Qualitative Methods in Social Science
Research
Dr. Kanagaraj Easwaran
Associate Professor and Head
Department of Social Work
School of Social Sciences
Mizoram University
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Structure of Discussion
• What is qualitative research?
• What are its characteristics?
• What are the methods?
• What are the Approaches to Qualitative Research?
• What are the steps in Qualitative Research?
• What are the prerequisites of qualitative research?
• How Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches are different?
• Are there any similarities between them?
• What are the criticisms against qualitative approach?
• Where to use qualitative research?
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What is Qualitative Research
• Creswell (1994) “Qualitative research is an
inquiry process of understanding based on
distinct methodological traditions of
inquiry that explore a social or human
problem. The researcher builds a complex,
holistic picture, analyses words, reports
detailed views of informants, and conducts
the study in a natural setting”.
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Some More Definitions
Denzin and Lincoln (1994) "Qualitative research is
multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive,
naturalist approach to its subject matter.“
Gall, Borg, and Gall (1996) "inquiry that is grounded in
the assumption that individuals construct social reality
in the form of individuals construct social reality in the
form of meanings and interpretations, and that these
constructions tend to be transitory and situational. The
dominant methodology is to discover these meanings
and interpretations by studying cases intensively in
natural settings an subjecting the resulting data to
analytical induction."
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Characteristics of Qualitative Research
 An exploratory and descriptive focus
 Emergent design
 Data collection in the natural setting
 Emphasis on ‘human-as-instrument’
 Qualitative methods of data collection
 Early and On-going inductive analysis
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Qualitative Research
Alan Bryman
•Focus on words rather than quantification in
collection of data
– Depth not breadth
•Epistemological Position
– Inductivist,
– Constructivist, and Interpretivist
– But not always all three
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Qualitative Methods
• People’s words and actions
• Rich data
• Photographs, audio and Video
• Observation
• In-depth interviews
• Group Interviews(FGDs)
• Relevant documents
• Multi method Approach
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Qualitative Approaches
• Many approaches not one approach
• Biography,
• Phenomenology,
• Grounded Theory,
• Ethnography
• Case Study
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Qualitative Research Process
Steps in quantitative research
1.General research question(s)
2.Selection of relevant site(s) and subjects
3.Collection of relevant data
4.Interpretation of data
5.Conceptual and theoretical work
5(a) Tighter specification of the research question
5(b) Collection of further data
1.Writing up findings/conclusions
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Theory and research
• Theory emerges out of collection and analysis of data
• Researchers would argue also qualitative research can
be important in relation to the testing of theories also
• Grounded theory is 1) concerned with the
development of theory out of data and 2) the
approach is iterative or recursive meaning data
collection and analysis proceed in tandem, going back
and forward from each other
• Grounded theory is not a theory – it is an approach to
the generation of theory out of data
• In many instances, reports using grounded theory
generate concepts rather than theory
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Concepts in Qualitative Research
• Developing measures of concepts not so significant but
concepts important
• Sensitizing concepts as distinct from definitive
concepts (Blumer, 1954)
• Definitive concepts concerned re. what is common to
the phenomena that the concept is supposed to
subsume rather than with variety
• Concepts should provide a general sense of what to
look for and work to uncover
• If too general hard to start as guidelines are too broad
• Too narrow problems as like those for definitive
concepts
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Preoccupations of Qualitative Researcher
• Reflect level of epistemology beliefs about what knowledge is
• Quantitative researchers influenced by natural science approach
whilst qualitative influenced by interpretivism
• Five preoccupations:
1. Seeing through the eyes of those being studies
2. Abductive reasoning
–Theoretical understanding of contexts and people grounded in
language, meanings, perspectives of their world view
• 3. Description and the emphasis on context
• Important because of significance to the subjects and provides
account of the context in which behaviour takes place and is thus
understood
• More than one setting helpful in identifying significance of context
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4. Emphasis on process
• Process is activities and events unfolding over
time in context
• Association of ethnographic method and element
of participant observation
• Can also occur through semi-structured and
unstructured interviews by asking for reflection
on processes leading up to or following and event
• Eg. life-history approach
• Documents can be used to reconstruct events
and achieve a theoretical understanding
• Different data collection methods in qualitative
research reflect process
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5. Flexibility and limited structure
• Possible genuine perspectives revealed
• Possible aspects of social life revealed that are of import to
the participant but has not been considered by the
researcher
• Unstructured, semi-structured interviewing methods
prominent
• sensitizing rather than definitive concepts
• Possible alternate routes of enquiry and ways of thinking
an outcome of unstructured data collection
• Concepts and theory grounded in data
• Concepts and theories inductively arrived at from collected
data
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Contrasts between quantitative and
qualitative research
• Numbers vs words
• Point of view of researcher v Point of view of participant
• Researcher distant v close
• Theory and concepts tested in research v Theory and
concepts emergent from data
• Static v Process
• Structured v Unstructured
• Generalisation v Contextual understanding
• Hard, reliable data v Rich, deep data
• Macro v Micro
• Behaviour v Meaning
• Artificial settings v Natural settings
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Similarities between quantitative and
qualitative research
• Data reduction
• Answering research questions
• Relating data to research literature
• Concerned with variation
• Treat frequency as a springboard for analysis
• Seek to ensure no deliberate distortion
• Argue for importance of transparency
• Address the question of error
• Each appropriate to the research questions
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Use of Qualitative Research
• Explore new problem
• Understand dynamics Process
• Lived Experiences
• Perspective of People
• Helps us to operationalise concepts in
quantitative research
• Interpret the finding of quantitative research
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Critique of qualitative research
• Too subjective
• Difficult to replicate
• Problems of generalisations
• Lack of transparency
– Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis
software is leading to greater transparency of
processes used for analysing data.
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Questions Please
Thank you
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