1. The Language Of
Medicine
10 edition
th
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
1

2. Chapter 10
Nervous System
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2

3. Chapter Goals

Name, locate, and describe major organs of the nervous system and
their functions.

Learn nervous system combining forms and use them with suffixes and
prefixes.

Define pathological conditions affecting the nervous system.
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3

4. Chapter Goals (cont’d)

Describe laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and
abbreviations that pertain to the system.

Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical
terms in the proper contexts, such as medical reports
and records.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
4

5. Chapter 10
Lesson 10.1
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5

6. Introduction
Nervous system:

Complex: 10 billion nerve cells

Voluntary and involuntary functions

Carries electrical messages

External and internal receptors
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7. Introduction (cont’d)
Nerve cells (neurons):

Microscopic

Collected into macroscopic nerves

Carry electrical messages all over the body
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8. General Structure of the
Nervous System
Two major divisions:

Central nervous system—CNS



Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system—PNS

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

Plexuses

Peripheral nerves throughout the body
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9. General Structure of the
Nervous System (cont’d)

Cranial and spinal nerves


Motor nerves carry messages from the brain


Sensory nerves carry messages toward the brain
Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers
Sensory receptors
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9

10. General Structure of the
Nervous System (cont’d)
Autonomic nervous system:

Carries impulses from the central nervous system to the
organs

Sympathetic nerves stimulate the body under stress

Parasympathetic nerves balance the sympathetic
system

Slow heart rate

Lower blood pressure
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10

11. Divisions of the Central and
Peripheral Nervous System
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11

12. Neurons, Nerves, and Glia
Neuron = Individual nerve cell



Dendrite
Cell nucleus
Axon




Myelin sheath
Neurilemma
Terminal end fibers (secrete neurotransmitters)
Neurotransmitters transfer impulse across synapse
Ganglia = Small clusters of nerve cell bodies
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12

13. Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d)
Label the parts
of a neuron,
and review the
path of a
nervous
impulse.
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14. Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d)
The image
shows the parts
of a neuron.
Review the path
of a nervous
impulse.
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14

15. Neurons, Nerves, and Glia
(cont’d)
Glia cells:

Maintain the health of the nervous system

Do not transmit impulses
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15

16. Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d)
Four types:
 Astrocytes (astroglial cells)
 Microglia (microglial cells)
 Oligodendroglia (oligodendroglial cells)
 Ependymal cells
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17. Chapter 10
Lesson 10.2
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17

18. The Brain
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18

19. The Brain (cont’d)
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19

20. The Brain (cont’d)

Cerebrum

The largest section of the brain

Surface nerve cells called cerebral cortex

Manages speech, vision, smell, movement, hearing, and
thought
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20

21. The Brain (cont’d)

Cerebellum



Coordinates voluntary movements
Maintains balance
Thalamus

Integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain)
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22. The Brain (cont’d)

Hypothalamus

Controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire,
and emotions

Regulates release of hormones from the pituitary gland

Monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
systems
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22

23. The Brain (cont’d)
Brainstem

Pons

Bridges the cerebrum and cerebellum with the rest of the
brain

Houses nerves for the face and eyes
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24. The Brain (cont’d)
Brainstem

Medulla oblongata

Connects the spinal cord to the brain

Nerve tracts from side to side

Regulates:

Blood vessels

Heart

Respiratory system
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25. The Spinal Cord and Meninges
Spinal cord
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25

26. The Spinal Cord and Meninges (cont’d)
Meninges
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27. The Spinal Cord and Meninges (cont’d)
Meninges
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27

28. Vocabulary

acetylcholine

afferent nerve

arachnoid
membrane
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29. Vocabulary (cont’d)



acetylcholine
afferent nerve
arachnoid
membrane
Neurotransmitter chemical released at
ends of nerve cells
Carries messages toward the brain and
spinal cord
Middle layer of the three membranes
that surround the brain and spinal cord
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29

30. Vocabulary (cont’d)

astrocyte

autonomic nervous
system

axon
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30

31. Vocabulary (cont’d)



astrocyte
Glial cell that transports water
and salts from capillaries
autonomic nervous
system
Nerves that control involuntary
body functions of muscles,
glands, and internal organs
axon
Microscopic fiber that carries the
nervous impulse along a nerve
cell
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31

32. Vocabulary (cont’d)

blood-brain
barrier

brainstem

cauda equina
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32

33. Vocabulary (cont’d)



blood-brain
barrier
Protective separation between the
blood and brain cells that keeps
substances (such as anticancer
drugs) from penetrating capillary
walls and entering the brain
Posterior portion of the brain that
connects the cerebrum with the
spinal cord
brainstem
cauda equina
Collection of spinal nerves below
the end of the spinal cord
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33

34. Vocabulary (cont’d)

cell body

central nervous
system (CNS)

cerebellum
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34

35. Vocabulary (cont’d)



cell body
The part of a nerve cell that contains
the nucleus
central nervous
system (CNS)
cerebellum
The brain and spinal cord
The posterior part of the brain that
coordinates muscle movements and
maintains balance
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35

36. Vocabulary (cont’d)

cerebral cortex

cerebrospinal
fluid

cerebrum
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36

37. Vocabulary (cont’d)

cerebral cortex
Outer region of the cerebrum; contains
sheets of nerve cells; gray matter

cerebrospinal
fluid
Circulates throughout the brain and
spinal cord
cerebrum
The largest part of the brain;
responsible for voluntary muscle
activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing,
thought, and memory

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37

38. Vocabulary (cont’d)

cranial nerves

dendrite

dura mater
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38

39. Vocabulary (cont’d)

cranial nerves
Twelve pairs; carry messages to and from
the brain with regard to the head and
neck (except the vagus nerve)

dendrite
Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve
cell; the first part to receive the nervous
impulse

dura mater
The thick, outermost layer of the
meninges surrounding and protecting the
brain and spinal cord
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39

40. Vocabulary (cont’d)

efferent nerve

ependymal cell

ganglion (plural:
ganglia)
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41. Vocabulary (cont’d)

efferent nerve
Carries messages away from the
brain and spinal cord; motor nerve

ependymal cell
Glial cell that lines the membranes
within the brain and spinal cord;
helps form cerebrospinal fluid

ganglion (plural:
ganglia)
Collection of nerve cell bodies in the
peripheral nervous system
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41

42. Vocabulary (cont’d)

glial cell
(neuroglial cell)

gyrus (plural:
gyri)

hypothalamus
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42

43. Vocabulary (cont’d)



glial cell
(neuroglial cell)
gyrus (plural:
gyri)
hypothalamus
Supportive and connective nerve cell that
does not carry nervous impulses; can
reproduce itself
Sheet of nerve cells that produces a
rounded ridge on the surface of the
cerebral cortex; convolution
The portion of the brain beneath the
thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body
temperature, and pituitary gland
secretions
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43

44. Vocabulary (cont’d)

medulla
oblongata

meninges

microglial cell
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44

45. Vocabulary (cont’d)



medulla
oblongata
The part of the brain just above the
spinal cord; controls breathing,
heartbeat, and size of blood vessels
meninges
Three protective membranes that
surround the brain and spinal cord
microglial cell
Phagocytic glial cell that removes
waste products from the central
nervous system
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45

46. Vocabulary (cont’d)

motor nerve

myelin sheath

nerve
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47. Vocabulary (cont’d)

motor nerve
Carries messages away from the brain
and spinal cord to muscles and organs;
efferent nerve

myelin sheath
Covering of white fatty tissue that
surrounds and insulates the axon of a
nerve cell; speeds impulse conduction

nerve
Macroscopic cord-like collection of
fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry
electrical impulses
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47

48. Vocabulary (cont’d)

neuron

neurotransmitter

oligodendroglial
cell
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49. Vocabulary (cont’d)



Nerve cell that carries impulses
throughout body; parenchyma of
the nervous system
neuron
neurotransmitter
Chemical messenger released at
the end of a nerve cell; stimulates
or inhibits another cell
oligodendroglial
cell
Glial cell that forms the myelin
sheath covering axons;
oligodendrocyte
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49

50. Vocabulary (cont’d)

parasympathetic
nerves

parenchyma

peripheral
nervous system
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50

51. Vocabulary (cont’d)

parasympathetic
nerves
Involuntary, autonomic nerves that
regulate normal body functions such as
heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the
gastrointestinal tract

parenchyma
Essential, distinguishing tissue of any
organ or system; for the nervous system,
neurons and nerves that carry impulses

peripheral
nervous system
Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord;
cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves
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52. Vocabulary (cont’d)

pia mater

plexus (plural:
plexuses)

pons
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53. Vocabulary (cont’d)

pia mater
The thin, delicate inner membrane of
the meninges

plexus (plural:
plexuses)

pons
A large, interlacing network of nerves
The part of the brain anterior to the
cerebellum and between the medulla
and the rest of the midbrain
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54. Vocabulary (cont’d)

receptor

sciatic nerve

sensory nerve
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55. Vocabulary (cont’d)

receptor
An organ that receives a nervous
stimulus and passes it on to afferent
nerves; the skin, ears, eyes, and taste
buds are receptors

sciatic nerve
The nerve extending from the base of
the spine down the thigh, lower leg,
and foot

sensory nerve
Carries messages toward the brain and
spinal cord from receptor; afferent
nerve
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55

56. Vocabulary (cont’d)

spinal nerves

stimulus
(plural:
stimuli)

stroma
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57. Vocabulary (cont’d)



spinal nerves
stimulus
(plural:
stimuli)
stroma
Thirty-one pairs arising from the
spinal cord
An agent of change (light, sound,
touch) in the internal or external
environment that evokes a response
Connective and supporting tissue of an
organ; glial cells are the stromal
tissue of the brain
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57

58. Vocabulary (cont’d)

sulcus (plural:
sulci)

sympathetic
nerves

synapse
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58

59. Vocabulary (cont’d)

sulcus (plural:
sulci)
Depression or groove in the surface of the
cerebral cortex; fissure

sympathetic
nerves
Autonomic nerves that influence bodily
functions involuntarily in times of stress

synapse
The space through which a nervous
impulse travels between nerve cells or
between nerve and muscle or glandular
cells
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59

60. Vocabulary (cont’d)

thalamus

vagus nerve

ventricles of
the brain
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60

61. Vocabulary (cont’d)

thalamus
Main relay center of the brain;
conducts impulses between the spinal
cord and the cerebrum

vagus nerve
Tenth cranial nerve; branches reach to
the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs,
aorta, esophagus, and stomach

ventricles of
the brain
Canals in the brain that contain
cerebrospinal fluid
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61

62. QUICK QUIZ:
1. A sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the
surface of the cerebellum is the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
microglial
gyrus
parenchyma
stroma
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62

63. QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
2. The thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges is the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
pia mater
dura mater
parenchyma
stroma
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63

64. Terminology
ORGANS AND STRUCTURES
Combining Form
Meaning
 cerebell/o
cerebellum

cerebr/o
cerebrum

dur/o
dura mater

encephal/o
brain

gli/o
glial cells
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64

65. Terminology (cont’d)
ORGANS AND STRUCTURES
Combining Form
 lept/o
Meaning
thin, slender

mening/o,
meningi/o
membranes,
meninges

my/o

myel/o
spinal cord

neur/o
nerve
muscle
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66. Terminology (cont’d)
ORGANS AND STRUCTURES
Combining Form
 pont/o
Meaning
pons

radicul/o
nerve root

thalam/o
thalamus

thec/o
sheath
(refers to meninges)

vag/o
vagus nerve
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67. Terminology (cont’d)
SYMPTOMS
Combining Form

alges/o, -algesia

-algia

caus/o

comat/o

esthesi/o, -esthesia

kines/o, -kinesia
Meaning
excessive sensitivity to pain
pain
burning
deep sleep
feeling, nervous sensation
movement
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68. Terminology (cont’d)
SYMPTOMS
Combining Form

-kinesis, kinetic

-lepsy

lex/o

-paresis

-phasia
Meaning
movement
seizure
word, phrase
slight paralysis
speech
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69. Terminology (cont’d)
SYMPTOMS
Combining Form
Meaning

-plegia
paralysis

-praxia
action

-sthenia
strength

syncop/o
cut off

tax/o
order, coordination
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70. QUICK QUIZ:
3. Which term means nerve pain?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cephalgia
Analgesia
Hypalgesia
Neuralgia
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71. QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
4. Which type of hematoma occurs between the skull and the dura as a
result of a ruptured meningeal artery, usually after a fracture of
the skull?
A. Subdural
B. Epidural
C. Intracerebral
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72. Chapter 10
Lesson 10.3
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73. Pathology
Congenital disorders

Hydrocephalus

Spina bifida

Spina bifida cystica

Spina bifida occulta
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74. Degenerative Movement,
and Seizure Disorders









Alzheimer disease (AD)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Epilepsy
Huntington disease (Huntington chorea)
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
Palsy
Parkinson disease
Tourette syndrome
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75. Infectious Disorders
 Herpes
zoster (shingles)
 Meningitis
 Human
immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) encephalopathy
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76. Traumatic Disorders

Cerebral concussion:


There may be no evidence of structural damage to brain tissue or loss of
consciousness

Rest is very important to allow the brain to heal


Temporary brain dysfunction after injury
Usually clears within 24 hours
Cerebral contusion:

Bruising of brain tissue through direct trauma to the head

Usually associated with skull fracture as well as edema and an increase in
intracranial pressure

Neurological deficits persist longer than 24 hours
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77. Vascular Disorders

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)


Embolic — A dislodged clot that travels to the cerebral arteries


Thrombotic — A blood clot in an artery leaving the brain
Hemorrhagic — A blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery, breaks and
bleeding occurs
— A severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular
headache
Migraine
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78. Vascular Disorders (cont’d)
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79. Clinical Procedures
X-ray tests:

Cerebral angiography

Computed tomography (CT) of the brain

Myelography
Other procedures:

MRI—Magnetic resonance Imaging

PET—Positron emission scan

EEG—Electroencephalography
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80. Abbreviations









AD
AFP
ALS
AVM
BBB
CNS
CT
CSF
CVA
Alzheimer disease
alpha-fetoprotein
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
arteriovenous malformation
blood brain barrier
central nervous system
computed tomography
cerebrospinal fluid
cerebrovascular accident
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81. Abbreviations (cont’d)
•
EEG
electroencephalogram
•
GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)
ICP
intracranial pressure; normal pressure is
5 to 15 mmHG
•
LP
monitored anesthetic care
•
MAC
myasthenia gravis
•
MG
magnetic resonance angiography
•
MRA
magnetic resonance imaging
•
MRI
•
lumbar puncture
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82. Abbreviations (cont’d)










1/2 P
PCA
PNS
PET
Sz
TBI
TENS

TIA
TLE
tPA









hemiparesis
patient-controlled anesthesia
peripheral nervous system
positron emission tomography
seizure
traumatic brain injury
transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation
transient ischemic attack
temporal lobe epilepsy
tissue plasminogen activator
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83. Practical Applications

What symptoms signal nervous system problems?

What tests are conducted to diagnose these problems?

Why are an MRI and an MRA ordered?

What are common pathologies of the nervous system?
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
83

84. Review Sheet
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

alges/o
___________

angi/o
___________

caus/o
___________

cephal/o ___________

cerebell/o
___________

cerebr/o
___________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
84

85. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

alges/o
sensitivity to pain

angi/o
vessel, blood

caus/o
burn, burning

cephal/o head

cerebell/o
cerebellum

cerebr/o
cerebrum
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
85

86. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

comat/o
___________

crani/o
___________

cry/o

dur/o
___________

encephal/o
___________

esthesi/o ___________
___________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
86

87. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

comat/o
deep sleep

crani/o
skull

cry/o

dur/o
dura mater

encephal/o
brain

esthesi/o nervous sensation
cold
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
87

88. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

gli/o
_________

hydr/o
_________

kines/o
_________

lept/o
_________

lex/o

mening/o, meningi/o

my/o
_________
_________
_________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
88

89. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

gli/o
glue

hydr/o
water

kines/o
movement

lept/o
thin, slender

lex/o

mening/o, meningi/o membranes, meninges

my/o
word, phrase
muscle
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
89

90. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

myel/o
___________

narc/o
___________

neur/o
___________

olig/o
___________

pont/o
___________

radicul/o
___________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
90

91. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

myel/o
spinal cord

narc/o
sleep

neur/o
nerve

olig/o
scanty

pont/o
pons

radicul/o
nerve root
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
91

92. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

spin/o
___________

syncop/o
___________

tax/o

thalam/o
___________

thec/o
___________

troph/o
___________

vag/o
___________
___________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
92

93. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

spin/o
spine

syncop/o
cut off

tax/o

thalam/o
thalamus

thec/o
sheath (refers to meninges)

troph/o
nourishment

vag/o
vagus nerve
order
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
93

94. The Language Of
Medicine
10 edition
th
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
94

95. Chapter 12
Respiratory System
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
95

96. Chapter Goals

Name the organs of the respiratory system and describe their location
and function.

Identify various pathological conditions that affect the system.

Learn medical terms that pertain to respiration.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
96

97. Chapter Goals (cont’d)

Describe important clinical procedures related to the
respiratory system, and recognize relevant
abbreviations.

Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical
terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports
and records.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
97

98. Chapter 12
Lesson 12.1

99. Introduction
External respiration: Exchange of air in lung capillaries

Oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the lungs

Immediately passes into capillaries

Carbon dioxide passes from capillaries into air sacs, to be
exhaled
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
99

100. Introduction (cont’d)
Internal respiration: Exchange of gases in the cells

Occurs simultaneously between cells and capillaries

Oxygen passes out of the bloodstream into the tissues

Carbon dioxide passes out of tissues back into the
bloodstream to travel to the lungs
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
100

101. Respiratory Anatomy

Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea divides
into two branches

Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung

Lungs: Lobes are not mirror images

Hilum: Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and
bronchial tubes enter and exit
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101

102. Anatomy of Respiration
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102

103. Anatomy of Respiration (cont’d)
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103

104. Respiratory Structures
Conduct air
Exchange gases
 Nose
 Bronchioles
 Nasal
 Alveoli
cavities and
paranasal sinuses
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Lung
capillaries
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104

105. Respiratory Flow Chart
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105

106. Respiratory Flow Chart (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
106

107. Vocabulary

adenoids

alveolus (plural:
alveoli)

apex of the lung
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107

108. Vocabulary (cont’d)

adenoids
Lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx;
pharyngeal tonsils

alveolus (plural:
alveoli)
Air sac in the lung

apex of the lung
Tip or uppermost portion of the lung
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
108

109. Vocabulary (cont’d)

base of the lung

bronchioles

bronchus (plural:
bronchi)
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109

110. Vocabulary (cont’d)

base of the lung

bronchioles

bronchus (plural:
bronchi)
The lower portion of the lung
The smallest branches of the bronchi
The branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is
a passageway into the lung; bronchial tube
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
110

111. Vocabulary (cont’d)

carbon dioxide (CO2)

cilia

diaphragm
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111

112. Vocabulary (cont’d)

carbon dioxide (CO2)

cilia

diaphragm
Gas produced by body cells when
oxygen and carbon atoms from food
combine; exhaled through the lungs
Thin hairs attached to mucous
membrane epithelium lining the
respiratory tract
Muscle separating the chest and
abdomen; contracts to pull air into
lungs; relaxes to push air out
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
112

113. Vocabulary (cont’d)

epiglottis

expiration

glottis
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113

114. Vocabulary (cont’d)

epiglottis
Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx;
keeps food from entering the larynx and trachea
during swallowing
Breathing out (exhalation)

expiration
Slit-like opening to the larynx

glottis
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
114

115. Vocabulary (cont’d)

hilum (of lung)

inspiration

larynx
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115

116. Vocabulary (cont’d)



hilum (of lung)
inspiration
larynx
Midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels,
and nerves enter and exit the lungs
Breathing in (inhalation)
Voice box; contains the vocal cords
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
116

117. Vocabulary (cont’d)

lobe

mediastinum

nares
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117

118. Vocabulary (cont’d)

lobe
Division of a lung

mediastinum
The region between lungs in the chest cavity;
contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta,
esophagus, and bronchial tubes

nares
Openings through the nose carrying air into the
nasal cavities
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
118

119. Vocabulary (cont’d)

oxygen (O2)

palatine tonsil
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119

120. Vocabulary (cont’d)


oxygen (O2)
palatine tonsil
Gas that makes up 21% of air; passes into the
bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body
cells
One of a pair of almond-shaped masses of
lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
120

121. Vocabulary (cont’d)

paranasal sinus

parietal pleura

pharynx
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121

122. Vocabulary (cont’d)
paranasal sinus
One of the air cavities in the bones near the nose

parietal pleura
Outer fold of pleura lying closer to the ribs and
chest wall

pharynx
The throat; including the nasopharynx,
oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
122

123. Vocabulary (cont’d)

pleura

pleural cavity

pulmonary parenchyma
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123

124. Vocabulary (cont’d)

pleura
Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung
Space between the folds of the pleura


pleural cavity
pulmonary parenchyma
Essential parts of the lung, responsible for
respiration; bronchioles and alveoli
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
124

125. Vocabulary (cont’d)

respiration

trachea

visceral pleura
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125

126. Vocabulary (cont’d)

respiration
The process of moving air into and out of the
lungs; breathing

trachea
Windpipe

visceral pleura
Inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung
tissue
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
126

127. QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is the tip or uppermost portion of the lung?
A.
Base
B.
Lobe
C.
Apex
D.
Nares
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127

128. Combining Forms
and Terminology
Combining Form
Meaning

adenoid/o
adenoids

alveol/o
alveolus, air sac

bronch/o
bronchial tube

bronchi/o
bronchus

bronchiol/o
bronchiole, small bronchus

capn/o
carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
128

129. Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form
Meaning

coni/o
dust

cyan/o
blue

epiglott/o
epiglottis

laryng/o
larynx, voice box

lob/o

mediastin/o
lobe of the lung
mediastinum
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
129

130. Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form
Meaning

nas/o
nose

orth/o
straight, upright

ox/o

pector/o
chest

pharyng/o
pharynx, throat

phon/o
voice
oxygen
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
130

131. Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form
Meaning

phren/o
diaphragm

pleur/o
pleura

pneum/o

pneumon/o

pulmon/o

rhin/o
air, lung
lung
lung
nose
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
131

132. Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form
Meaning

sinus/o
sinus cavity

spir/o
breathing

tel/o

thorac/o
chest

tonsill/o
tonsils

trache/o
trachea, windpipe
complete
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132

133. Combining Forms, Suffixes, and
Terminology
SUFFIXES
Suffix
-ema
Meaning
condition
-osmia
smell
-pnea
breathing
-ptysis
spitting
-sphyxia
pulse
-thorax
pleural cavity, chest
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133

134. Chapter 12
Lesson 12.2
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
134

135. Diagnostic Terms

Auscultation

Percussion

Pleural rub

Rale (crackle)

Rhonchus

Sputum

Stridor

Wheeze
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135

136. Pathology
Upper respiratory disorders
 Croup
 Diphtheria
 Epistaxis
 Pertussis
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136

137. Pathology (cont’d)
Bronchial tube disorders
 Asthma
 Bronchiectasis
 Chronic
bronchitis
 Cystic fibrosis
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137

138. Pathology (cont’d)
Lung disorders
 Atelectasis

Pulmonary edema
 Emphysema

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

Pulmonary fibrosis

Sarcoidosis

Tuberculosis (TB)
 Lung
cancer
 Pneumoconiosis
 Pneumonia
 Pulmonary
abscess
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
138

139. Pathology
Atelectasis
Lung Disorders

Two forms

Proximal obstruction of distal
airways

Accumulations of fluid, blood,
or air in the pleural cavity
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
139

140. Pathology
Pleural disorders

Mesothelioma

Pleural effusion

Pleurisy (pleuritis)

Pneumothorax
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140

141. Pathology
Pleural Disorders
Pneumothorax: Air gathers in the pleural cavity
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141

142. Study Section

Anthracosis

Hydrothorax

Asbestosis

Infiltrate

Bacilli

Palliative

Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD)

Paroxysmal

Pulmonary infarction

Cor pulmonale

Purulent

Exudate

Silicosis
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
142

143. Chapter 12
Lesson 12.3
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143

144. Clinical Procedures
X-rays

Chest x-ray (CXR)

Computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest

Pulmonary angiography
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144

145. Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
X-rays: radiographic imaging
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145

146. Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): magnetic waves create
images
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146

147. Clinical Procedures (cont’d)

Nuclear tests

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung

Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan: inhalation of
radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection of
different radioactive material for imaging
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
147

148. Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Bronchoscopy: fiberoptic or rigid endoscope
inserted into the bronchial tubes for
diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of secretions
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148

149. Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Endotracheal intubation: placement of tube from
mouth to trachea to establish airway
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149

150. Clinical Procedures (cont’d)

Laryngoscopy

Thoracotomy

Lung biopsy

Thorascopy

Mediastinoscopy

Tracheostomy

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

Tuberculin test

Thoracentesis

Tube thoracostomy
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150

151. Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Thoracentesis: surgical puncture to
remove fluid from pleural space
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151

152. Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Tracheostomy: surgical creation of an
opening into the trachea through the neck
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152

153. Abbreviations

ABGs

AFB

ARDS

BAL

Bronch

CF

CO2

COPD

CPAP

CPR
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
153

154. Abbreviations (cont’d)

ABGs
Arterial blood gases

AFB
Acid-fast bacillus

ARDS
Acute respiratory distress syndrome

BAL
Bronchioalveolar lavage

Bronch
Bronchoscopy

CF
Cystic fibrosis

CO2
Carbon dioxide

COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPAP
Continuous positive airway pressure

CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
154

155. Abbreviations (cont’d)

C&S

CTPA

CXR

DICO

DOE

DPT

FEV1

FVC

HCO3-

ICU
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
155

156. Abbreviations (cont’d)

C&S
Culture and sensitivity testing (of sputum)

CTPA
Computed tomography pulmonary angiography

CXR
Chest x-ray (film)

DICO
Diffusion capacity of lung for carbon monoxide

DOE
Dyspnea on exertion

DPT
Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus

FEV1
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

FVC
Forced vital capacity

HCO3-
Bicarbonate

ICU
Intensive care unit
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156

157. Abbreviations (cont’d)

LLL

LUL

MDI

NSCLC

O2

OSA

PaCO2

PaO2

PCP

PE
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
157

158. Abbreviations (cont’d)

LLL
Left lower lobe (of lung)

LUL
Left upper lobe (of lung)

MDI
Metered-dose inhaler

NSCLC
Non-small cell lung cancer

O2
Oxygen

OSA
Obstructive sleep apnea

PaCO2
Carbon dioxide partial pressure

PaO2
Oxygen partial pressure

PCP
Pneumocystis pneumonia

PE
Pulmonary embolism
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158

159. Abbreviations (cont’d)

PEP

PEEP

PFTs

PND

PPD

RDS

RLL

RSV

RUL

RV
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159

160. Abbreviations (cont’d)

PEP
Positive expiratory pressure

PEEP
Positive end-expiratory pressure

PFTs
Pulmonary function tests

PND
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

PPD
Purified protein derivative

RDS
Respiratory distress syndrome

RLL
Right lower lobe (of lung)

RSV
Respiratory syncytial virus

RUL
Right upper lobe (of lung)

RV
Residual volume
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
160

161. Abbreviations (cont’d)

SABA

SCLC

SOB

TB

TLC

URI

VT

VATS

VC

V/Q scan
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
161

162. Abbreviations (cont’d)

SABA
Short-acting beta agonist

SCLC
Small cell lung cancer

SOB
Shortness of breath

TB
Tuberculosis

TLC
Total lung capacity

URI
Upper respiratory infection

VT
Tidal volume

VATS
Video-assisted thoracic surgery

VC
Vital capacity

V/Q scan
Ventilation-perfusion scan
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
162

163. Review Sheet
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
adenoid/o
alveol/o
Meaning
____________
____________
bronch/o
____________
bronchi/o
____________
bronchiol/o ____________
capn/o
____________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
163

164. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

adenoid/o
adenoids

alveol/o
alveolus; air sac; small sac

bronch/o bronchial tube

bronchi/o
bronchial tube

bronchiol/o
bronchiole

capn/o
carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
164

165. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
coni/o
___________
cyan/o
Meaning
___________
epiglott/o
___________
laryng/o
___________
lob/o
___________
mediastin/o ___________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
165

166. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

coni/o
dust

cyan/o
blue

epiglott/o
epiglottis

laryng/o
larynx (voice box)

lob/o

mediastin/o
lobe
mediastinum
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
166

167. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
nas/o
__________
orth/o
Meaning
__________
ox/o
__________
pector/o
__________
pharyng/o
__________
phon/o
__________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
167

168. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

nas/o
nose

orth/o
straight

ox/o

pector/o
chest

pharyng/o
throat (pharynx)

phon/o
voice; sound
oxygen
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
168

169. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
phren/o
___________
pleur/o
Meaning
___________
pneum/o
___________
pneumon/o ___________
pulmon/o
rhin/o
___________
___________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
169

170. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

phren/o
diaphragm; mind

pleur/o
pleura

pneum/o lung; air; gas

pneumon/o

pulmon/o lung

rhin/o
lung; air; gas
nose
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
170

171. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
sinus/o
___________
spir/o
Meaning
___________
tel/o
___________
thorac/o
___________
tonsill/o
___________
trache/o
___________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
171

172. Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

sinus/o
sinus

spir/o
to breathe

tel/o

thorac/o
chest

tonsill/o
tonsil

trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
complete
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
172

173. Review Sheet (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-ema
___________
-osmia
___________
-pnea
___________
-ptysis
___________
-sphyxia
___________
-thorax
___________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
173

174. Review Sheet (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning

-ema
condition

-osmia
smell

-pnea
breathing

-ptysis
spitting

-sphyxia
pulse

-thorax
chest; pleural cavity
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
174