⾜
┳᭩䠈つ๸タィ⮬ᕫⓗ
ᐿ⩦ㄢ䚹

55. Outline
● GNU Make
● Autotools
● CMake
● ཨ⪃㈨ᩱ
● Q & A

56. 」⩦䠖GNU Makeᑠ⤖
● GNU make: ༠ຓ⦅㆞ⓗ᫬ೃỴᐃ
○ 㑣㒊௷せ㔜⦅
○ ᣦᐃ㔜᪂⦅㆞ⓗືస
● ᡤ௨ᑃMakefile䠈୺せᥥ㏙
○ 產⏕᷐᱌࿴ཎጞ᷐ⓗ㜝⫃ᛶ
○ ␜㏺ல᷐᱌᭦ື᫬㛫㜝ಀ᭷ㆰ໬ⓗ᫬ೃ䠈ヱ
೴ொ㯟஦?

57. 㑣㯟᭳ொ㯟㑏せ᭷autotools
● ㊬ᖹྎⓗၥ㢟
○ memset v.s. bzero
○ ㊰ᚏ䚸᷐᱌୙ྠ
○ system call୙ྠ
● ྠᖹྎ
○ ภᘧᗜ∧ᮏ୙ྠ䠈prototypeྍ⬟୙ྠ
● ┦౫ᛶၥ㢟

58. autotools
● autotoolⓗ┠ⓗᑵ᫝產⏕ᖹྎୖྍ௨⦅㆞ⓗ⎔
ቃ
● Ⅽ஢㐩฿㏺ᶏⓗ┠ⓗ䠈⣔⤫㟂せ೴฿ୗ㠃ⓗຌ
⬟
○ ᷙ查ᖹྎ⎔ቃ
○ 產⏕Makefile

59. ὶ⛬
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_build_system#mediaviewer/File:Autoconf-automake-process.svg

60. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_build_system#mediaviewer/File:Autoconf-automake-process.svg

61. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_build_system#mediaviewer/File:Autoconf-automake-process.svg

62. ᚇ」㞯䠛ཱྀ㢌ㅮᑵ᫝
1. ⮬ᖿᡈ㊝ᕤලᚋ產⏕᭦ືconfigure.
ac䠈࿴ᑃMakefile.am
2. ㊝ᕤල產⏕configure, Makefile.in࿴
config.in
3. ㊝configure䠈產⏕Makefile࿴config.h
4. make; make install

63. 㑏୙᠐䠛౗┳⠊౛
఼せᑃⓗᮾす

64. autoreconfᖳ఼࿧ྉ┦㜝ᕤ
ලዴaclocal, autoconf,
automake➼

65. 產⏕ฟ౗ⓗ᷐᱌

66. 產⏕ฟ౗ⓗ᷐᱌

67. configure.ac
# せồ∧ᮏ
AC_PREREQ([2.68])
# ዓ௳㈨イ
AC_INIT([Test_Autotools], [0], [test])
# ⤥Automake㈨イ䠈foreign⾲♧୙⏝GNUᶆ‽
# ஓᑵ᫝୙㟂せchangelog, AUTHORS➼᷐᱌
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign -Wall -Werror])

68. configure.ac
# config᷐᱌
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
# ᮏḟdemo౑⏝ static library
AC_PROG_RANLIB
# Makefile ㊰ᚏ
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile src/Makefile
libs/Makefile])

69. configure.ac
# ᦏᑜCC ⦅㆞ჾ
AC_PROG_CC
# ⤖᮰config䠈㛤ጞ產⏕┦㜝᷐᱌
AC_OUTPUT

70. Makfile.am
SUBDIRS = libs src

71. libs/Makefile.am
# ᣦᐃinclude㊰ᚏ
AM_CFLAGS = -I../include
# 產⏕liba.a ࿴libb.b
# lib_௦⾲Ᏻ⿶᫬せᨺᅾ$(prefix)/lib୰
# 㡸タprefix=/usr/local
lib_LIBRARIES = liba.a libb.a

72. libs/Makefile.am
# 產⏕liba.aⓗ┦౫᷐᱌
liba_a_SOURCES = liba.c liba.h
# 產⏕libb.aⓗ┦౫᷐᱌
libb_a_SOURCES = libb.c libb.h
# Ᏻ⿶฿$(prefix)/includeⓗ᷐᱌
include_HEADERS = ../include/liba.h ..
/include/libb.h

73. src/Makefile.am
# ᣦᐃlinkီலlibrary
LDADD = ../libs/liba.a ../libs/libb.a
# ᣦᐃinclude㊰ᚏ
AM_CFLAGS = -I../include

74. src/Makefile.am
# Ᏻ⿶฿$(prefix)/bin
bin_PROGRAMS = test
# 產⏕ⓗ᷐᱌┦౫ⓗ᷐᱌
test_SOURCES = test.c

75. ● configure
● make
● make install
● make dist # ⮬ືᖳ఼ᡴໟtarball

80. ᑠ⤖
● ౑⏝autotools㟂せ⮬ᕫᑃ
○ configure.ac
○ Makefile.am
● ୖ㠃ⓗ⠊౛ᴟᗘ⡆␎

81. ᘏఙ㢟ᮦ/ᅇᐙຌㄢ
● ዴఱ產⏕shared library?
● ᫝ྰ᭷᭦⫄᫂ⓗlibrary產⏕᪉ᘧ䠛
○ hint: libtools

82. ๦ୗᑵ᫝⣽⠇䠈ㄳ⮬⾜
┳᭩䠈つ๸タィ⮬ᕫⓗ
ᐿ⩦ㄢ䚹

83. Outline
● GNU Make
● Autotools
● CMake
● ཨ⪃㈨ᩱ
● Q & A

84. 㜝᪊CMake
CMake᫝1999ᖺ᥎ฟⓗ㛤※⮬⏤㌾㧓ィ␓䠈┠ⓗ
᫝ᥦ౪୙ྠᖹྎஅ㛫ඹྠⓗ⦅㆞⎔ቃ䚹
≉ᛶ:
● ᨭ᥼୙ྠᖹྎ
● ྍ௨ᑘBuild࿴ཎᮏ⛬ᘧ☞ศ㛤
○ out-place build
○ in-place build
● ᨭ᥼cacheຍᛌ⦅㆞㏿ᗘ

85. ὶ⛬
● ᧝ᑃCMakeLists.txt
● ౑⏝⪅ᇳ⾜cmake
○ 產⏕ヱᖹྎᑞ᠕ⓗ⦅㆞⎔ቃ᷐᱌ዴMakefile➼
● ౑⏝⪅ᇳ⾜ᖹྎୖⓗ⦅㆞᪉ἲ
○ ዴmake
● ౑⏝⪅ᇳ⾜cmake installᏳ⿶㌾㧓䚹

86. ⠊౛
఼せᑃⓗᮾす

87. CMakeLists.txt
# ∧ᮏ㟂ồ
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
# ఼ⓗProjectྡ✃
project(testcmake)

88. CMakeLists.txt
# タᐃㆰᩝ
set(SRC_DIR src)
set(LIB_DIR libs)
set(INC_DIR include)
# Compile flags
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "-Wall -Werror")

89. CMakeLists.txt
# ᣦ௧include┠㗴
include_directories(${INC_DIR})
# ࿌ッCMakeせཤୗิⓗ┠㗴⦅㆞
add_subdirectory(${SRC_DIR})
add_subdirectory(${LIB_DIR})
add_subdirectory(${INC_DIR})

90. libs/CMakeLists.txt
# タᐃㆰᩝ䠈ᣦᐃlibrary┦౫᪊ီಶ᷐᱌
set(liba_SRCS liba.c)
set(libb_SRCS libb.c)
# ᣦᐃ⦅㆞ᆺᘧⅭshared library
add_library(a SHARED ${liba_SRCS})
add_library(b SHARED ${libb_SRCS})

91. libs/CMakeLists.txt
# Ᏻ⿶᱁ᘧ
# install(TARGETS ภᘧᗜྡ✃ LIBRARY
# DESTINATION Ᏻ⿶┠㗴㊰ᚏ)
install(TARGETS a b LIBRARY
DESTINATION lib)

92. src/CMakeLists.txt
# タᐃㆰᩝ
set(test_SRCS test.c)
# 產⏕ᇳ⾜᷐
add_executable(${PROJECT_NAME}
${test_SRCS})
# ᣦ௧linkภᘧᗜ
target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME} a b)

93. src/CMakeLists.txt
# Ᏻ⿶᱁ᘧ
# install(TARGETS ᇳ⾜᷐ྡ✃
# DESTINATION Ᏻ⿶┠㗴㊰ᚏ)
install(TARGETS ${PROJECT_NAME}
DESTINATION bin)

94. include/CMakeLists.txt
# install(FILES Header᷐ྡ✃
# DESTINATION Ᏻ⿶┠㗴㊰ᚏ)
install(FILES liba.h libb.h
DESTINATION include)

95. out-place build

100. ᑠ⤖
● ఼せᑃCMakeLists.txt䠈ᣦᐃせ㐍ධီல┠㗴
⦅㆞䠈ᡈ᫝┦㜝ⓗ᷐᱌௨ཬ㡸ᮇ⦅㆞࿴Ᏻ⿶ⓗ
ᆺែ
● ୖ㠃ⓗ⠊౛ᴟᗘ⡆␎

101. ᘏఙ㢟ᮦ/ᅇᐙຌㄢ
● ヲ⣽ㄒἲ
○ ㆰᩝタᐃ
○ ᲄ௳タᐃ
○ ᕧ㞟࿴ภᩝ
● ᡴໟ᪉ᘧ

102. ๦ୗᑵ᫝⣽⠇䠈ㄳ⮬⾜
┳᭩䠈つ๸タィ⮬ᕫⓗ
ᐿ⩦ㄢ䚹

103. Outline
● GNU Make
● Autotools
● CMake
● ཨ⪃㈨ᩱ
● Q & A

104. ཨ⪃㈨ᩱ
● GNU Makeᡭ෉
○ http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html
● GNU Make ᛌ㏿ཨ⪃
○ http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.
html#Quick-Reference
● GNU Automakeᡭ෉
○ http://www.gnu.
org/software/automake/manual/automake.html
● Alexandre Duret Lutz: Autotools Tutorial (኱
᥎)
○ https://www.lrde.epita.fr/~adl/autotools.html

105. ཨ⪃㈨ᩱ
● CMake Wiki
○ http://www.cmake.org/Wiki/CMake
● CMake-tutorial (኱᥎)
○ https://github.com/TheErk/CMake-tutorial

106. Outline
● GNU Make
● Autotools
● CMake
● ཨ⪃㈨ᩱ
● Q & A