1. chapter 1 :Transport
Learning objective:
1. Understanding the importance of having transport
system in some multicellular organisms
2. Synthesise the concept of the circulatory system
3. Understanding the mechanism of blood clotting
4. Synthesise the concept of the lymphatic system
5. Understanding the role of the circulatory system in the
body’d defence mechanism
6. Appreciate a healthy cardiovasular system
7. Understanding the transport of substances in plants
8. Synthesise the concept of the transport of substances
in plants

2. 1.1 The importance of having a transport system
in some multicellular organisms
Learning outcomes:
1. Identify the problems that could be faced by
multicellular organisms in obtaining their
cellular requirements and getting rid of waste
product
2. Suggest how these problems are overcome in
multicellular organisms

3. Transport
• To describe how the substance in our body
move from one part to the other part
• Transport process varies in different types of
organism

4. Difference transport in unicellular and
multicellular organisms
• 1. Unicellular organism
Ex?
They have large total surface area to volume
(TSA/V) ration that enable substance to diffuse
easily into the cell
• To obtain oxygen and nutrients directly from
external environment
• Carbon dioxide and other waste product also
eliminated by diffusion through plasma
membrane
• So, They do not need any internal transport
system

6. Multicellular organisms
Ex?
• The TSA/V ration decreases
• Cells often located away from external surface of
the body
• Diffusion rate also decrease which is a limiting
factor to cellular activities in large animals
• These organism have specialized structure to
increase surface area ( alveolus)
• They also need circulatory system to
– Distribute nutrients and oxygen
– Remove waste product

7. exercise
• Examine cuboid A and B. Calculate the TSA/V
of both cuboids. Assume that the cuboids are
two organisms.
• Which organisms obtain their cellular
requirement (O2 and nutrients) and removing
their waste product( co2 and urea) easily?
• Why?

8. Assignments
1. Why does unicellular organisms can
undergoes diffusion process to transport their
nutrients and waste products while
multicellular organisms cannot?
Elaborate your answer by giving suitable
explanation.
( 8 marks)

9. 1.2 The circulatory system
Learning Outcomes:
1. State what a circulatory system is
2. State the three components of the circulatory system in
humans and animals
3. State the medium of transport in humans and animals
4. State the composition of human blood
5. Explain the function of blood and haemolymph in transport
6. Describe the structure of human blood vessel
7. Explain how blood is propelled through human circulatory
system
8. Explain briefly how blood pressure regulated
9. Compare and contrast the circulatory system in the
following: human, fish and amphibians
10. Conceptualise the circulatory systems in humans

10. Functions of the circulatory system
The circulatory system has three functions:
1. Transporting substances around the body. These
include oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide, nutrients,
water and waste products.
2. Controlling body temperature.
3. Protecting the body. Blood contains cells
and anti-bodies that fight infection and
clotting agents to stop bleeding.

11. 3 components of circulatory system
1. Medium of transport/ Blood
2. Blood vessel
3. Heart

13. 1. Medium of transport/ Blood
Animals:
Blood which consist of blood plasma, blood cells
( RBC, WBC) and plateles
Invertebrates:
Ex:
Use haemolymph (fluid in hoemocoel)
Hoemocoel: rongga
Functions: transport material around the body

14. Blood
Blood is the body’s means of transporting
substances around. It transports:
oxygen from the lungs to the heart and then to the
body’s tissues
carbon dioxide from the tissues to the heart and
then to the lungs to be expired
materials like hormones from one organ to another
nutrients (especially glucose) and minerals from the
intestines to the tissues
waste products to the kidneys.

15. Composition of Human Blood
• Blood: connective tissue that are composed of
1. Cellular components (45%)
• Platelets
• Erythrocytes (RBC)
• Leucocytes( WBC)
1. Plasma (55%)
• Water(90%)
• Soluble solutes

16. Cellular components ( 45%)
1. Platelets
• Fragments of cells from bone marrow
• No nucleus
• Important for blood clotting process

17. 1.Platelets
Platelets are also carried in the blood.
Formed in red bone marrow.
Produce thrombokinase –
a chemical needed for blood clotting.
Platelets help to repair tissues
and close wounds both
internally and externally.
When needed, they grow into
irregular shapes and stick together to
form a plug over the wound.

18. • They aggregate and release factors which
promote the blood coagulation.
•

19. 2.Red blood cells
Blood is made up of a number of different elements.
The most common cell in blood is the red blood cell.
Also called erythrocytes.
Disc-shaped.
Made in the bone marrow.
Contain a red-coloured compound
called haemoglobin which bonds
with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin.
Transport oxygen to the tissues.

20. • In the other vertebrates (e.g. fishes,
amphibians, reptilians and birds), they have a
nucleus.

21. 3.White blood cells
Blood also contains white blood cells.
Also called leucocytes.
They are bigger than red
blood cells and have large
nuclei.
Act as the body’s defence
system.
Some white blood cells surround and consume
harmful microbes.
Some produce chemicals called antibodies that
fight infection.
colorless

22. • Each type of leukocyte is present in the blood
in different proportions:
• neutrophil 50 - 70 %
eosinophil 2 - 4 %
basophil 0,5 - 1 %
lymphocyte 20 - 40 %
monocyte 3 - 8 %

23. • In fact, these granules have a different affinity
towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give
the cytoplasm different colors.
• So, granulocytes distinguish themselves in
neutrophil, eosinophil (or acidophil) and
basophil.

24. Leukocytes ( WBC)
1. Granulocytes
2. A granulocytes

25. 1. Granulocytes
• Granular cytoplasm
• filled with microscopic granules that are little
sacs containing enzymes, compounds that
digest microorganisms.
• Lobed nuclei( kelepek)
• Form in bone marrow
Consist of:
1. Basophils
2. Neutrophils
3. Eosinophils

26. Neutrophils
• As a Phagocytes
• Which digest
bacteria and dead
cells
• By phagocytosis
process

27. Neutrophils

28. Eosinophils
• Control allergic
responses
• Kill parasitic worms
by release enzyme.

29. eosinophils

30. Basophils
• Secretes heparin
to prevent blood
clotting
• Involve in
combating
inflammatory and
allergic reactions

31. basophils

32. • In the different types of granulocytes, the
granules are different and help us to
distinguish them.
• In fact, these granules have a different affinity
towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give
the cytoplasm different colors.
• So, granulocytes distinguish themselves in
neutrophil, eosinophil (or acidophil) and
basophil

33. 2. Agranulocytes
• Clear cytoplasm
• Nuclei are not lobed( terkelepek)
• Consist of
1. Lymphocytes
2. monocytes

34. • Lymphocytes are cells which, besides being present
in the blood,
• Its populate the lymphoid tissues and organs too, as
well as the lymph circulating in the lymphatic
vessel.
• An antibody is a molecule able to bind itself to
molecules of a complementary shape
called antigens, and recognize them.
• As for all proteins, even the antibodies are coded by
genes.
• On the basis of a recombination mechanism of
some of these genes, every lymphocyte produces
antibodies of a specific shape.

35. Lymphocytes
• Produce
antibodies
• Neutralize toxins
• Produce immune
responses against
foreign substance
• Largest leucocytes

36. Monocytes
• Phagocytes
• Engulf digested
bacteria and
dead cells
• Origin: from
bone marrow

38. Difference between RBC
AND WBC

39. characteristics RBC WBC
1. SHAPE a) Erythrocytes are •Leucocytes have nuclei
biconcave disc serves to: •Not have haemoglobin
• Increase surface area to •Larger than erythrocytes
volume ratio •Do not have fixed shaped
• Increase diffusion rate of
gaseous exchange
b) No nucleus to gives space
for great quantities of
haemoglobin
2.FUNCTION •Has haem group •Responsible for the defense
•Contains iron atom of organism against disease
•For the site of oxygen •If pathogen invade the body,
binding number of leucocytes will
•When the partial pressure of increase
o2 is high,
•Haemoglobin will combine
with o2 to form
•OXYHAEMOGLOBIN

40. 3. DIAMETER 8 micrometer 15 micro meter
Thickness: 2 micrometer
4.Number of 5 million/mm3 6000-10000/mm3
blood (Ration: 1WBC:700RBC)
cell/mm3
LIFESPAN 120 days A few days by phagocytosis
Destroyed by phagocytes process
(WBC) in the liver and
spleen(limpa)
MANUFACT Bone marrow Bone marrow(granulocytes)
URED IN Rate: 2 million/ second •But may migrate to thymus
gland or lymph node
•For their growth and
development stage
•Lymphatic system (
agranucolytes)

43. PLASMA

44. Plasma
The blood cells and platelets are suspended in a
substance called plasma. Plasma is made up of:
90% water
inorganic salts(Na+, Mg2+, Cl-)
glucose
antibodies
urea and other waste products
plasma proteins.(ex: albumin, fibrinogen,prothrombin)
Dissolved gases( oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Hormones ( insulin)

45. • The plasma is a slightly alkaline fluid, with a
typical yellowish color
• The mineral substances are dissolved in ionic
form, that is dissociated into positive and
negative ions.
• Ex: Ca2+

46. plasma
Plasma can be separated from the
other components of blood using
a centrifuge.

47. Functions of blood in Transport
1. Transport in oxygen
2. Transport of carbon dioxide
3. Transport of water to tissues
4. Transport of excretory waste products
5. Transport of hormones
6. Transport of heat
7. Transport of absorbed food materials

48. 1. Transport of oxygen
• Transport o2 from lung/alveolus  cells/ all
part of body
• Oxygen combine with haemoglobin in
erythrocytes to form = oxyhaemoglobin
• Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates into haemoglobin
and 02
• O2 then supplied for cellular respiration (ATP)
Hb + O2 ---> HbO
<-------

50. 2. Transport of carbon dioxide
• Cellular respiration release co2
Glucose + o2 - energy +co2+ water
• Carbon dioxide transported from cells to lungs/
alveolus in the form of:
a)Hydrogen carbonate ions
b) Carbaminohemoglobin
c)Dissolves directly in the blood plasma
When the blood reaches the lungs, the co2 release
and diffuse out of the blood into the alveoli

52. • Hydrogen carbonate ions are produced when
carbon dioxide produced by tissue respiration
is absorbed by blood plasma.
• In your lungs, hydrogen carbonate ions turn
back to carbon dioxide which is excreted when
you exhale.

53. • Carbaminohaemoglobin is a combination of
carbon dioxide and hemoglobin,
• CO2HHb, being one of the forms in which
carbon dioxide exists in the blood.

54. 3. Transport of water to tissues
• Water is transported by blood to provide a
medium for biochemical reactions

55. 4.Transport of excretory waste
products
1. Deamination
• Process removing the amino group from the
excess amino acid.
• The amino group is converted to ammonia
and then to urea by the liver
• From liver, urea transported by blood to
kidneys to be excreted

56. 5.Transport of hormones
• Blood transport hormones produced by
endocrine gland to the target organs
• Ex: insulin and glucagon carried by blood from
pancreas to the liver

57. 6. Transport of heat
• Blood helps regulate body temperature by
distributing heat

58. 7. Transport of absorbed food
materials
• Soluble digested food, vitamins and mineral
absorbed into capillaries of the villi in small
intestine
• Ex: simple sugar: glucose
• Amino acids
• Water soluble vitamins
• Mineral salts

59. • They are transported by the hepatic portal
vein from small intestine to liver and then to
the heart
• Other food materials are absorbed into
lacteals in the villi
• Ex: fatty acids, glycerol , vitamin ADEK (Fat
soluble susbtances)
• They are then transported by the lymph into
the blood circulatory system via the left
subclavian vein

60. Hepatic portal vein

62. Lacteal and villi

63. lymph

64. Subclavian vein

65. Function of Haemolymph in transport
Haemolymph:
• the circulating fluid in open tissue spaces of
invertebrates
• A circulating blood-like nutritive fluid which
fills the entire body cavity called haemocoel
• A circulating system in invertebrates = open
circulatory system because the haemolymph:
1. Is not confined to vessels only
2. Bathes the tissues and internal organs
directly

66. • Nutrients such as digested food and hormones
diffuse from haemolymph into cells.
• Waste products diffuse out from cells into the
haemolymph
• Haemolymph does not transport respiratory
gases.
• Gaseous exchange via the tracheal system

68. 2. Blood vessels
• Consist of arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
functions: carries blood around the body

69. Structure of human
blood vessels

70. Blood vessels
There are three types of blood vessels,
blood from blood to the
the heart heart
artery vein
carries blood carries blood
away from back into
the heart the heart
carries blood to and
from the body’s cells

71. arteries capillaries Veins
•Carry oxygenated •Sites for the •Transport
blood away from the exchange of deoxygenated blood
heart to all parts of respiratory gases, from all parts of the
the body nutrients and wastes body to the heart
•Except pulmonary except pulmonary
artery vein
•Blood pressure: •Lower than arteries •Lower than arteries
•High blood pressure but higher than veins
in arteries
•Thick muscular wall •One cell thickness •Thinner wall
•Lumen size small •Lumen is very small •Lumen size is large
•No valve except •No valve •Valve present to
aorta prevent backflow of
blood

72. arteries capillaries Veins
To transport blood Allow rapid gaseous Allow blood from
quickly at high exchange between tissues to return to
pressure from the blood and the body the heart
heart to tissues cells by diffusion

74. The ARTERY
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
the elastic fibres allow the
artery to stretch under
pressure
thick muscle and
elastic fibres
the thick muscle can
contract to push the
blood along.

75. The VEIN
Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards from the
heart.
veins have valves
which act to stop the
blood from going in
the wrong direction.
thin muscle and
elastic fibres body muscles surround the veins
so that when they contract to
move the body, they also
squeeze the veins and push the
blood along the vessel.

76. The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arterioles with
Venus
they exchange materials
between the blood and
other body cells.
the wall of a
capillary The exchange of materials
is only one cell thick between the blood and the
body can only occur
through capillaries.

78. Blood vessels
thick outer wall
thick inner layer of muscle
and elastic fibres
narrow central tube
(lumen)
ARTERY
thin outer wall
thin inner layer of muscle and
elastic fibres
wide central tube CAPILLARY
VEIN
(lumen)
wall only one cell thick

79. Blood vessels: valves
When blood is flowing against gravity, or when a vein is
squeezed by muscle action, there is a risk that blood will
flow in the wrong direction. Veins have valves to prevent
backflow.
backflow
vein valve prevented
open
blood to
vein valve
the closed
heart
The valves allow …but close if blood
blood to flow in the starts to flow in the
correct direction… wrong direction.

80. 3. Heart
• A heart is an organ that generates pressure to
pump the blood through out the body

82. How blood is propelled through
the human circulatory system?

83. Location of the Heart
• The heart is located between the lungs behind
the sternum and above the diaphragm.
• It is surrounded by the pericardium.
It is a fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart
• Its size is about that of a fist, and its weight is
about 250-300 g.

84. Location of the heart in the thorax

85. Anatomy of the heart
• Heart made up of myogenic cardiac
muscles which contract and relax
automatically throughout life
• It is not controlled by nervous system

86. • The human heart has four chambers:
1. Left and right Atrium (atria= plural)
• Upper chambers which receive blood
returning to the heart
• Thin -walled
2. Left and right ventricles
• Lower chambers which pump blood out of
the heart
• Thick walled

87. Septum:
• Separates the right chambers from the left
chambers
The valves: ensure that blood flows only in one
direction.
1. Tricuspid valve
2. Bicuspid valve
3. Semi lunar valve

90. The Heart Valves
• The tricuspid valve- the valve between the
right atrium and right ventricle
• The bicuspid valve- the valve between left
atrium and left ventricle
• Semi lunar valve- the valves at the base of
aorta and pulmonary artery

93. • The right pump forces deoxygenated blood to
the lungs
• The left pump forces oxygenated blood to
other parts of the body

94. Pumping of the heart/ the heartbeat
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/heart/heartmap.html

95. How does the heart beat?

98. SAN and AVN
• Electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial (SA)
node: "natural pacemaker."
– causes the atria to contract.
– Blood is then forced into the ventricles
• The signal then passes through the
atrioventricular (AV) node.
– sends the signal to the ventricles via the
“bundle of His”
– causes the ventricles to contract.
– And pump the blood out of the heart

99. • Right ventricle pumps the blood into
pulmonary artery – which forces the blood to
the lung
• Left ventricle pumps the blood into aorta –
which forces the blood to all part of the body

100. The Conduction System

101. • Left ventricle is thicker and more muscular
than the wall of the right ventricles
• Because it needs to generate greater pressure
to pump blood to all parts of the body
• While the right ventricle pumps the blood to
the lungs only

102. What is the cardiac cycle?
• Cardiac cycle is the series of events that occur
during one complete heartbeat
• Including contraction (systole) and relaxation (
diastole) of both atria and ventricles

103. • The sino atrial node(SAN) can initiate the
heartbeat on its own
Sympathetic nerve carrying impulse to the heart
can increase the heart rate
Parasympathetic nerve can slow it down
The heart rate increase when:
• Increase in the secretion of hormone
(adrenaline)
• An increase in partial pressure of carbon
dioxide in the blood
• Body temperature is elevated

104. How does blood in the veins flow back
to the heart?

105. 1.Muscle relaxed , valves closed
2.Muscles contract, upper valves open and
blood is forced upwards , lower valve remain
close
3. Muscles relaxed, upper valves closed, lower
valve opens as a result of muscle contraction
elsewhere and blood flows forwards

106. Regulatory mechanism of blood
pressure
• Blood pressure is the force of the blood exerted
of the arterial blood vessels
• Arterial blood pressure is highest during
ventricular systole , and lowest during diastole
• Baroreceptors monitor the pressure of blood
flowing to the body and to the brain
• Baroreceptor located in the walls of the aorta
and carotid arteries branch out from the aorta.