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BEG471CO Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Er.Roshan Koju Department of Computer Engineering Khwopa Engineering College
First, a little bureaucracy ... The course text book: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2003), 2nd Edition, Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig.
How you will be graded .... ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
OUTLINE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why study AI? Search engines Labor Science Medicine/ Diagnosis Appliances What else?
Honda Humanoid Robot Walk Turn Stairs http://world.honda.com/robot/
Sony AIBO http://www.aibo.com
Natural Language Question Answering http:// www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infolab / http://aimovie.warnerbros.com
Intelligence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Formal Definitions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What is AI? The exciting new effort to make computers thinks …  machine with minds,  in the full and literal sense”  (Haugeland 1985) “ The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people” (Kurzweil, 1990) “ The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models”  (Charniak et al. 1985) A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes” (Schalkol, 1990) Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally
Types of tasks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
“ Chinese room” argument  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Acting Humanly: The Full Turing Test ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What would a computer need to pass the Turing test? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What would a computer need to pass the Turing test? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Science ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How to achieve AI? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Modern Turing Test ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Human intelligence ,[object Object],[object Object]
Human intelligence ,[object Object],10 14 10 9 Memory updates/sec 10 14  bits/sec 10 10  bits/sec Bandwidth 10 -3  sec 10 -9  sec Cycle time 10 11  neurons 10 14  synapses 10 10  bits RAM 10 11  bits disk Storage Units 10 11  neurons 1 CPU, 10 8  gates Computational Units Human Brain Computer
Human intelligence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Is AI Ethical? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Asimov’s Laws of Robotics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Objections to Asimov’s Laws ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Branches of AI ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
AI Prehistory
AI History
Relation of AI with other domains ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Psychology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Agents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Agent ? Sensors Environment Agent percepts actions ? Sensors Effectors How to design this?
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],sensors effectors Agency
How is an Agent different from other software? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How is an Agent different from other software? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples of agents in different types of applications Agent  type Percepts Actions Goals Environment Medical diagnosis system Symptoms, findings, patient's answers Questions, tests, treatments Healthy patients, minimize costs Patient, hospital Satellite image analysis system Pixels of varying intensity, color Print a categorization of scene Correct categorization Images from orbiting satellite Part-picking robot   Pixels of varying intensity Pick up parts and sort into bins Place parts in correct bins Conveyor belts with parts Refinery controller     Temperature, pressure readings Open, close valves; adjust temperature   Maximize purity, yield, safety   Refinery     Interactive English tutor   Typed words     Print exercises, suggestions, corrections Maximize student's score on test Set of students    
Vacuum-cleaner world ,[object Object],[object Object]
The Right Thing = The Rational Action ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Right Thing = The Rational Action ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rational agents: definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PEAS: formalization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Environment types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Environment types Environment Accessible Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete Chess with a clock Yes Yes No Semi Yes Chess without a clock Yes Yes No Yes Yes Poker No No No Yes Yes Backgammon Yes No No Yes Yes Taxi driving No No No No No Medical diagnosis system No No No No No Image-analysis system Yes Yes Yes Semi No Part-picking robot No No Yes No No Refinery controller No No No No No Interactive English tutor No No No No Yes
Table-lookup agent ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],function Table-Driven-Agent( percept ) returns  an action static:  percepts , a sequence // initially empty table , a table of actions // indexed by percept sequences append  percept  to the end of  percepts action  <- LookUp ( percepts ,  table ) return  action
Look up table agent obstacle sensor Stop 2 Turn left 30 degrees 5 No action 10 Action Distance
Agent types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Simple reflex agents
Simple reflex agents ,[object Object],function Simple-Reflex-Agent( percept ) returns  an action static:  rules , a set of condition-action rules state  <- Interrupt-Input ( percept) rule  <- Rule-Match ( state,rules ) action  <- Rule-Action ( rule ) return  action
Model-based reflex agents
Model-based reflex agents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],function Model-Based-Reflex-Agent( percept ) returns  an action static:  state , a description of the current world rules , a set of condition-action rules action , the most recent action state  <- Update-State ( state, action, percept) rule  <- Rule-Match ( state, rules ) action  <- Rule-Action ( rule ) return  action
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Model-based reflex agents
(model-based) Goal-based agents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Utility-based agents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Utility-based agents
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Utility-based agents
Learning agents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Learning agents
Assignments -1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Thank you

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Lecture 1

  • 1. BEG471CO Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Er.Roshan Koju Department of Computer Engineering Khwopa Engineering College
  • 2. First, a little bureaucracy ... The course text book: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2003), 2nd Edition, Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Why study AI? Search engines Labor Science Medicine/ Diagnosis Appliances What else?
  • 6. Honda Humanoid Robot Walk Turn Stairs http://world.honda.com/robot/
  • 8. Natural Language Question Answering http:// www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infolab / http://aimovie.warnerbros.com
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. What is AI? The exciting new effort to make computers thinks … machine with minds, in the full and literal sense” (Haugeland 1985) “ The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people” (Kurzweil, 1990) “ The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models” (Charniak et al. 1985) A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes” (Schalkol, 1990) Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45. Examples of agents in different types of applications Agent type Percepts Actions Goals Environment Medical diagnosis system Symptoms, findings, patient's answers Questions, tests, treatments Healthy patients, minimize costs Patient, hospital Satellite image analysis system Pixels of varying intensity, color Print a categorization of scene Correct categorization Images from orbiting satellite Part-picking robot   Pixels of varying intensity Pick up parts and sort into bins Place parts in correct bins Conveyor belts with parts Refinery controller     Temperature, pressure readings Open, close valves; adjust temperature   Maximize purity, yield, safety   Refinery     Interactive English tutor   Typed words     Print exercises, suggestions, corrections Maximize student's score on test Set of students    
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  • 52. Environment types Environment Accessible Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete Chess with a clock Yes Yes No Semi Yes Chess without a clock Yes Yes No Yes Yes Poker No No No Yes Yes Backgammon Yes No No Yes Yes Taxi driving No No No No No Medical diagnosis system No No No No No Image-analysis system Yes Yes Yes Semi No Part-picking robot No No Yes No No Refinery controller No No No No No Interactive English tutor No No No No Yes
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  • 54. Look up table agent obstacle sensor Stop 2 Turn left 30 degrees 5 No action 10 Action Distance
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