All cultural practices, cultivars, insect-pest, disease, and physiological disorders.

2. INTRODUCTION
The genus Mangifera, belongs to
Family Anacardiaceae with 40 chromosome number (2n).
Originated in South- East Asia.
 All the edible cultivars belong to the single species Mangifera indica L.
which originated Indian subcontinent.
It is one of the best-known and most widely cultivated tropical fruit species, with
production occurring in most countries in the tropics and subtropics.
In India, mango known as king of fruit.
Its flowers, formerly used in preparing an otto (am attar).
India rank first among the major world producers of mango, accounting for 42.2% of
the world’s total production (2016-17).

3. SOIL, CLIMATE AND SYSTEM OF
PLANTING
 The mango can grow well in all types of soil from alluvial to lateritic, except black
cotton soils, although
 flat alluvial soils with pH 5.5–7 and a soil depth of at least 1 m are preferred.
 It does well within a temperature ranging from 24-27°C.
 The limiting factors for its profitable cultivation are low temperatures (freezing) and
commonly occurring frosts during the period of flowering.
 The square system of planting is the most popular for mango, spacing with 10 X 10 m.
 Amrapali could be planted at a spacing of 2.5 X 2.5 m with triangular system, a plant
density of 1600 per hectare.

4. Cultivars
Based on time of ripening , varieties may be classified as under :
Early-
Bombay Green- This is the earliest cultivar of northern India, maturing during the first
half of June. Highly susceptible to mango- malformation.
Kesar- It is a famous cultivar of Gujarat.
Himsagar- This is the most popular commercial cultivar of West Bengal.
Mid-season-
Alphonso- This is one of the finest of Indian mangoes.
Bangalora- This is one of the most widely cultivated cultivar of southern India. It is
one of the few regular bearing cultivars of mango.
Dashehari- This is the most popular cultivar of northern India. It is mature towards the
end of June.

5. Langra- Some people in the North rank it even higher than Dashehari. The fruits are
large in size (3 to 4 per kg.).
Zardalu- This is mainly cultivated in Bihar. It matures towards the end of June.
Banganapalli- This is most widely cultivated cultivars of the South which is sent to the
northern markets very early in the season (i.e., towards the end of April).
Some other varieties are Krishnabhog, Mankurad and Vanraj, under Mid-season.
Late-
Fazli- This is a very late cultivar (matures late in August) with very large-sized fruits (2
fruits per kg).
Chausa- this is one of the sweetest mangoes, lacking somewhat in acidity. Matures
towards the end of July or Beginning of August.
Fernandin, Mulgoa, Neelum ,

6.  Hybrids:
Amrapalli (Dashehari x Neelum), Mallika (Neelum x Dashehari), Arka Aruna
(Banganapalli x Alphonso), Arka Puneet (Alphonso x Banganapalli), Arka Neelkiran
(Alpohonso x Neelum), Ratna (Neelum x Alphonso), Sindhu (Ratna x Alphonso), Au
Rumani (Rumani x Mulgoa), Manjeera (Rumani x Neelum), PKM 1
(Chinnasuvernarekha x Neelum).
 Recentely two variety of mango released by CISH-
• 1- Ambika- A cros between Amrapalli and janardhan pasand. It is a regular bearing
variety, late in maturity and bright yellow colour with dark red blush, pulp dark yellow.
• 2- Arunika- A cross between Amrapalli and Vanraj. It is a regular bearer, has red peel
colour.

7. Propagation and water
management
 For obtaining uniformity in plant performance, it will have to be propagated asexually.
Methods of vegetative propagation in mango can broadly be divided into 3 categories,
viz., (a) Grafting, (b) Layering and (c) Cutting and out of these Grafting is most common.
Veneer grafting is a commercial method of propagation. However, Epicotyl/ Stone
grafting is used for rapid multiplication in which germinated seedlings of 8 to 15 days’
age are used for propagation.
 Water requirement for tree fruits, in general, have not been worked out so far. However,
 in mango for obtaining good flowering one must stop irrigation at least 2 to 3 months
before the flowering period. Irrigation during this period is likely to promote vegetative
Growth, which will be detrimental to flowering.

8. Preparation of pits, planting and
protection of plants
 Pits of 90 X 90 X 90 cm are usually dug out during summer months. While,
 Digging, it is necessary to keep the top soil and the sub soil separately in two heaps
near each pit for about 2 to 4 weeks.
 Filling back the dug pits, well- decomposed organic matter is mixed with the top
soil and the subsoil separately (in equal proportion) and the top soil mixture is filled
first at the bottom of the pit.
 Planting is done during the rainy season when the soil in the pits has already settled.
The planting should preferably be done during cloudy weather and in the evening.

9. Fertilization
 C.I.S.H. Lucknow has recommended that during the non bearing stage, the plant
should be supplied with 73 g. N, 18 g. P and 68 g. K/ tree per year of age, and
 After that 400 g N, 200 P and 400 g K per tree for full bearing tree.
 One application is made when the first inflorescence begins to appear and
 The second immediately after harvest.
 Proper placement is important in ground application, as
 The highest feeder-root density is approximately 90–175 cm away from the trunk to a
depth of 20 cm.
 Irrigation is necessary whenever fertilizer is applied.

10. Flowering, Pollination, Fruit Set and yield
 The flower bud differentiation in India, most cases occurs between
October to December.
 The flowering of mango in India takes place as early as November-
December in Rayalasema area of Andhra Pradesh,
 February to March in the northern India and slightly early (January-
February) in the eastern parts of the country.
 The mango inflorescence or panicles bear mainly two types of flowers-
male and Perfect, though neutral flowers are also encountered
occasionally.
 The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 in Rumani and 69.8
in Langra.

11. The mango is a highly cross-pollinated crop.
The common insect reported to be responsible for effecting pollination
are Musca domestica (the common housefly).
The period of rapid growth in mango indirectly related to the contents of
auxin and gibberellin- like substances in the seeds.
The overall yield of country is about seven to eight tons per hectare.
In the “on year” a good crop consists of about 35 tons per hectare.
When the specific gravity of fruits ranges between 1.01 and 1.02, it
becomes mature.

12. Alternate bearing
 Alternate bearing is a very serious and an old problem in mango.
 It is the production of a heavy crop in one year and very little or no crop in the next
year.
Causes:-
 Varietal differences.
 Crop load.
 Cultural practices.
 Sex ratio.
 Insect-pest and disease.
On year fruiting
Off year fruiting
Control:-
Proper upkeep and maintenance of orchards
Deblossoming
Pruning
Growing regular bearing cultivars

13. Name Causal organism Remark
Powdery mildew Fungus (Oidium
mangiferae)
Warm humid weather and cool nights favour
the spread of this disease. (30- 90% loss)
Anthracnose Fungus (Colletotrichum
gloesporoides)
Also known as mango blossom blight or bird
eye spot disease.
Canker Bateria (Xanthomonas
compestris pv.
mangiferae)
The infection increases with recurrent rainy
weather.
Mango hopper Amaritodus atkinsoni Their population is enormous in spring and
summer.
Mealy bug Drosicha mangiferae
Fruit- fly Docus spp. The affected fruit become unfit for
consumption due to maggot feeding in the
flesh.
Mango trunk
borer
Batocera rufomaculata Affected trees gradually lose their vigor,
manifest drying of branches and in Severe
cases death ensues.
Disease and pest

14. Borer infestation on the main trunkGrub Adult
Mango trunk borer
Fruit- fly
Mango hopper

15. Anthracnose
Powdery mildewMealy bug
Canker

16. Physiological disorders
 Any kind of abnormality in economically important part of fruits or other parts that
contribute to yield and quality of fruits is termed as physiological disorder.
 Black Tip, Mango Malformation, Spongy Tissue, Fruit drop, Clustering
(Jhumka), Jelly seed and Leaf Scorch are the most serious disorders of mango.
 There are some reasons of physiological disorders-
 Deficiency of micronutrient
 Sudden fluctuation in temperature
 Smoke of brick kilns.
 Poor soil conditions and
 Improper moisture availability during cultivation.

17. Black tip of mango
Vegetative
mango
Mango malformation malformation
Floral mango
malformatio

18. Clustering or Jhumka
Jelly seed

19. Leaf scorch
Spongy Tissue