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SWEL
        What if battery would have mind?
Offering new paradigm - Harmonizing the battery
Current world of batteries

• Long since SWEL has been addressing the issues of
  chemical cell efficiency improvement.
• We have worked out an algorithm which helps to
  reduce internal resistance of a chemical cell during its
  charge or discharge.
• We have obtained experimental data and tests’ results
  that we want to share with you today.
Internal resistence can be dropped

• The internal resistance of a chemical cell, for example, of an
  accumulator, is a sum of active (ohmic) resistance and so
  called polarization resistance related to complex electrode
  reactions. The size of accumulator ohmic resistance is
  defined by its construction and cannot be reduced. On the
  contrary, the polarization component can be reduced
  nearly to zero directly during charge or discharge of the
  accumulator.
Separation of electric and chemical parts

• The most important feature of our algorithm is the
  separation in time of electric and electrochemical
  processes with the help of a special external effect on them
  (periodic connection and disconnection of a chemical cell
  to/from load or external power supply). By optimizing the
  parameters of this effect, it’s possible to dramatically
  reduce the polarization component of a chemical cell and
  significantly increase the efficiency of energy extraction and
  redistribution.
• This algorithm can be realized during charge as well as
  discharge of a chemical cell. The results, obtained in our
  experiments, prove that effective energy capacity of a
  chemical cell can be increased by 15% - 50% according to
  its type and operation mode.
How it works?

• The algorithm of internal resistance decrease in an
  electrochemical cell is based upon theoretic conceptions of
  formation mechanism of double electronic layer on
  electrode/solution boundary in an electrolyte, which were
  most completely defined in the works of R.R. Salem
Tests results:
Experiments on discharge of
Li-Ion batteries
Test results: Li-Ion

• Our studies of Li-ion accumulators Kokam (11
  A∙h, 12 V) carried out with the help of a special
  device – electronic separator (ES) of 500 W
  power – demonstrated significant growth of
  energy efficiency during accumulator
  discharge, which probably was associated with
  decrease of polarization component in internal
  resistance.
Test results: Li-Ion

• Particularly, shows that
  the capacity (in A∙h)
  extracted from the
  accumulator during its
  discharge through ES by
  the current 2,5
  C, increases by 23% in
  comparison with typical
  discharge conditions (at
  the same power and load
  current).


             Expected benefit: capacity growth
Test results: Li-Ion

• Here are diagrams of temperature
  change on the surface of Li-ion
  accumulator battery during its
  discharge through the ES and
  without it. A smaller accumulator
  heating during its discharge through
  ES points out the reduction of
  internal resistance. As far as
  accumulator battery resource to a
  large extent is defined by heat loss
  during its work, it is logical to state
  that the use of ES increases this
  resource.

            Expected benefit: extended battery life
Tests results:
Experiments on charge of
sealed lead-acid batteries
Test results: sealed lead-acid batteries

• Based on our technology we have created a
  device for effective battery charge (“SWEL-ECD)
  and we carried out its practical tests with lead-
  acid batteries of different types.
• The use of SWEL-ECD device provides the
  following advantages:
     charge of aqueous electrolyte batteries up to
      their full capacity without gassing;
     increase of effective working surface of active
      battery mass during its charge, and thereafter,
      the decrease of discharge current density and
      gain of energy, extracted during discharge.
Test results: sealed lead-acid batteries

• The following results were obtained during the tests on lead-acid
  accumulator batteries with capacity 17 A∙h and 33 A∙h
•   At 10-hour charge up to voltage 13,4 V (that permits almost completely
    avoid gassing) and following discharge by direct current in 2, 4 and 20-hour
    modes the extracted capacity equaled 122,7%, 123% and 106%
    respectively, from the nameplate capacity stated in battery ratings;




           Expected benefit: 6-23% capacity growth
What if battery would have mind?
Test results: sealed lead-acid batteries

•   At quick charge during 4 hours up to U = 13,6 V and discharge by direct current in
    a 4-hour mode it is possible to completely extract the capacity, transferred to the
    battery during its charge;




                Expected benefit: no natural losses
Tests results:
Experiments on formation of
automobile starter batteries
(cells)
Test results: formation of cells

• The tests on use of effective charging device
  “SWEL- ECD” during initial formation of filling
  starter lead-acid batteries with nameplate
  capacity 77 A∙h, showed the potential of the
  new method.
• It provides triple reduction of power inputs on
  battery formation, it provides a very low level of
  gassing, as well as significantly improves charge-
  discharge characteristics of the battery.
• Thanks to formation, battery mass structure
  improves and its effective surface area
  increases.
Test results: key benefits

• Reduction of internal battery resistance during its charge and discharge;
• Decrease of charging voltage during charge by direct current, in
  comparison with standard mode;
• Drop of gassing during charge (so, during first 9-10 hours of charge by
  direct current 0,1 C, that is, at efficiency up to 90% of the nameplate
  capacity, gassing is completely absent); that permits to significantly
  improve the environmental safety of battery formation process;
• Increase of normally open circuit voltage of the battery;
• Attainment of discharge capacity close to the nameplate capacity, in the
  first cycle (of formation), and of 5-10% higher capacity than the
  nameplate one in the following charging-discharging cycles;
• Increase of discharge voltage at rated current (see next slide).
What if battery would have mind?
Test results: formation of cells

•   All these benefits are of long-term character, and the characteristics obtained by
    the accumulator batteries, are preserved during several tens of charging-
    discharging cycles.
•   It’s important to mention, that the same process takes place when “SWEL-ECD” is
    used only for battery formation, and in the following cycles the charge is executed
    in standard mode (from a direct current source, without SWEL).




                Formation gives long lasting effect,
                   changing cell for whole life
Tests results:
Experiments on increase of
discharge capacity for
uninterruptible power supply
(UPS) units
Test results: UPS units

• We conducted series of experiments in order to
  improve the discharge capacity of sealed lead-
  acid batteries Solby SL12-7 (12 V, 7 A∙h) which
  were a part of UPSs with nameplate load
  capacity 700 W.
• The main point of the first experimental stage
  was to charge these batteries with the help of
  modified effective charging device “SWEL-ECD”.
• The essence of the second stage was to conduct
  life tests by the way of multiple charge and
  discharge battery cycles in a typical UPS
  (without “SWEL-ECD” already).
Test results: UPS units

• Modified device “SWEL-ECD” was connected between UPS proper
  charging device and test accumulator batteries, and provided
  accumulator charge up to the full capacity.
• There was no gassing during the process, like during battery floating
  mode. The tests were conducted with two battery sets – testing set and
  checking set. The accumulator batteries in both sets were produced by
  the same manufacturer and were from the same lot. Testing and checking
  battery sets were located in the same UPS by turns
Test results: UPS units

• The UPS working period with the load 550 W in case of battery charge
  with “SWEL-ECD” increases by 50% – 70% in comparison with a standard
  charging mode (see slide 25);
• In the following charge-discharge cycles executed only in standard
  mode, without “SWEL-ECD” device, the discharge capacity of test
  batteries stably exceeded discharge capacity of check batteries by 40% –
  50%;
• Life tests at discharge capacity 600 W didn’t reveal degradation of the
  examined batteries. It means that during prior treatment by “SWEL-ECD”
  device the batteries obtained permanent improvement of active mass
  surface structure (see slide 26)
What if battery would have mind?
What if battery would have mind?
Conclusions
Conclusions

• The new technology, developed and patented by “SWEL Energy
  Ltd.”, helps to reduce internal resistance of chemical cells and provides
  significant (by 15% – 50%) growth of their efficiency, which is proved by
  numerous experiments with different types of accumulators.
• Further, we believe it is possible to achieve even more effect in case of
  combined use of our algorithm during charge and discharge of a
  electrochemical cell.
• At the end of the day, SWEL aimed to use our resources and technology
  more effectively
Conclusions

• This innovative technology can be successfully used in different economic
  sectors where accumulator batteries and other elecrochemical cells are
  used:
     in no-break and backup power systems (sealed accumulator batteries with
      increased lifecycle);
     in motor transport (starter and traction accumulator batteries, as well as
      buffer energy storages for hybrid automobiles);
     in rail transport (serviced and maintenance-free accumulator batteries);
     in independent power supply systems (buffer accumulators for solar batteries
      and wind-power generators);
     in production of lead-acid and Ni-Cd accumulators;
     in the other areas.
THANK YOU!


   SWEL ENERGY
Maxim Drozd, Marketing Director
 23 b.2, Matrosskaya Tishina,
   Moscow, 107076, Russia
     P: +7 495 979 07 09
     M: +7 903 168 24 80
  E-mail: md@okresearch.ru

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What if battery would have mind?

  • 1. SWEL What if battery would have mind? Offering new paradigm - Harmonizing the battery
  • 2. Current world of batteries • Long since SWEL has been addressing the issues of chemical cell efficiency improvement. • We have worked out an algorithm which helps to reduce internal resistance of a chemical cell during its charge or discharge. • We have obtained experimental data and tests’ results that we want to share with you today.
  • 3. Internal resistence can be dropped • The internal resistance of a chemical cell, for example, of an accumulator, is a sum of active (ohmic) resistance and so called polarization resistance related to complex electrode reactions. The size of accumulator ohmic resistance is defined by its construction and cannot be reduced. On the contrary, the polarization component can be reduced nearly to zero directly during charge or discharge of the accumulator.
  • 4. Separation of electric and chemical parts • The most important feature of our algorithm is the separation in time of electric and electrochemical processes with the help of a special external effect on them (periodic connection and disconnection of a chemical cell to/from load or external power supply). By optimizing the parameters of this effect, it’s possible to dramatically reduce the polarization component of a chemical cell and significantly increase the efficiency of energy extraction and redistribution. • This algorithm can be realized during charge as well as discharge of a chemical cell. The results, obtained in our experiments, prove that effective energy capacity of a chemical cell can be increased by 15% - 50% according to its type and operation mode.
  • 5. How it works? • The algorithm of internal resistance decrease in an electrochemical cell is based upon theoretic conceptions of formation mechanism of double electronic layer on electrode/solution boundary in an electrolyte, which were most completely defined in the works of R.R. Salem
  • 6. Tests results: Experiments on discharge of Li-Ion batteries
  • 7. Test results: Li-Ion • Our studies of Li-ion accumulators Kokam (11 A∙h, 12 V) carried out with the help of a special device – electronic separator (ES) of 500 W power – demonstrated significant growth of energy efficiency during accumulator discharge, which probably was associated with decrease of polarization component in internal resistance.
  • 8. Test results: Li-Ion • Particularly, shows that the capacity (in A∙h) extracted from the accumulator during its discharge through ES by the current 2,5 C, increases by 23% in comparison with typical discharge conditions (at the same power and load current). Expected benefit: capacity growth
  • 9. Test results: Li-Ion • Here are diagrams of temperature change on the surface of Li-ion accumulator battery during its discharge through the ES and without it. A smaller accumulator heating during its discharge through ES points out the reduction of internal resistance. As far as accumulator battery resource to a large extent is defined by heat loss during its work, it is logical to state that the use of ES increases this resource. Expected benefit: extended battery life
  • 10. Tests results: Experiments on charge of sealed lead-acid batteries
  • 11. Test results: sealed lead-acid batteries • Based on our technology we have created a device for effective battery charge (“SWEL-ECD) and we carried out its practical tests with lead- acid batteries of different types. • The use of SWEL-ECD device provides the following advantages:  charge of aqueous electrolyte batteries up to their full capacity without gassing;  increase of effective working surface of active battery mass during its charge, and thereafter, the decrease of discharge current density and gain of energy, extracted during discharge.
  • 12. Test results: sealed lead-acid batteries • The following results were obtained during the tests on lead-acid accumulator batteries with capacity 17 A∙h and 33 A∙h • At 10-hour charge up to voltage 13,4 V (that permits almost completely avoid gassing) and following discharge by direct current in 2, 4 and 20-hour modes the extracted capacity equaled 122,7%, 123% and 106% respectively, from the nameplate capacity stated in battery ratings; Expected benefit: 6-23% capacity growth
  • 14. Test results: sealed lead-acid batteries • At quick charge during 4 hours up to U = 13,6 V and discharge by direct current in a 4-hour mode it is possible to completely extract the capacity, transferred to the battery during its charge; Expected benefit: no natural losses
  • 15. Tests results: Experiments on formation of automobile starter batteries (cells)
  • 16. Test results: formation of cells • The tests on use of effective charging device “SWEL- ECD” during initial formation of filling starter lead-acid batteries with nameplate capacity 77 A∙h, showed the potential of the new method. • It provides triple reduction of power inputs on battery formation, it provides a very low level of gassing, as well as significantly improves charge- discharge characteristics of the battery. • Thanks to formation, battery mass structure improves and its effective surface area increases.
  • 17. Test results: key benefits • Reduction of internal battery resistance during its charge and discharge; • Decrease of charging voltage during charge by direct current, in comparison with standard mode; • Drop of gassing during charge (so, during first 9-10 hours of charge by direct current 0,1 C, that is, at efficiency up to 90% of the nameplate capacity, gassing is completely absent); that permits to significantly improve the environmental safety of battery formation process; • Increase of normally open circuit voltage of the battery; • Attainment of discharge capacity close to the nameplate capacity, in the first cycle (of formation), and of 5-10% higher capacity than the nameplate one in the following charging-discharging cycles; • Increase of discharge voltage at rated current (see next slide).
  • 19. Test results: formation of cells • All these benefits are of long-term character, and the characteristics obtained by the accumulator batteries, are preserved during several tens of charging- discharging cycles. • It’s important to mention, that the same process takes place when “SWEL-ECD” is used only for battery formation, and in the following cycles the charge is executed in standard mode (from a direct current source, without SWEL). Formation gives long lasting effect, changing cell for whole life
  • 20. Tests results: Experiments on increase of discharge capacity for uninterruptible power supply (UPS) units
  • 21. Test results: UPS units • We conducted series of experiments in order to improve the discharge capacity of sealed lead- acid batteries Solby SL12-7 (12 V, 7 A∙h) which were a part of UPSs with nameplate load capacity 700 W. • The main point of the first experimental stage was to charge these batteries with the help of modified effective charging device “SWEL-ECD”. • The essence of the second stage was to conduct life tests by the way of multiple charge and discharge battery cycles in a typical UPS (without “SWEL-ECD” already).
  • 22. Test results: UPS units • Modified device “SWEL-ECD” was connected between UPS proper charging device and test accumulator batteries, and provided accumulator charge up to the full capacity. • There was no gassing during the process, like during battery floating mode. The tests were conducted with two battery sets – testing set and checking set. The accumulator batteries in both sets were produced by the same manufacturer and were from the same lot. Testing and checking battery sets were located in the same UPS by turns
  • 23. Test results: UPS units • The UPS working period with the load 550 W in case of battery charge with “SWEL-ECD” increases by 50% – 70% in comparison with a standard charging mode (see slide 25); • In the following charge-discharge cycles executed only in standard mode, without “SWEL-ECD” device, the discharge capacity of test batteries stably exceeded discharge capacity of check batteries by 40% – 50%; • Life tests at discharge capacity 600 W didn’t reveal degradation of the examined batteries. It means that during prior treatment by “SWEL-ECD” device the batteries obtained permanent improvement of active mass surface structure (see slide 26)
  • 27. Conclusions • The new technology, developed and patented by “SWEL Energy Ltd.”, helps to reduce internal resistance of chemical cells and provides significant (by 15% – 50%) growth of their efficiency, which is proved by numerous experiments with different types of accumulators. • Further, we believe it is possible to achieve even more effect in case of combined use of our algorithm during charge and discharge of a electrochemical cell. • At the end of the day, SWEL aimed to use our resources and technology more effectively
  • 28. Conclusions • This innovative technology can be successfully used in different economic sectors where accumulator batteries and other elecrochemical cells are used:  in no-break and backup power systems (sealed accumulator batteries with increased lifecycle);  in motor transport (starter and traction accumulator batteries, as well as buffer energy storages for hybrid automobiles);  in rail transport (serviced and maintenance-free accumulator batteries);  in independent power supply systems (buffer accumulators for solar batteries and wind-power generators);  in production of lead-acid and Ni-Cd accumulators;  in the other areas.
  • 29. THANK YOU! SWEL ENERGY Maxim Drozd, Marketing Director 23 b.2, Matrosskaya Tishina, Moscow, 107076, Russia P: +7 495 979 07 09 M: +7 903 168 24 80 E-mail: md@okresearch.ru