Proteins are composed of amino acid molecules and contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They perform important functions in the body like building cells, producing antibodies and enzymes, carrying oxygen via hemoglobin, and providing energy. Common food sources of protein include meat, fish, milk, cheese, peas, beans, and tofu. Proteins can be soluble or insoluble in water and are used to make new cells, antibodies, and hemoglobin.