SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 37
Genes and Gene Technology
     What do Genes Look Like?
Pieces of the Puzzle
    Genes

      determine the traits of an organism
    

     are passed on from one generation to another

     located on chromosomes




    Chromosomes are made of

      protein
    

     DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid
What a Gene Has to Be Able to Do

    Supply instructions for cell processes and

    building cell structures

    Be copied each time a cell divides

The Subunits of DNA
    DNA is made of only four subunits which

    are called nucleotides

    Each nucleotide consists of

      a sugar
    

     a phosphate

     a base




    Nucleotides are identical except for the

    base
The Four Bases
  Thymine

 Adenine
 Guanine
 Cytosine


    They each have a slightly different shape.



    The base is usually referred to by the first

    letters in their names: A, T, G, C.
Chargraff’s Rules

    In the 1950’s, Erwin Chargraff found that

    the amount of adenine in DNA always
    equals the amount of thymine.

    Also the amount of guanine always equals

    the amount of cytosine.

    These findings are known as Chargraff’s

    rules.
A Picture of DNA
    Rosalind Franklin was able to create

    images of DNA molecules using a process
    known as X-ray diffraction.

    The images that Franklin created

    suggested that DNA has a spiral shape.
Eureka!
    James Watson and Francis Crick were

    also investigating the structure of DNA.

    Based on Franklin’s image, they

    concluded that DNA resembles a twisted
    ladder shape known as a double helix.

    They used their DNA model to predict how

    DNA is copied.
Making Copies of DNA
    One side of DNA is complementary to the

    other.

    DNA splits down the middle where the two

    bases meet.

    The bases can be used as a pattern for a

    new complimentary side.
More About Traits
    Incomplete dominance

      Sometimes one trait is not completely
    
      dominant over another
     These traits don’t blend together but each
      allele has its own degree of influence
More About Traits
    Genes Influence Traits

      Sometimes one gene influences more than
    
      one trait
     Some traits are the result of several genes
      acting together
More About Traits
    Importance of Environment



    Many things in your environment influence

    how you grow and develop
      Healthy diet
    

     Exercise



    You may have the genes to grow tall but

    you won’t reach your full potential height
    without the proper nutrients
Think/Pair/Share
    List and describe the parts of a nucleotide.





    Which bases pair together in a DNA

    molecule?

    If a sample of DNA were found to contain

    20 percent cytosine, what % of guanine
    would be in this sample? Why?
Section 2


HOW DNA WORKS
Unraveling DNA
    DNA is often wound around proteins,

    coiled into strands, and then bundled up
    even more. In a cell that has a nucleus,
    the strands of DNA and proteins are
    bundled into chromosomes.

    A gene consists of a string of nucleotides

    that give the cell information about how to
    make a specific trait.
Genes and Proteins
  Proteins act as chemical triggers for many

of the processes within cells. Proteins help
determine traits.

  Another type of molecule that helps make

proteins is called RNA, or ribonucleic acid.
RNA is so similar to DNA that RNA can
serve as a temporary copy of a DNA
sequence.
Protein Synthesis: Transcription
    The first step in making a protein is to

    copy one side of the segment of DNA
    containing a gene. This copy is called
    messenger RNA (mRNA).

    This copy is identical to the original section

    except instead of copying thymine, the
    copy has uracil.

    After being made, the mRNA moves from

    the cell’s nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Transcription
Protein Synthesis: Translation
    The mRna is then fed through a ribosome.

    The ribosome reads three bases of the
    mRNA at a time.

    These groups of three bases code for a

    specific amino acid. The groups are called
    codons.

    Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids

    from the cytoplasm to the ribosome
Protein Synthesis: Translation
    The amino acids are dropped off at the

    ribosome.

    As more mRNA is fed through the

    ribosome, tRNA brings more amino acids
    to drop off. As they are dropped off they
    join together.
Protein Synthesis: Translation
    The ribosome starts reading the mRNA at

    the START codon. AUG is almost always
    the START codon, especially for
    eukaryotes.

    Once the ribosome reads the STOP

    codon, the amino acids that are joined
    together form the protein that the mRNA
    was coded to make.
Translation
Changes in Genes
    Changes in the number, type, or

    order of nucleotide bases on a
    piece of DNA are known as
    mutations.

    Insertion: Base is added that

    wasn’t in original sequence

    Substitution: Base that was in

    original sequence is replaced
    by another

    Deletion: Base from original

    sequence is removed
Types of Mutations



 Deletion

 Insertion

Substitution
Mutations
    There are three possible consequences to

    changes in DNA: an improved trait, no
    change, or a harmful trait.

    Mutations happen regularly because of

    random errors when DNA is copied. Any
    physical or chemical agent that can cause
    a mutation in DNA is called a mutagen.

        Examples: X-rays, UV radiation, asbestos,
    

        chemicals in cigarette smoke
Mutants Among Us?
    Mistakes during DNA replication are

    estimated to occur in 1 of every 10,000
    base pairs.

    We have built-in DNA checking

    mechanisms that catch most of these
    mutations and correct them. The final
    error rate is as low as 1 in 1 billion.
Example of Substitution
    A mutation, such as a substitution, can be

    harmful because it may cause a gene to
    produce the wrong protein.

     A simple change in an amino acid can

    cause a disease such as sickle cell
    anemia. Sickle cells are not as good at
    carrying oxygen and also are more likely
    to cause dangerous blood clots.
Uses of Genetic Knowledge
    Scientists can manipulate individual genes

    within organisms. This kind of
    manipulation is called genetic engineering.

    Your DNA is unique, so it can be used like

    a fingerprint to identify you. DNA
    fingerprinting identifies the unique patterns
    in an individual’s DNA. Its two main uses
    are identifying evidence in criminal cases
    and determining whether people are
Think/Pair/Share
    What is the function of the ribosome in

    protein synthesis?

    What are the three types of mutations? What

    is a mutagen?

    Explain the relationship between genes and

    proteins.

    What is a codon?


More Related Content

What's hot

Types of Mutation :- Frameshift, Reversion and Spontaneous
Types of Mutation :- Frameshift, Reversion and SpontaneousTypes of Mutation :- Frameshift, Reversion and Spontaneous
Types of Mutation :- Frameshift, Reversion and SpontaneousDvane Coutinho
 
Gene mutation and its types
Gene mutation and its typesGene mutation and its types
Gene mutation and its typesCS KAZIPYO
 
All about genes oncogenes mutations-cloning-gene therapy
All about genes oncogenes mutations-cloning-gene therapyAll about genes oncogenes mutations-cloning-gene therapy
All about genes oncogenes mutations-cloning-gene therapyAhmed Amer
 
Dr. ladli kishore (microbial genetics and variation) (1)
Dr. ladli kishore (microbial genetics and variation) (1)Dr. ladli kishore (microbial genetics and variation) (1)
Dr. ladli kishore (microbial genetics and variation) (1)Drladlikishore2015
 
Mutation detection systems navi
Mutation detection systems naviMutation detection systems navi
Mutation detection systems navinaveenagirish
 
Chromosomal mutation and gene mutation
Chromosomal mutation and gene mutationChromosomal mutation and gene mutation
Chromosomal mutation and gene mutationSainShahid
 
Identoification and Types of Oncogene
Identoification and Types of OncogeneIdentoification and Types of Oncogene
Identoification and Types of OncogeneNeenuFernandes
 
Epigenetics and it's relevance in crop improvement
Epigenetics and it's relevance in crop improvementEpigenetics and it's relevance in crop improvement
Epigenetics and it's relevance in crop improvementShamlyGupta
 
Spontaneous mutations in microorganisms
Spontaneous mutations in microorganismsSpontaneous mutations in microorganisms
Spontaneous mutations in microorganismsprasanna1017
 
Gene mutation
Gene mutationGene mutation
Gene mutationjayarajgr
 
Regulation of gene expression and gene therapy in dentistry
Regulation of gene expression and gene therapy in dentistryRegulation of gene expression and gene therapy in dentistry
Regulation of gene expression and gene therapy in dentistryMammootty Ik
 

What's hot (20)

Silent mutation
Silent mutationSilent mutation
Silent mutation
 
Types of Mutation :- Frameshift, Reversion and Spontaneous
Types of Mutation :- Frameshift, Reversion and SpontaneousTypes of Mutation :- Frameshift, Reversion and Spontaneous
Types of Mutation :- Frameshift, Reversion and Spontaneous
 
Gene mutation and its types
Gene mutation and its typesGene mutation and its types
Gene mutation and its types
 
All about genes oncogenes mutations-cloning-gene therapy
All about genes oncogenes mutations-cloning-gene therapyAll about genes oncogenes mutations-cloning-gene therapy
All about genes oncogenes mutations-cloning-gene therapy
 
Dr. ladli kishore (microbial genetics and variation) (1)
Dr. ladli kishore (microbial genetics and variation) (1)Dr. ladli kishore (microbial genetics and variation) (1)
Dr. ladli kishore (microbial genetics and variation) (1)
 
Gene mutation
Gene mutationGene mutation
Gene mutation
 
Mutation detection systems navi
Mutation detection systems naviMutation detection systems navi
Mutation detection systems navi
 
Chromosomal mutation and gene mutation
Chromosomal mutation and gene mutationChromosomal mutation and gene mutation
Chromosomal mutation and gene mutation
 
Mutation
Mutation Mutation
Mutation
 
Gene mutation
Gene mutationGene mutation
Gene mutation
 
Gene Mutation
Gene MutationGene Mutation
Gene Mutation
 
Identoification and Types of Oncogene
Identoification and Types of OncogeneIdentoification and Types of Oncogene
Identoification and Types of Oncogene
 
Mutagens and their actions
Mutagens and their actionsMutagens and their actions
Mutagens and their actions
 
Mutation
MutationMutation
Mutation
 
Epigenetics
EpigeneticsEpigenetics
Epigenetics
 
Epigenetics and it's relevance in crop improvement
Epigenetics and it's relevance in crop improvementEpigenetics and it's relevance in crop improvement
Epigenetics and it's relevance in crop improvement
 
Spontaneous mutations in microorganisms
Spontaneous mutations in microorganismsSpontaneous mutations in microorganisms
Spontaneous mutations in microorganisms
 
Gene mutation
Gene mutationGene mutation
Gene mutation
 
Regulation of gene expression and gene therapy in dentistry
Regulation of gene expression and gene therapy in dentistryRegulation of gene expression and gene therapy in dentistry
Regulation of gene expression and gene therapy in dentistry
 
types of Mutation
types of Mutationtypes of Mutation
types of Mutation
 

Similar to Genes And Gene Technology

Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01
Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01
Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01Cleophas Rwemera
 
Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01
Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01
Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01Cleophas Rwemera
 
Sci cafe humangenome&health
Sci cafe humangenome&healthSci cafe humangenome&health
Sci cafe humangenome&healthToby Rossman
 
Lec 1 introduction to molecular biology
Lec  1  introduction to molecular biologyLec  1  introduction to molecular biology
Lec 1 introduction to molecular biologyHama Nabaz
 
The Structure Of A Double Helix
The Structure Of A Double HelixThe Structure Of A Double Helix
The Structure Of A Double HelixChristina Padilla
 
Cumulative review dna rna-protein synthesis-mutations
Cumulative review dna rna-protein synthesis-mutationsCumulative review dna rna-protein synthesis-mutations
Cumulative review dna rna-protein synthesis-mutationsJamyeJ
 
Dna Genes Y Genomas
Dna Genes Y GenomasDna Genes Y Genomas
Dna Genes Y Genomasguest940c24
 
Biology GCSE OCR B3 revision 1
Biology GCSE OCR B3 revision 1Biology GCSE OCR B3 revision 1
Biology GCSE OCR B3 revision 1JenBash
 
DNA structure and replication molecular biology
DNA structure and replication molecular biologyDNA structure and replication molecular biology
DNA structure and replication molecular biologyMSGAZAAR1
 
Heredity and evolution
Heredity and evolutionHeredity and evolution
Heredity and evolutionSneha Burse
 
dna structure agricultural sciences gr12
dna structure  agricultural sciences gr12dna structure  agricultural sciences gr12
dna structure agricultural sciences gr12Athi88
 
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean Briefly.pdf
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean  Briefly.pdfGenes code for gene products. What does this statement mean  Briefly.pdf
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean Briefly.pdfjibinsh
 

Similar to Genes And Gene Technology (20)

Dna cloning
Dna cloning Dna cloning
Dna cloning
 
Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01
Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01
Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01
 
Ch16 genetics
Ch16  geneticsCh16  genetics
Ch16 genetics
 
Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01
Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01
Ch16genetics 150405165056-conversion-gate01
 
Chapter 10 Notes
Chapter 10   NotesChapter 10   Notes
Chapter 10 Notes
 
Sci cafe humangenome&health
Sci cafe humangenome&healthSci cafe humangenome&health
Sci cafe humangenome&health
 
Lec 1 introduction to molecular biology
Lec  1  introduction to molecular biologyLec  1  introduction to molecular biology
Lec 1 introduction to molecular biology
 
The Structure Of A Double Helix
The Structure Of A Double HelixThe Structure Of A Double Helix
The Structure Of A Double Helix
 
Genetic material
Genetic materialGenetic material
Genetic material
 
DNA
DNADNA
DNA
 
Cumulative review dna rna-protein synthesis-mutations
Cumulative review dna rna-protein synthesis-mutationsCumulative review dna rna-protein synthesis-mutations
Cumulative review dna rna-protein synthesis-mutations
 
Dna Genes Y Genomas
Dna Genes Y GenomasDna Genes Y Genomas
Dna Genes Y Genomas
 
Molecular basis of tumor
Molecular basis of tumorMolecular basis of tumor
Molecular basis of tumor
 
Biology GCSE OCR B3 revision 1
Biology GCSE OCR B3 revision 1Biology GCSE OCR B3 revision 1
Biology GCSE OCR B3 revision 1
 
DNA structure and replication molecular biology
DNA structure and replication molecular biologyDNA structure and replication molecular biology
DNA structure and replication molecular biology
 
Heredity and evolution
Heredity and evolutionHeredity and evolution
Heredity and evolution
 
Genetics
GeneticsGenetics
Genetics
 
dna structure agricultural sciences gr12
dna structure  agricultural sciences gr12dna structure  agricultural sciences gr12
dna structure agricultural sciences gr12
 
DNA Replication.ppt
DNA Replication.pptDNA Replication.ppt
DNA Replication.ppt
 
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean Briefly.pdf
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean  Briefly.pdfGenes code for gene products. What does this statement mean  Briefly.pdf
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean Briefly.pdf
 

More from mlong24

1.4 Data Collection & Sampling
1.4 Data Collection & Sampling1.4 Data Collection & Sampling
1.4 Data Collection & Samplingmlong24
 
1.5 Observational vs. Experimental
1.5 Observational vs. Experimental1.5 Observational vs. Experimental
1.5 Observational vs. Experimentalmlong24
 
1 3 Variables and Types of Data
1 3 Variables and Types of Data1 3 Variables and Types of Data
1 3 Variables and Types of Datamlong24
 
1.6 Uses and Misuses
1.6 Uses and Misuses1.6 Uses and Misuses
1.6 Uses and Misusesmlong24
 
1.1-1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
1.1-1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics1.1-1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
1.1-1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statisticsmlong24
 
2.3 Histogram/Frequency Polygon/Ogives
2.3 Histogram/Frequency Polygon/Ogives2.3 Histogram/Frequency Polygon/Ogives
2.3 Histogram/Frequency Polygon/Ogivesmlong24
 
2.4 Other Types of Graphs
2.4 Other Types of Graphs2.4 Other Types of Graphs
2.4 Other Types of Graphsmlong24
 
2.1-2.2 Organizing Data
2.1-2.2 Organizing Data2.1-2.2 Organizing Data
2.1-2.2 Organizing Datamlong24
 
3.5 Exploratory Data Analysis
3.5 Exploratory Data Analysis3.5 Exploratory Data Analysis
3.5 Exploratory Data Analysismlong24
 
3.3 Measures of Variation
3.3 Measures of Variation3.3 Measures of Variation
3.3 Measures of Variationmlong24
 
3.4 Measures of Position
3.4 Measures of Position3.4 Measures of Position
3.4 Measures of Positionmlong24
 
3.1-3.2 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1-3.2 Measures of Central Tendency3.1-3.2 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1-3.2 Measures of Central Tendencymlong24
 
4 3 Addition Rules for Probability
4 3 Addition Rules for Probability4 3 Addition Rules for Probability
4 3 Addition Rules for Probabilitymlong24
 
4.1-4.2 Sample Spaces and Probability
4.1-4.2 Sample Spaces and Probability4.1-4.2 Sample Spaces and Probability
4.1-4.2 Sample Spaces and Probabilitymlong24
 
2.1 Phy I - Displacement and Velocity
2.1 Phy I - Displacement and Velocity2.1 Phy I - Displacement and Velocity
2.1 Phy I - Displacement and Velocitymlong24
 
2.2 Phy I - Acceleration
2.2 Phy I - Acceleration2.2 Phy I - Acceleration
2.2 Phy I - Accelerationmlong24
 
1.2 Measurements in Experiments
1.2 Measurements in Experiments1.2 Measurements in Experiments
1.2 Measurements in Experimentsmlong24
 
1.1 What is Physics?
1.1 What is Physics?1.1 What is Physics?
1.1 What is Physics?mlong24
 
1.3 The Language of Physics
1.3 The Language of Physics1.3 The Language of Physics
1.3 The Language of Physicsmlong24
 
AP Physics 1 - Introduction
AP Physics 1 - IntroductionAP Physics 1 - Introduction
AP Physics 1 - Introductionmlong24
 

More from mlong24 (20)

1.4 Data Collection & Sampling
1.4 Data Collection & Sampling1.4 Data Collection & Sampling
1.4 Data Collection & Sampling
 
1.5 Observational vs. Experimental
1.5 Observational vs. Experimental1.5 Observational vs. Experimental
1.5 Observational vs. Experimental
 
1 3 Variables and Types of Data
1 3 Variables and Types of Data1 3 Variables and Types of Data
1 3 Variables and Types of Data
 
1.6 Uses and Misuses
1.6 Uses and Misuses1.6 Uses and Misuses
1.6 Uses and Misuses
 
1.1-1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
1.1-1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics1.1-1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
1.1-1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
 
2.3 Histogram/Frequency Polygon/Ogives
2.3 Histogram/Frequency Polygon/Ogives2.3 Histogram/Frequency Polygon/Ogives
2.3 Histogram/Frequency Polygon/Ogives
 
2.4 Other Types of Graphs
2.4 Other Types of Graphs2.4 Other Types of Graphs
2.4 Other Types of Graphs
 
2.1-2.2 Organizing Data
2.1-2.2 Organizing Data2.1-2.2 Organizing Data
2.1-2.2 Organizing Data
 
3.5 Exploratory Data Analysis
3.5 Exploratory Data Analysis3.5 Exploratory Data Analysis
3.5 Exploratory Data Analysis
 
3.3 Measures of Variation
3.3 Measures of Variation3.3 Measures of Variation
3.3 Measures of Variation
 
3.4 Measures of Position
3.4 Measures of Position3.4 Measures of Position
3.4 Measures of Position
 
3.1-3.2 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1-3.2 Measures of Central Tendency3.1-3.2 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1-3.2 Measures of Central Tendency
 
4 3 Addition Rules for Probability
4 3 Addition Rules for Probability4 3 Addition Rules for Probability
4 3 Addition Rules for Probability
 
4.1-4.2 Sample Spaces and Probability
4.1-4.2 Sample Spaces and Probability4.1-4.2 Sample Spaces and Probability
4.1-4.2 Sample Spaces and Probability
 
2.1 Phy I - Displacement and Velocity
2.1 Phy I - Displacement and Velocity2.1 Phy I - Displacement and Velocity
2.1 Phy I - Displacement and Velocity
 
2.2 Phy I - Acceleration
2.2 Phy I - Acceleration2.2 Phy I - Acceleration
2.2 Phy I - Acceleration
 
1.2 Measurements in Experiments
1.2 Measurements in Experiments1.2 Measurements in Experiments
1.2 Measurements in Experiments
 
1.1 What is Physics?
1.1 What is Physics?1.1 What is Physics?
1.1 What is Physics?
 
1.3 The Language of Physics
1.3 The Language of Physics1.3 The Language of Physics
1.3 The Language of Physics
 
AP Physics 1 - Introduction
AP Physics 1 - IntroductionAP Physics 1 - Introduction
AP Physics 1 - Introduction
 

Recently uploaded

Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt RobisonData Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt RobisonAnna Loughnan Colquhoun
 
Breaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path Mount
Breaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path MountBreaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path Mount
Breaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path MountPuma Security, LLC
 
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...apidays
 
How to convert PDF to text with Nanonets
How to convert PDF to text with NanonetsHow to convert PDF to text with Nanonets
How to convert PDF to text with Nanonetsnaman860154
 
Boost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivity
Boost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivityBoost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivity
Boost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivityPrincipled Technologies
 
Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101
Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101
Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101Paola De la Torre
 
GenCyber Cyber Security Day Presentation
GenCyber Cyber Security Day PresentationGenCyber Cyber Security Day Presentation
GenCyber Cyber Security Day PresentationMichael W. Hawkins
 
From Event to Action: Accelerate Your Decision Making with Real-Time Automation
From Event to Action: Accelerate Your Decision Making with Real-Time AutomationFrom Event to Action: Accelerate Your Decision Making with Real-Time Automation
From Event to Action: Accelerate Your Decision Making with Real-Time AutomationSafe Software
 
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024The Digital Insurer
 
Raspberry Pi 5: Challenges and Solutions in Bringing up an OpenGL/Vulkan Driv...
Raspberry Pi 5: Challenges and Solutions in Bringing up an OpenGL/Vulkan Driv...Raspberry Pi 5: Challenges and Solutions in Bringing up an OpenGL/Vulkan Driv...
Raspberry Pi 5: Challenges and Solutions in Bringing up an OpenGL/Vulkan Driv...Igalia
 
08448380779 Call Girls In Greater Kailash - I Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Greater Kailash - I Women Seeking Men08448380779 Call Girls In Greater Kailash - I Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Greater Kailash - I Women Seeking MenDelhi Call girls
 
The Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdf
The Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdfThe Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdf
The Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdfEnterprise Knowledge
 
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps ScriptAutomating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Scriptwesley chun
 
Finology Group – Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
Finology Group – Insurtech Innovation Award 2024Finology Group – Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
Finology Group – Insurtech Innovation Award 2024The Digital Insurer
 
The Codex of Business Writing Software for Real-World Solutions 2.pptx
The Codex of Business Writing Software for Real-World Solutions 2.pptxThe Codex of Business Writing Software for Real-World Solutions 2.pptx
The Codex of Business Writing Software for Real-World Solutions 2.pptxMalak Abu Hammad
 
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organizationScaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organizationRadu Cotescu
 
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...Miguel Araújo
 
CNv6 Instructor Chapter 6 Quality of Service
CNv6 Instructor Chapter 6 Quality of ServiceCNv6 Instructor Chapter 6 Quality of Service
CNv6 Instructor Chapter 6 Quality of Servicegiselly40
 
Developing An App To Navigate The Roads of Brazil
Developing An App To Navigate The Roads of BrazilDeveloping An App To Navigate The Roads of Brazil
Developing An App To Navigate The Roads of BrazilV3cube
 
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law DevelopmentsTrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law DevelopmentsTrustArc
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt RobisonData Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
 
Breaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path Mount
Breaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path MountBreaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path Mount
Breaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path Mount
 
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
 
How to convert PDF to text with Nanonets
How to convert PDF to text with NanonetsHow to convert PDF to text with Nanonets
How to convert PDF to text with Nanonets
 
Boost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivity
Boost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivityBoost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivity
Boost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivity
 
Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101
Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101
Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101
 
GenCyber Cyber Security Day Presentation
GenCyber Cyber Security Day PresentationGenCyber Cyber Security Day Presentation
GenCyber Cyber Security Day Presentation
 
From Event to Action: Accelerate Your Decision Making with Real-Time Automation
From Event to Action: Accelerate Your Decision Making with Real-Time AutomationFrom Event to Action: Accelerate Your Decision Making with Real-Time Automation
From Event to Action: Accelerate Your Decision Making with Real-Time Automation
 
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
 
Raspberry Pi 5: Challenges and Solutions in Bringing up an OpenGL/Vulkan Driv...
Raspberry Pi 5: Challenges and Solutions in Bringing up an OpenGL/Vulkan Driv...Raspberry Pi 5: Challenges and Solutions in Bringing up an OpenGL/Vulkan Driv...
Raspberry Pi 5: Challenges and Solutions in Bringing up an OpenGL/Vulkan Driv...
 
08448380779 Call Girls In Greater Kailash - I Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Greater Kailash - I Women Seeking Men08448380779 Call Girls In Greater Kailash - I Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Greater Kailash - I Women Seeking Men
 
The Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdf
The Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdfThe Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdf
The Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdf
 
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps ScriptAutomating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
 
Finology Group – Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
Finology Group – Insurtech Innovation Award 2024Finology Group – Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
Finology Group – Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
 
The Codex of Business Writing Software for Real-World Solutions 2.pptx
The Codex of Business Writing Software for Real-World Solutions 2.pptxThe Codex of Business Writing Software for Real-World Solutions 2.pptx
The Codex of Business Writing Software for Real-World Solutions 2.pptx
 
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organizationScaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
 
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...
 
CNv6 Instructor Chapter 6 Quality of Service
CNv6 Instructor Chapter 6 Quality of ServiceCNv6 Instructor Chapter 6 Quality of Service
CNv6 Instructor Chapter 6 Quality of Service
 
Developing An App To Navigate The Roads of Brazil
Developing An App To Navigate The Roads of BrazilDeveloping An App To Navigate The Roads of Brazil
Developing An App To Navigate The Roads of Brazil
 
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law DevelopmentsTrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
 

Genes And Gene Technology

  • 1. Genes and Gene Technology What do Genes Look Like?
  • 2. Pieces of the Puzzle Genes  determine the traits of an organism   are passed on from one generation to another  located on chromosomes Chromosomes are made of  protein   DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid
  • 3. What a Gene Has to Be Able to Do Supply instructions for cell processes and  building cell structures Be copied each time a cell divides 
  • 4. The Subunits of DNA DNA is made of only four subunits which  are called nucleotides Each nucleotide consists of  a sugar   a phosphate  a base Nucleotides are identical except for the  base
  • 5. The Four Bases Thymine   Adenine  Guanine  Cytosine They each have a slightly different shape.  The base is usually referred to by the first  letters in their names: A, T, G, C.
  • 6. Chargraff’s Rules In the 1950’s, Erwin Chargraff found that  the amount of adenine in DNA always equals the amount of thymine. Also the amount of guanine always equals  the amount of cytosine. These findings are known as Chargraff’s  rules.
  • 7. A Picture of DNA Rosalind Franklin was able to create  images of DNA molecules using a process known as X-ray diffraction. The images that Franklin created  suggested that DNA has a spiral shape.
  • 8. Eureka! James Watson and Francis Crick were  also investigating the structure of DNA. Based on Franklin’s image, they  concluded that DNA resembles a twisted ladder shape known as a double helix. They used their DNA model to predict how  DNA is copied.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. Making Copies of DNA One side of DNA is complementary to the  other. DNA splits down the middle where the two  bases meet. The bases can be used as a pattern for a  new complimentary side.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. More About Traits Incomplete dominance  Sometimes one trait is not completely  dominant over another  These traits don’t blend together but each allele has its own degree of influence
  • 15. More About Traits Genes Influence Traits  Sometimes one gene influences more than  one trait  Some traits are the result of several genes acting together
  • 16. More About Traits Importance of Environment  Many things in your environment influence  how you grow and develop Healthy diet   Exercise You may have the genes to grow tall but  you won’t reach your full potential height without the proper nutrients
  • 17. Think/Pair/Share List and describe the parts of a nucleotide.  Which bases pair together in a DNA  molecule? If a sample of DNA were found to contain  20 percent cytosine, what % of guanine would be in this sample? Why?
  • 19. Unraveling DNA DNA is often wound around proteins,  coiled into strands, and then bundled up even more. In a cell that has a nucleus, the strands of DNA and proteins are bundled into chromosomes. A gene consists of a string of nucleotides  that give the cell information about how to make a specific trait.
  • 20.
  • 21. Genes and Proteins Proteins act as chemical triggers for many  of the processes within cells. Proteins help determine traits. Another type of molecule that helps make  proteins is called RNA, or ribonucleic acid. RNA is so similar to DNA that RNA can serve as a temporary copy of a DNA sequence.
  • 22. Protein Synthesis: Transcription The first step in making a protein is to  copy one side of the segment of DNA containing a gene. This copy is called messenger RNA (mRNA). This copy is identical to the original section  except instead of copying thymine, the copy has uracil. After being made, the mRNA moves from  the cell’s nucleus into the cytoplasm.
  • 24. Protein Synthesis: Translation The mRna is then fed through a ribosome.  The ribosome reads three bases of the mRNA at a time. These groups of three bases code for a  specific amino acid. The groups are called codons. Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids  from the cytoplasm to the ribosome
  • 25. Protein Synthesis: Translation The amino acids are dropped off at the  ribosome. As more mRNA is fed through the  ribosome, tRNA brings more amino acids to drop off. As they are dropped off they join together.
  • 26. Protein Synthesis: Translation The ribosome starts reading the mRNA at  the START codon. AUG is almost always the START codon, especially for eukaryotes. Once the ribosome reads the STOP  codon, the amino acids that are joined together form the protein that the mRNA was coded to make.
  • 28. Changes in Genes Changes in the number, type, or  order of nucleotide bases on a piece of DNA are known as mutations. Insertion: Base is added that  wasn’t in original sequence Substitution: Base that was in  original sequence is replaced by another Deletion: Base from original  sequence is removed
  • 29. Types of Mutations Deletion Insertion Substitution
  • 30. Mutations There are three possible consequences to  changes in DNA: an improved trait, no change, or a harmful trait. Mutations happen regularly because of  random errors when DNA is copied. Any physical or chemical agent that can cause a mutation in DNA is called a mutagen. Examples: X-rays, UV radiation, asbestos,  chemicals in cigarette smoke
  • 31. Mutants Among Us? Mistakes during DNA replication are  estimated to occur in 1 of every 10,000 base pairs. We have built-in DNA checking  mechanisms that catch most of these mutations and correct them. The final error rate is as low as 1 in 1 billion.
  • 32. Example of Substitution A mutation, such as a substitution, can be  harmful because it may cause a gene to produce the wrong protein. A simple change in an amino acid can  cause a disease such as sickle cell anemia. Sickle cells are not as good at carrying oxygen and also are more likely to cause dangerous blood clots.
  • 33.
  • 34. Uses of Genetic Knowledge Scientists can manipulate individual genes  within organisms. This kind of manipulation is called genetic engineering. Your DNA is unique, so it can be used like  a fingerprint to identify you. DNA fingerprinting identifies the unique patterns in an individual’s DNA. Its two main uses are identifying evidence in criminal cases and determining whether people are
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37. Think/Pair/Share What is the function of the ribosome in  protein synthesis? What are the three types of mutations? What  is a mutagen? Explain the relationship between genes and  proteins. What is a codon? 