Social Fabric Fitness: The Design and Evaluation of Wearable E-Textile Displays to Support Group Fitness

1. WHAT IF OUR CLOTHES COULD SHOW HOW FAST WE RUN? Human Computer Interaction Laboratory makeability lab

2. Human Computer Interaction Laboratory makeability lab Social Fabric Fitness: The Design and Evaluation of Wearable E-Textile Displays to Support Group Fitness Matthew Louis Mauriello Michael Gubbels Jon E. Froehlich CHI 2104 April 30th, 2014

4. Plethora of Run Trackers

6. Carron et al., 1996; Hanc, 2005; Kolata, 2009; Robbins, 2009; Youngren, 2009 Barder & Knight, 2010 Group Running Benefits Adherence to training Educational benefits Aids training intensity Increases enjoyment

7. Carron et al., 1996; Hanc, 2005; Kolata, 2009; Robbins, 2009; Youngren, 2009 Barder & Knight, 2010 Group Running Benefits Adherence to training Educational benefits Aids training intensity Increases enjoyment Social facilitation theories posits: the presence of others can increase a person’s drive and focus (e.g., Carron, 1996; Strauss, 2002)

8. Bond reframes social facilitation in terms of Goffman’s presentation of self. Presence of others can motivate the individual to project image of competence. For tasks perceived to be too difficult, however, performance may actually decline as individual becomes self-conscious SFF: Theoretical Underpinnings

9. Potential Dichotomy Increased motivation vs. increased anxiety SFF Externalizes Performance

10. Wearables & Sports Wearables for Sensing Wearables for Sensing & Visualization

12. Under Armour E39 Real-time athlete monitoring

13. Adidas miCoach Elite Real-time athlete monitoring

16. Reebok Checklight Co-located sensing & feedback on athlete

17. TeamAWear Page & Vande Moere, Pervasive’07

18. TIMELINE SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS

19. TIMELINE SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs Informal Pilot Studies Refine Final Design Field Study of 10 Running Groups 2 Race Studies Final Pilots Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.

20. SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs Informal Pilot Studies Refine Final Design Field Study of 10 Running Groups 2 Race Studies Final Pilots Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.

21. DESIGN GOALS Comfort Robustness User Experience Display Content

22. SFF: SYSTEM OVERVIEW

23. Battery Android Smartphone with RunKeeper SFF: SYSTEM OVERVIEW Wirelessly transmits run data to wearable display WEARABLE PROTOTYPE

24. Designing the Visual Content Glanceable & Easy-to-understand

25. 09:37 PACE/MI SFF: PRIMARY VISUALIZATIONS

26. 09:37 PACE/MI 52:43 DURATION SFF: PRIMARY VISUALIZATIONS

27. 09:37 PACE/MI 4.5 mi DISTANCE 52:43 DURATION Although RunKeeper tracks a single user, these measures are shared across the running group as they run together. SFF: PRIMARY VISUALIZATIONS

28. 09:37 PACE/MI 4.5 mi DISTANCE 132 bpm HEARTRATE 52:43 DURATION SFF: PRIMARY VISUALIZATIONS

30. Comfort Low-Fidelity Prototypes

32. Engineering Responsive & Robust

35. 3 PROTOTYPE DESIGNS

36. 3 PROTOTYPE DESIGNS Prototype #1Custom LED Matrix Display Prototype #2Electronic Ink Display Prototype #3Erogear LED Matrix Display

37. 3 PROTOTYPE DESIGNS Prototype #1Custom LED Matrix Display

38. Prototype #1Three prototyping dimensions Prototyping Technology Prototyping Visualization Prototyping Materials

40. Prototype #1Three prototyping dimensions Prototyping Technology Prototyping Visualization Prototyping Materials Select MCU Platform 1 Prototype Circuit Designs 2 Build Software 3 Layout PCB 4 Manufacture PCB 5 Test Final PCB & Software 6

41. Prototype #1Prototype Circuit Designs

42. Prototype #1Single Letter Display Test

43. Prototype #1Scrolling Display

46. Prototype #1Prepare PCB Schematic

47. PCB Layout Slide Prototype #1Prepare PCB Schematic

48. http://PCBUniverse.com http://tristateelectronicmfg.com

49. Prototype #1Manufactured Flexible PCB Manufactured at PCBUniverse.com and pick-and-place performed by Tristate Electronics

50. Flexible PCB 24 x 6 Matrix Green or Blue LEDs Prototype #1Manufactured Flexible PCB Manufactured at PCBUniverse.com and pick-and-place performed by Tristate Electronics

51. Prototype #1Flexible PCB

53. Prototype #1Prototype Evolution Flexible PCB

57. Prototype #1Three prototyping dimensions Prototyping Technology Prototyping MaterialsPrototyping Visualization

67. 2 x Arduino Pro Minis 2 x LED Matrices on Flexible PCB 2 x 3.7V (2000 mAh) LiPoly Batteries Velcro Perimeter Pleather Enclosure Cotton Diffusion Layer Prototype #1Final Prototype

68. Prototype #1 Prototype #2 Prototype #3 Display Weight 66.9 g 25.4 g 46.8 g Total Weight 152.9 g 411.7 g 161.2 g Pixels 24 x 12 320 x 240 32 x 16 Refresh Rate 5 Hz 1.1 Hz 38 Hz Dimensions* 21.3 x 12.2 cm 18.4 x 14 cm 20.3 x 15.2 cm Display Thickness* 13.5 mm 4.9 mm 4.8 mm * With enclosure As a comparison: iPhone 4S = 140 g SFF: THREE PROTOTYPES

69. Prototype #1 Prototype #2 Prototype #3 Display Weight 66.9 g 25.4 g 46.8 g Total Weight 152.9 g 411.7 g 161.2 g Pixels 24 x 12 320 x 240 32 x 16 Refresh Rate 5 Hz 1.1 Hz 38 Hz Dimensions* 21.3 x 12.2 cm 18.4 x 14 cm 20.3 x 15.2 cm Display Thickness* 13.5 mm 4.9 mm 4.8 mm * With enclosure SFF: THREE PROTOTYPES

70. Prototype #1Custom LED Matrix Display Prototype #2Electronic Ink Display Prototype #3Erogear LED Matrix Display

71. Prototype #2Electronic Ink Display

72. Prototype #2Three steps Find Manufacturer Prototyping Software Prototyping Materials

81. Plastic Logic Flexible e-Ink Display 4.7” (320 x240) 4 x 1.5V (2000 mAh) AA Batteries 32-bit BeagleBone (AM335x 720MHz ARM) Plastic Logic Display Controller (HummingBird) Nylon Enclosure Prototype #2Final e-Ink Prototype

83. Prototype #1Custom LED Matrix Display Prototype #2Electronic Ink Display Prototype #3Erogear LED Matrix Display

84. Prototype #3Erogear LED Matrix Display

85. Prototype #3Early Erogear Visualizations

86. Prototype #3Extremely Flexible/Lightweight

87. 2 x 3.7V (2200 mAh) Li-Ion Batteries 2 x 32x8 Erogear LED Matrices 2 x 32-bit MCU; 16-bit LED Matrix Driver; Bluetooth Modem Prototype #3Final Erogear Prototype

91. Informal Pilot Studies Evaluate Comfort Examine Viewability Gain qualitative reactions Investigate Robustness Prototype #3

93. Prototype #1 Prototype #2 Pilot Studies In-situ observation

94. Data Collection In-situ observation

95. Data Collection In-situ observation

99. Data Collection Pre- and Post-Surveys

100. Analysis Post-hoc review

101. Viewability Examining Diffusion Layers

103. Viewability Prototype #1 & #2

104. Viewability Prototype #1 & #2

105. Viewability Prototype #3: Lighting Conditions

108. Prototype #3Erogear LED Matrix Display

109. 09:37 PACE/MI 4.5 mi DISTANCE 132 bpm HEARTRATE 52:43 DURATION SFF: PRIMARY VISUALIZATIONS

110. SFF: FINAL VISUALIZATIONS

111. 07:45 Group set target pace Last 9 mins of the run SFF: SHARED GOAL VISUALIZATION

112. 07:45 Running faster than set pace SFF: SHARED GOAL VISUALIZATION

113. 07:45 Still faster than set pace but slowing down SFF: SHARED GOAL VISUALIZATION

114. 07:45 SFF: SHARED GOAL VISUALIZATION Now running slower than set pace

115. Final PrototypeShared Goal Visualization

116. SFF: Design and Evaluation Process Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs Informal Pilot Studies Refine Final Design Field Study of 10 Running Groups 2 Race Studies Final Pilots Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.

117. SFF: Design and Evaluation Process Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs Informal Pilot Studies Refine Final Design Field Study of 10 Running Groups 2 Race Studies Final Pilots Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.

120. SFF Overview SFF: STUDY PROCEDURE

121. SFF Overview Pre-Study Questionnaire SFF: STUDY PROCEDURE

123. SFF Overview Pre-Study Questionnaire SFF Run (30-60 minutes) SFF: STUDY PROCEDURE

126. SFF Overview Pre-Study Questionnaire SFF Run (30-60 minutes) Post-Study Questionnaire SFF: STUDY PROCEDURE

128. SFF Overview Pre-Study Questionnaire SFF Run (30-60 minutes) Post-Study Questionnaire Post-Study Interviews SFF: STUDY PROCEDURE

129. 5:30AM Obligatory Red Bull

130. FIELD STUDY PARTICIPANTS 10 GROUPS; 52 INDIVIDUALS (35 FEMALE) Avg Group Size: 5 Avg Age: 40.7 Avg Target Pace: 10:14 Avg Distance: 3.5 mi

131. SFF: ANALYSIS We analyzed the Likert scale survey data to uncover trends and use the interview and open-form data to provide context.

132. Comfort Display Content Awareness Motivation User Experience Cohesiveness Other Technology Self-Consciousness SFF: FIELD STUDY RESULTS

134. FIELD STUDY RESULTS 5.5 5.2 5.1 4 0 2 4 6 8 7-PointLikertScale COMFORT; WEARERS (N=19) Battery Display Heart Monitor Armband 7-Point Likert Scale Higher is more comfortable

135. Higher is better 5.5 5.2 5.1 4 0 2 4 6 8 7-PointLikertScale Battery Display Heart Monitor Armband FIELD STUDY RESULTS COMFORT; WEARERS (N=19)

137. “I thought [the system] would be uncomfortable; it turned out to be unnoticed.” -G5P2-W FIELD STUDY RESULTS COMFORT; WEARERS (N=19)

140. FIELD STUDY RESULTS COMFORT; WEARERS (N=19) “Armband is heavy; other [equipment] was fine…” -G2P1-W

143. Rank Order List FIELD STUDY RESULTS DISPLAY CONTENT; ALL (N=52) Pace 1.5 Distance 2.2 Duration 3.1 Visualization 3.9 Heart Rate 4.3 Average Scores

146. “It made me more aware of our pacing and kept me more focused on the run.” -G2P2-W FIELD STUDY RESULTS DATA AWARENESS; ALL (N=52)

149. “Made me feel like I was pushing my efforts, which is good.” -G7P8 FIELD STUDY RESULTS MOTIVATION; ALL (N=52) “Motivated me to go faster than the pace displayed.” -G7P7

152. FIELD STUDY RESULTS SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS; WEARERS (N=19) “Yes, I expected to feel more conspicuous; didn’t really mind it.” -G2P2-W

155. RACE STUDY PARTICIPANTS 4 INDIVIDUALS (1 FEMALE) Male, 34 Target Pace: 6:10 County 8K Female, 33 Target Pace: 8:20 County 8K Male, 26 Target Pace: 7:45 Labor Day 10K Male, 18 Target Pace: 8:30 Labor Day 10K

156. Race Deployment Competitive Interactions

157. Gold Medal

158. “It made me run faster because my performance was on display.” -R2P1-W RACE STUDY RESULTS MOTIVATION; WEARERS (N=4)

159. Limitations

160. Limitations Novelty Observational Bias

161. Job! GOOD Future Work Encouragement Going! Keep

162. Future Work Social Media Integration

163. Future Work Spectator Sports

164. Future Work Cross Domains

165. Summary This work contributes to two rapidly growing areas: personal informatics and wearable technology. Through parallel prototyping, iterative design, and exploratory studies we demonstrate the potential to motivate group fitness performance with wearable technology.

166. Human Computer Interaction Laboratory makeability lab Thanks to our collaborators: RunKeeper and Erogear Thanks to Nokia for funding Matt Mauriello @mattm401 Michael Gubbels @mokogobo Jon Froehlich @jonfroehlich Our Research Team:

167. Noun Project Icon Credits Tshirt Nithin Viswanathan http://thenounproject.com/term/tshirt/25531/ Fire Jop van der Kroef http://thenounproject.com/term/fire/8023/ Running Dillon Arloff http://thenounproject.com/term/running/17825/ Medal Andrew J. Young http://thenounproject.com/term/medal/3798/ Watch Kiran Malladi http://thenounproject.com/term/watch/20778/ Awareness Ivan Colio http://thenounproject.com/term/awareness/30176/ Warning Christopher Holm-Hansen http://thenounproject.com/term/warning/52375/ Notepad Lemon Liu http://thenounproject.com/term/notepad/8155/ Celebration Scott Lewis http://thenounproject.com/term/celebration/6215/ Weight Lifting Nithin Viswanathan http://thenounproject.com/term/weight-lifting/50882/ Calendar Edaward Boatman http://thenounproject.com/term/calendar/6730/ Education Chris Matthews http://thenounproject.com/term/education/3012/

168. Image Credits “Marathon” US Road Sports “Watch” Garmin Ltd. “Mobile Application” MapMyFitness, Inc. “Group Running” Unknown “Goffman” Open Library “E39” Under Armour, Inc. “Reebok Checklight” Reebok International “TeamAWear” Pervasive Computing, 2007 “Adidas miCoach Elite” Adidas America Inc. “iPhone” Apple Inc. “Google Maps” Google Inc. “Heart Rate Monitor” Polar Electro “Twitter” Twitter Inc. “Swimming” International Olympic Committee

Social Fabric Fitness: The Design and Evaluation of Wearable E-Textile Displays to Support Group Fitness

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