This document provides an overview of machining fundamentals including chip formation, cutting temperatures, cutting forces, power requirements, and definitions of key terms. It covers topics such as orthogonal and oblique cutting, chip types, heat distribution from cutting, formulas for calculating cutting forces and power in turning, milling, and drilling, and examples of calculating cutting forces and power for given operations. It also includes a glossary translating machining terms between English, Spanish, and Basque.

1. BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES
MACHINING
FUNDAMENTALS
by Endika Gandarias

2. 2by Endika Gandarias
Dr. ENDIKA GANDARIAS MINTEGI
Mechanical and Manufacturing department
Mondragon Unibertsitatea - www.mondragon.edu
(Basque Country)
www.linkedin.com/in/endika-gandarias-mintegi-91174653
Further presentations: www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology

3. 3
CONTENTS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CHIP FORMATION
 CUTTING TEMPERATURES
 CUTTING FORCES AND POWER
 GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias

4. 4
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
by Endika Gandarias

5. 5
The author would like to thank all the bibliographic references and videos that
have contributed to the elaboration of these presentations.
For bibliographic references, please refer to:
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763364 (PDF file)
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763366 (PPT file)
For videos, please refer to:
• www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology
BIBLIOGRAPHY
by Endika Gandarias

6. 6
CHIP FORMATION
CHIP FORMATION
by Endika Gandarias

7. 7
Oblique cuttingOrthogonal cutting
by Endika Gandarias
CHIP FORMATION
VIDEO
Faxial
Fradial
Faxial
λ
λ = 0º λ ≠ 0º
Introduction

8. 8by Endika Gandarias
CHIP FORMATION
More realistic view of chip formation,
showing shear zone rather than shear plane.
t0 : depth of cut (mm)
tc : chip thickness (mm)
Orthogonal cutting model
VIDEOVIDEO

9. 9
CHIP FORMATION
by Endika Gandarias
λ
λ
λ = 0º
λ = 15º
λ = 30º
Oblique cutting model

10. 10
VIDEO
by Endika Gandarias
CHIP FORMATION
Discontinuous chip Continuous chip Continuous chip
with Built-Up Edge
Serrated or
segmented chip
VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO
It depends on:
 Workpiece material
 Tool geometry
 Cutting conditions
Chip formation types

11. 11by Endika Gandarias
CHIP FORMATION
Chip formation types
Chip formation and cutting temperatures in different workpiece materials:

12. 12
CUTTING TEMPERATURES
CUTTING TEMPERATURES
by Endika Gandarias

13. 13by Endika Gandarias
CUTTING TEMPERATURES
 The maximum heat generated during cutting is close to the cutting edge, in the chip breaker.
This is where the maximum pressure from the material is, and, with the friction between chip and
carbide, causes these high temperatures.
 Severe temperature gradients within the tool and the chip occurs, and the workpiece remains relatively
cool. Heat distribution is:
 80% through the chip.
 10% through the workpiece.
 10% through the tool.
VIDEO

14. 14
CUTTING FORCES & POWER
CUTTING FORCES & POWER
by Endika Gandarias

15. 15
Pc =
Fc × Vc
60 × 103 × ηm
N
CUTTING FORCES & POWER
Fc = kc × ap × fn
[kW][N]
TURNING
Q = Vc × ap × fn [cm3/min]
by Endika Gandarias
Mc =
Fc × Davg
2
[N*m]
 Davg = average diameter (mm)  Davg = (D0-Df)/2
 Vc = cutting speed (m/min)
 fn = feed per revolution (mm/rev)
 ap = radial cutting depth (mm)
 Kc = specific cutting force (N/mm2)
 ηm = machine efficiency (0.7-0.8)
 Fc = cutting force (N)
 Mc = torque (N*m)
 Pc = net cutting power (kW)
 Q = metal removal rate MRR (cm3/min)

16. 16
CUTTING FORCES & POWER
TURNING
by Endika Gandarias
 Fc = cutting force (N)
 Ft = thrust or feed force (N)
 Fr = radial force (N)
 F = feed rate (mm/min)
 ηm = machine efficiency (0.7-0.8)
 Pa = feed power (kW)
 Pr = radial power (kW)
Ft ≈ 0,4 × Fc [N]
Fr ≈ 0,2 × Fc [N]
Pa =
Ft × F
60 × 106 × ηm
[kW]
Pr = 0 [kW] (due to no motion)
Pa << Pc

17. 17
CUTTING FORCES & POWER
TURNING
EXERCISE:
An external turning operation is accomplished for a 60mm rod steel CMC02.1 material using Vc=400 m/min.
Calculate for the following 2 cases:
by Endika Gandarias
Fc ? [N] & Pc ? [kW] / Ft ? [N] & Pa ? [kW] / Fr ? [N] & Pr ? [kW]
Q ? [cm3/min] Mc ? [N*m]

18. 18
 ap = axial cutting depth (mm)
 ae = radial cutting depth (mm)
 kc = specific cutting force (N/mm2)
 F = feed rate (mm/min)
 N = spindle speed (rpm)
 Fc = cutting force (N)
 Mc = torque (N*m)
 Pc = net power (kW)
 Q = metal removal rate MRR (cm3/min)
CUTTING FORCES & POWER
MILLING
Pc =
Fc × F
60 × 106Fc = kc × ap × ae
[kW]
[N]
Q =
ap × ae × F
1000
[cm3/min]
by Endika Gandarias
Mc =
Pc × 30 × 103
π × N
[N*m]

19. 19
 Dc = 125 mm
 ap = 5 mm
 ae = 100 mm
 F = 600 mm/min
EXERCISE:
A face milling operation is accomplished for a CMC 02.1 material.
It is known:
CUTTING FORCES & POWER
MILLING
Fc ? [N] Q ? [cm3/min]
Pc ? [kW] Mc? [Nm]
by Endika Gandarias

20. 20
 kc = specific cutting force (N/mm2)
 Dc = drill diameter (mm)
 fn = feed per revolution (mm/rev)
 κr = positioning angle (º)
 N = spindle speed (rpm)
 Vc = cutting speed (m/min)
 Ff = feed force (N)
 Mc = torque (N*m)
 Pc = net power (kW)
 Q = Metal removal rate MRR (cm3/min)
CUTTING FORCES & POWER
DRILLING
Ff ≈ [kW][N]
Q =
Dc × fn × Vc
4
[cm3/min]
Pc =
kc × Dc × fn × Vc
240 × 103
kc × Dc × fn× sen κr
4
by Endika Gandarias
Mc =
Pc × 30 × 103
π × N
[N*m]

21. 21
CUTTING FORCES & POWER
DRILLING
 Dc = 12 mm
 fn = 0,21 mm/rev
 κr = 59º
 Vc = 105 m/min
EXERCISE:
A drilling operation is accomplished for a CMC 06.1 material.
It is known:
Ff? [N]
Pc ? [kW]
Q? [cm3/min]
by Endika Gandarias

22. 22
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias

23. 23
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Alloy Aleación Aleazio
Axial cutting depth Profundidad de pasada axial Sakontze sakonera
Built-up edge Filo de aportación Ekarpen sorbatz
Chip Viruta Txirbil
Chip breaker Rompe virutas Txirbil hauslea
Continuous chip Viruta continua Txirbil jarraia
Continuous chip with built-up edge Viruta continua con filo de aportación Txirbil jarraiko ekarpen sorbatz
Cool Fresco Hozkirri / Fresko
Cutting speed Velocidad de corte Ebaketa abiadura
Discontinuous chip Viruta discontinua Txirbil ez jarraia
Drilling Taladrado Zulaketa
Engagement Empañe Lausotua
Feed per revolution Avance por vuelta Aitzinamendua birako
Feed per tooth Avance por diente Aitzinamendua hortzeko
Feed rate Avance por minuto Aitzinamendua minutuko
Flank Flanco / Lateral Albo
Hardness Dureza Gogortasuna
Milling Fresado Fresaketa
Net power Potencia neta Potentzi garbia
Oblique cutting Corte oblicuo Ebaketa zeihar
Orthogonal cutting Corte ortogonal Ebaketa ortogonala
Positioning angle Ángulo de posicionamiento Posizionamendu angelu
Power Potencia Potentzia
Radial cutting depth Profundidad de pasada radial / ancho de pasada Iraganaldi zabalera
Rake Desprendimiento Jaulkitze
Removal rate Tasa de eliminación Eliminazio tasa
Rod Barra Barra
Serrated or segmented chip Viruta escalonada o segmentada Txirbil mailakatu edo segmentatua

24. 24
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Shear strain zone Zona de deformación por cizalladura Ebakidura bidezko deformazio gunea
Shearing Cizallamiento Ebakidura / Zizailadura
Specific cutting force Fuerza de corte específico Ebaketa indar espezifikoa
Spindle Cabezal Buru
Spindle speed Velocidad de giro Biraketa abiadura
Steel Acero Altzairu
Thickness Espesor Lodiera
Thrust Empuje Bultzada
Tool Herramienta Erraminta
Turning Torneado Torneaketa
Wear Desgaste Higadura
Workpiece Pieza Pieza