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Brain AnatomyBrain Anatomy
SKULLSKULL
• AXIAL SKELETON FORMS THE LONG AXIS OF THE BODY
• IT IS MADE UP OF 80 BONES, ARRANGED IN 3 REGIONS, SKULL, VETEBRAL
COLUMN AND THE THORACIC CAGE
• THE AXIAL SKELETON SUPORTS THEHEAD AND NECK AND PROTECTS THE BRAIN ,
SPINAL CORD AND THE THORACIC ORGANS
• SKULL
• CRANIAL BONES+ FACIAL BONES
• CRANIAL BONES------CRANIUM----ENCLOSE AND PROTECT THE BRAIN AND
PROVIDE ATTACHMENT TO MUSCLES
• FACIAL BONES----1) FORM FRAME OF THE FACE
• 2) FORM CAVITIES FOR SENSE ORGANS( NOSE, EYES, ORAL)
• CAVITY( TASTE
•
• 3) PROVIDE OPENINGS FOR AIR AND FOOD
• 4) PROVIDE CAVITIES TO HOLD TEETH
• 5) PROVIDE ATTACHMENT TO THE MUSCLES
•
Skull brain
SKULLSKULL
• BONES OF THE SKULL ARE FLAT.
• THE JOINTS BETWEEN THE BONES ARE CALLED
SUTURES( INTERLOCKING AND IMMOVABLE)
1) CORONAL SUTURE
2) SAGITTAL SUTURE
3) LAMDOID SUTURE
4) SQUAMOSAL SUTURE
Skull brain
Skull brain
SKULLSKULL
• THE CRANIAL VAULT -----CLAVARIA( SUPERIOR,
LATERAL AND POSTERIOR ASPECT AS WELL AS
THE FOREHEAD
• CRANIAL BASE---- FLOOR. INTERNAL ASPECT
SHOWS 3 STEPS
1) POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA-- BASEMENT
2) MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA--- 1ST
FLOOR
3) ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA--2ND
FLOOR)
* EACH FOSSA HAS A SPECIFIC LOBE OF THE
BRAIN SITTING INSIDE IT
Skull brain
SKULL THROUGHOUT LIFESKULL THROUGHOUT LIFE
• SKULL DEVELOPS IN MEMBRANE---- OSSIFICATION ---LATE IN
THE 2ND
MONTH
• OSSIFICATION BEGINS IN THE MIDDLLE AND SPREADS
OUTWARDS
• AT BIRTH PARTS OF THE SKULL ARE STILL NOT
FORMED( FONTANEL)
• 4 MAJOR FONTANELS ARE SEEN
1. ANTERIOR
2. POSTERIOR
3. MASTOID
4. SPHENOID
• THESE ALLOW THE BONES OF THE SKULL TO SLIP OVER EACH
OTHER DURING BIRTH ( MOULDING)
SKULL THROUGHOUT LIFESKULL THROUGHOUT LIFE
• CHANGES IN THE FORM OF THE SKULL
1. AT BIRTH THE SKULL APPEARS LARGER THAN THE FACE
2. BY 9 MONTHS SKULL ATTAINS HALF THE SIZE OF THE ADULT
SKULL
3. BY 2 YRS IT IS ¾ THE SIZE OF THE ADULT
4. 8-9 YRS ADULT SIZE
5. FACE ENLARGES BETWEEN 6-13 YRS
SKULLSKULL
• CRANIAL BONES---- TOTAL OF 8
• PAIRED---- TEMPORAL AND PARIETAL
• UNPAIRED---- FRONTAL, OCCIPITAL, SPHENOID AND THE ETHMOID
FRONTAL BONE( FEATURES)
1. FORMS FOREHEAD AND ROOF OF THE ORBITS
2. SPRAORBITAL MARGIN
3. SUPRAORBITAL NOTCH/FORAMEN
4. GLABELLA
5. FRONTONASAL SUTURE
6. FRONTAL SINUS
7. ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
SKULLSKULL
• PARIETAL BONE ( FEATURES)
1) FORM THE BULK OF THE CRANIAL VAULT
2) FORMS SUTURES WITH THE OTHER BONES ( 4)
• * SUTURAL BONES ----- SMALL BONES OCCURING WITHIN THE
SUTURES( LAMDOID SUTURE)
• OCCIPITAL BONE ( FEATURES)
• 1) FORMS THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE CRANIUM AND THE BASE
• 2) INTERNALLY FORMS THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA( CONTAINS
THE CEREBELLUM)
• 3) FORAMEN MAGNUM
• 4) OCCIPITAL CONDYLES
• 5) HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL
BRAINBRAIN
THE AVERAGE HUMAN BRAIN WEIGHS 1500 g or 3.3
POUNDS
IT CARRIES OUT COMPLEX NEURAL FUNCTIONS.
DEVELOPMENT-BRAIN ARISES FROM THE
ROSTRAL( SUPERIOR ) PART OF THE NEURAL TUBE
ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN-
1. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
2. DIENCEPHALON-THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUA AND
EPITHALAMUS
3. BRAINSTEM-MIDBRAIN,PONS AND MEDULLA OBLANGATA
4. CEREBELLUM
ALL THESE PARTS WORK TOGETHER AND ARE
INTERCONNECTED
Skull brain
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERESCEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
• THIS CONSTITUTES SEVEN-EIGHTS OF THE
TOTAL WT OF THE BRAIN, OCCUPIES MOST OF
THE CRANIUM.
• CONSISTS OF 2 CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
SEPERATED BY A LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
-THE SURFACE OF THE CEREBRUM IS GRAY
MATTER( CONTAIN CELL BODY OF
NEURONS,DENDRITES AND UNMYELINATED
AXONS), THERE ARE PARTS OF GRAY MATTER
DEEPER WITHIN THE WHITEMATTER ( BASAL
NUCLEI)
-INTERNAL TO THE GRAY MATTER IS THE WHITE
MATTER( MADE UP OF MYELINATED AXONS AND
DENDRITES
Skull brain
CEREBRAL GRAY MATTERCEREBRAL GRAY MATTER
( CORTEX)( CORTEX)
• SURFACE STRUCTURES-
-2-4 MM THICK, FOLDED TO FORM SULCI ( GROOVES)AND
GYRI( RIDGES)
-DEEPER SULCI DIVIDE EACH CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
INTO 5 MAJOR LOBES- FRONTAL,
PARIETAL,OCCIPITAL,TEMPORAL AND INSULA.
GENARAL FUNCTIONAL AREAS-
1. MOTOR-CONTROLS VOLUNTARY MOTOR FUNCTIONS
2. SENSORY AREA-PROVIDES FOR CONCIOUS AWARENESS
OF SENSATION
3. ASSOCIATION AREA-INTEGRATE DIVERSE INFORMATION ,
TO ENABLE A PURPOSEFUL ACTION
LOBES OF THE BRAINLOBES OF THE BRAIN
MOTOR AND ASSOCIATION
AREAS
 PRIMARY MOTOR AREA- LOCATED IN THE PRECENTRAL
GYRUS OF THE FRONTAL LOBE. BROADMANS AREA-4.THE
CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS ARISE HERE( MOTOR CONTROL)
 PREMOTOR CORTEX- LIES ANTERIOR TO THE PRECENTRAL
GYRUS, BROADMANS AREA -6, THIS IS AN ASSOCIATION AREA.
 PREFRONTAL CORTEX-LIES JUST ANTERIOR TO THE
PREMOTOR CORTEX.PERFORMS COGNITIVE
FUNCTIONS( THINKING, PERCIEVING, REMEMBERING AND
RECALLING INFORMATION
 THE FRONTAL EYE FIELD CONTROLS VOLUNTARY
MOVEMENTS OF THE EYE.FOLLOWING A MOVING OBJECT
BROADMANS AREA -8
 BROCA’S AREA- LIES ANTERIOR TO THE INFERIOR PART OF
THE PREMOTOR CORTEX .BROADMANS AREA 44-45.SPEECH
AREA. PRESENT IN THE DOMINANT HEMISPHERE
SENSORY AND
ASSOCIATION AREAS
 PRIMARY SENSORY AREA- LOCATED IN THE POST CENTRAL GYRUS
OF THE PARIETAL , JUST POSTERIOR TO THE PRIMARY CORTEX.
CORRESPONDS TO BROADMANS AREA 1-3. INVOLVED WITH
CONCIOUS AWARENESS OF SENSATIONS
 SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCAIATION AREAS-LIES POSTERIOR TO THE
PRIMARY SENSORY AREA. BROADMANS AREA 5-7. INTEGRATES
SENSORY INPUTS
 PRIMARY VISUAL AREA- PRESENT IN THE POSTERIOR AND MEDIAL
PART OF THE OCCIPITAL LOBE. BROADMANS AREA 17. IF DAMAGED
LEADS TO CORTICAL BLINDNESS.
 VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREAS- BROADMANS AREA 18-19.FOR COLOR,
FORM AND MOVEMENT
 PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA - PRESENT AT THE SUPEROR EDGE OF THE
TEMPORAL LOBE .BROADMANS AREA 41,42
 AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA-JUST POSTERIOR TO THE PRIMARY
AUDITORY AREA. MEMORIES OF PAST SOUND ARE STORED HERE.
 WERNICKES AREA-AREA INVOLVED IN COMPREHENSION OF SPEECH
Skull brain
Skull brain
LIMBIC
SYSTEM( EMOTIONAL
BRAIN)
 THIS IS A GROUP OF STRUCTURES ON
THE MEDIAL SIDE OF EACH CEREBRAL
HEMISPHERE AND DIENCEPHALON
 RESPONSIBLE FOR EMOTIONAL STATES
OF BEHAVIOUR( FEAR , ANGER ,
SADNESS)-BRINGS ABOUT
APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOUR
 RESPONSIBLE FOR SHORT TERM
MEMORY
 COMMUNICATES WITH OTHER REGIONS
OF THE BRAIN.
Skull brain
CEREBELLUM
 MAKES UP A FOURTH OF THE BRAINS MAJOR PARTS
 MAKES UP 11% OF THE MASS OF THE BRAIN
 ALSO CALLED THE LESSER BRAIN
 CONSISTS OF 2 HEMISPHERES CONNECTED BY THE VERMIS
 HAS OUTER GRAY MATTER, INNER WHITE MATTER, DEEPER
AREA OF GRAY MATTER THE CEREBELLAR NUCLEI
 FUNCTIONALLY IT SMOOTHS AND COORDINATES BODY
MOVEMENTS THAT ARE DIRECTED BY OTHER BRAIN
REGIONS, AND HEPLS MAINTAIN POSTURE AND EQUILIBRIUM.
 IN ORDER TO PERFORM THE ABOVE FUNCTIONS IT IS
CONNECTED TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BRAIN VIA
CEREBELLAR PUDUNCLES, THE SUPERIOR, MIDDLE AND
INFERIOR.
Skull brain
BRAINSTEM
 THE 3 REGIONS OF THE BRAINSTEM ARE THE
MIDBRAIN, PONS AND MEDULLA OBLONGATA
 MIDBRAIN
- IT HAS A CENTRAL CAVITY CALLED THE CEREBRAL
AQUEDUCT WHCH DIVIDES IT INTO 2 PARTS
- CEREBRAL PUDUNCLES LIE VENTRALLY
- TECTUM LIES DORSALLY, WHICH ARE MADE UP OF
NUCLEI CALLED THE CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA
( SUPERIOR COLLICULI- ASSOCIATED WITH VISUAL
REFLEXES, INFERIOR COLLICULI- ASSOCIATED WITH
AUDITORY REFLEXES
- THE SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PUDUNCLES CONNECT
THE MIDBRAIN TO THE CEREBELLUM
 PONS-
IT IS THE BRIDGE BETWEEN THE RT AND LEFT HALVES OF THE
CEREBELLUM
THERE ARE CRANIAL NERVES ATTACHED TO IT, THE 5TH
, 6TH
AND 7TH
.
IT IS ATTACHED TO THE CEREBELLUM VIA THE MIDDLE
CEREBELLAR PUDUNCLE
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
-IT IS CONTINOUS WITH THE SPINAL CORD AT THE LEVEL OF THE
FORAMEN MAGNUM
-THE CRANIAL NERVES ATTACHED TO IT ARE THE 8TH
, 9TH
, 10TH
,11TH
AND 12TH
-IT IS ATTACHED TO THE CEREBELLUM VIA THE INFERIOR
CEREBELLAR PUDUNCLE
RETICULAR FORMATION
THIS RUNS THROUGH THE CENTRAL CORE OF THE PONS,
MIDBRAIN AND MEDULLA
CONSISTS OF LOOSE CLUSTER OF NEURONS
FORMS THE RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM-MAINTAINING
CONCIOUSNESS AND ALERTNESS
Skull brain
Skull brain
DIENCEPHALON
 PARTS ARE THE THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS AND EPTHALAMUS
 THALAMUS
MAKES UP 80% OF THE DIENCEPHALON
IMPORTANNT NUCLEI( GRAY MATTER) ARE PRESENT
IT IS A RELAY STATION
HYPOTHALAMUS
LIES BELOW THE THALAMUS
PROJECTING FROM THE INFERIOR ASPECT IS THE PITUITARY GLAND THAT
SECRETES HORMONES
CONTAINS NUCLEI( GRAY MATTER)
IT IS THA MASTER CONTROL CENTER REGULATING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE
VISCERAL ORGANS
EPTHALAMUS
CONSISTS OF NUCLEI AND THE PINEAL BODY
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS IT SECRETS MELATONIN
( SLEEP CYCLE)
PROTECTION OF THE
BRAIN
CNS PROTECTION
BONE
MENINGES
a) dura mater
b) arachnoid mater
c) pia mater
3. Cerebrospinal fluid
a) in the ventricles and subarachnoid space
b) circulation: choriod plexus -------
c) lumbar puncture ( spinal tap)
4. Blood brain barrier
Skull brain
MENINGES
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 COVERS AND PROTECTS THE CNS
 ENCLOSE AND PROTECTS THE BLOOD VESSELS SUPPLYING
THE CNS
 CONTAINS CSF
CSF
 CSF PRESENT AROUND THE
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
 REDUCES THE WT OF THE
BRAIN BY 97%
 100-160 ML
 FORMED IN THE CHOROID
PLEXUS
VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN
 EXPANSIONS OF THE BRAINS CENTRAL CAVITY ---- CONTAIN CSF
 CONTINOUS WITH EACH OTHER AND THE CENTRAL CANAL OF THE
SPINAL CORD
 1. LATERAL VENTRICLE---- CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
 2. THIRD VENTRICLE---DIENCEPHALON
 3. MIDBRAIN---CERBRAL AQUEDUCT
 4. HINDBRAIN---- FOURTH VENTRICLE
Skull brain

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Skull brain

  • 2. SKULLSKULL • AXIAL SKELETON FORMS THE LONG AXIS OF THE BODY • IT IS MADE UP OF 80 BONES, ARRANGED IN 3 REGIONS, SKULL, VETEBRAL COLUMN AND THE THORACIC CAGE • THE AXIAL SKELETON SUPORTS THEHEAD AND NECK AND PROTECTS THE BRAIN , SPINAL CORD AND THE THORACIC ORGANS • SKULL • CRANIAL BONES+ FACIAL BONES • CRANIAL BONES------CRANIUM----ENCLOSE AND PROTECT THE BRAIN AND PROVIDE ATTACHMENT TO MUSCLES • FACIAL BONES----1) FORM FRAME OF THE FACE • 2) FORM CAVITIES FOR SENSE ORGANS( NOSE, EYES, ORAL) • CAVITY( TASTE • • 3) PROVIDE OPENINGS FOR AIR AND FOOD • 4) PROVIDE CAVITIES TO HOLD TEETH • 5) PROVIDE ATTACHMENT TO THE MUSCLES •
  • 4. SKULLSKULL • BONES OF THE SKULL ARE FLAT. • THE JOINTS BETWEEN THE BONES ARE CALLED SUTURES( INTERLOCKING AND IMMOVABLE) 1) CORONAL SUTURE 2) SAGITTAL SUTURE 3) LAMDOID SUTURE 4) SQUAMOSAL SUTURE
  • 7. SKULLSKULL • THE CRANIAL VAULT -----CLAVARIA( SUPERIOR, LATERAL AND POSTERIOR ASPECT AS WELL AS THE FOREHEAD • CRANIAL BASE---- FLOOR. INTERNAL ASPECT SHOWS 3 STEPS 1) POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA-- BASEMENT 2) MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA--- 1ST FLOOR 3) ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA--2ND FLOOR) * EACH FOSSA HAS A SPECIFIC LOBE OF THE BRAIN SITTING INSIDE IT
  • 9. SKULL THROUGHOUT LIFESKULL THROUGHOUT LIFE • SKULL DEVELOPS IN MEMBRANE---- OSSIFICATION ---LATE IN THE 2ND MONTH • OSSIFICATION BEGINS IN THE MIDDLLE AND SPREADS OUTWARDS • AT BIRTH PARTS OF THE SKULL ARE STILL NOT FORMED( FONTANEL) • 4 MAJOR FONTANELS ARE SEEN 1. ANTERIOR 2. POSTERIOR 3. MASTOID 4. SPHENOID • THESE ALLOW THE BONES OF THE SKULL TO SLIP OVER EACH OTHER DURING BIRTH ( MOULDING)
  • 10. SKULL THROUGHOUT LIFESKULL THROUGHOUT LIFE • CHANGES IN THE FORM OF THE SKULL 1. AT BIRTH THE SKULL APPEARS LARGER THAN THE FACE 2. BY 9 MONTHS SKULL ATTAINS HALF THE SIZE OF THE ADULT SKULL 3. BY 2 YRS IT IS ¾ THE SIZE OF THE ADULT 4. 8-9 YRS ADULT SIZE 5. FACE ENLARGES BETWEEN 6-13 YRS
  • 11. SKULLSKULL • CRANIAL BONES---- TOTAL OF 8 • PAIRED---- TEMPORAL AND PARIETAL • UNPAIRED---- FRONTAL, OCCIPITAL, SPHENOID AND THE ETHMOID FRONTAL BONE( FEATURES) 1. FORMS FOREHEAD AND ROOF OF THE ORBITS 2. SPRAORBITAL MARGIN 3. SUPRAORBITAL NOTCH/FORAMEN 4. GLABELLA 5. FRONTONASAL SUTURE 6. FRONTAL SINUS 7. ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
  • 12. SKULLSKULL • PARIETAL BONE ( FEATURES) 1) FORM THE BULK OF THE CRANIAL VAULT 2) FORMS SUTURES WITH THE OTHER BONES ( 4) • * SUTURAL BONES ----- SMALL BONES OCCURING WITHIN THE SUTURES( LAMDOID SUTURE) • OCCIPITAL BONE ( FEATURES) • 1) FORMS THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE CRANIUM AND THE BASE • 2) INTERNALLY FORMS THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA( CONTAINS THE CEREBELLUM) • 3) FORAMEN MAGNUM • 4) OCCIPITAL CONDYLES • 5) HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL
  • 13. BRAINBRAIN THE AVERAGE HUMAN BRAIN WEIGHS 1500 g or 3.3 POUNDS IT CARRIES OUT COMPLEX NEURAL FUNCTIONS. DEVELOPMENT-BRAIN ARISES FROM THE ROSTRAL( SUPERIOR ) PART OF THE NEURAL TUBE ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN- 1. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES 2. DIENCEPHALON-THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUA AND EPITHALAMUS 3. BRAINSTEM-MIDBRAIN,PONS AND MEDULLA OBLANGATA 4. CEREBELLUM ALL THESE PARTS WORK TOGETHER AND ARE INTERCONNECTED
  • 15. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERESCEREBRAL HEMISPHERES • THIS CONSTITUTES SEVEN-EIGHTS OF THE TOTAL WT OF THE BRAIN, OCCUPIES MOST OF THE CRANIUM. • CONSISTS OF 2 CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES SEPERATED BY A LONGITUDINAL FISSURE -THE SURFACE OF THE CEREBRUM IS GRAY MATTER( CONTAIN CELL BODY OF NEURONS,DENDRITES AND UNMYELINATED AXONS), THERE ARE PARTS OF GRAY MATTER DEEPER WITHIN THE WHITEMATTER ( BASAL NUCLEI) -INTERNAL TO THE GRAY MATTER IS THE WHITE MATTER( MADE UP OF MYELINATED AXONS AND DENDRITES
  • 17. CEREBRAL GRAY MATTERCEREBRAL GRAY MATTER ( CORTEX)( CORTEX) • SURFACE STRUCTURES- -2-4 MM THICK, FOLDED TO FORM SULCI ( GROOVES)AND GYRI( RIDGES) -DEEPER SULCI DIVIDE EACH CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE INTO 5 MAJOR LOBES- FRONTAL, PARIETAL,OCCIPITAL,TEMPORAL AND INSULA. GENARAL FUNCTIONAL AREAS- 1. MOTOR-CONTROLS VOLUNTARY MOTOR FUNCTIONS 2. SENSORY AREA-PROVIDES FOR CONCIOUS AWARENESS OF SENSATION 3. ASSOCIATION AREA-INTEGRATE DIVERSE INFORMATION , TO ENABLE A PURPOSEFUL ACTION
  • 18. LOBES OF THE BRAINLOBES OF THE BRAIN
  • 19. MOTOR AND ASSOCIATION AREAS  PRIMARY MOTOR AREA- LOCATED IN THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS OF THE FRONTAL LOBE. BROADMANS AREA-4.THE CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS ARISE HERE( MOTOR CONTROL)  PREMOTOR CORTEX- LIES ANTERIOR TO THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS, BROADMANS AREA -6, THIS IS AN ASSOCIATION AREA.  PREFRONTAL CORTEX-LIES JUST ANTERIOR TO THE PREMOTOR CORTEX.PERFORMS COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS( THINKING, PERCIEVING, REMEMBERING AND RECALLING INFORMATION  THE FRONTAL EYE FIELD CONTROLS VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS OF THE EYE.FOLLOWING A MOVING OBJECT BROADMANS AREA -8  BROCA’S AREA- LIES ANTERIOR TO THE INFERIOR PART OF THE PREMOTOR CORTEX .BROADMANS AREA 44-45.SPEECH AREA. PRESENT IN THE DOMINANT HEMISPHERE
  • 20. SENSORY AND ASSOCIATION AREAS  PRIMARY SENSORY AREA- LOCATED IN THE POST CENTRAL GYRUS OF THE PARIETAL , JUST POSTERIOR TO THE PRIMARY CORTEX. CORRESPONDS TO BROADMANS AREA 1-3. INVOLVED WITH CONCIOUS AWARENESS OF SENSATIONS  SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCAIATION AREAS-LIES POSTERIOR TO THE PRIMARY SENSORY AREA. BROADMANS AREA 5-7. INTEGRATES SENSORY INPUTS  PRIMARY VISUAL AREA- PRESENT IN THE POSTERIOR AND MEDIAL PART OF THE OCCIPITAL LOBE. BROADMANS AREA 17. IF DAMAGED LEADS TO CORTICAL BLINDNESS.  VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREAS- BROADMANS AREA 18-19.FOR COLOR, FORM AND MOVEMENT  PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA - PRESENT AT THE SUPEROR EDGE OF THE TEMPORAL LOBE .BROADMANS AREA 41,42  AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA-JUST POSTERIOR TO THE PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA. MEMORIES OF PAST SOUND ARE STORED HERE.  WERNICKES AREA-AREA INVOLVED IN COMPREHENSION OF SPEECH
  • 23. LIMBIC SYSTEM( EMOTIONAL BRAIN)  THIS IS A GROUP OF STRUCTURES ON THE MEDIAL SIDE OF EACH CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE AND DIENCEPHALON  RESPONSIBLE FOR EMOTIONAL STATES OF BEHAVIOUR( FEAR , ANGER , SADNESS)-BRINGS ABOUT APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOUR  RESPONSIBLE FOR SHORT TERM MEMORY  COMMUNICATES WITH OTHER REGIONS OF THE BRAIN.
  • 25. CEREBELLUM  MAKES UP A FOURTH OF THE BRAINS MAJOR PARTS  MAKES UP 11% OF THE MASS OF THE BRAIN  ALSO CALLED THE LESSER BRAIN  CONSISTS OF 2 HEMISPHERES CONNECTED BY THE VERMIS  HAS OUTER GRAY MATTER, INNER WHITE MATTER, DEEPER AREA OF GRAY MATTER THE CEREBELLAR NUCLEI  FUNCTIONALLY IT SMOOTHS AND COORDINATES BODY MOVEMENTS THAT ARE DIRECTED BY OTHER BRAIN REGIONS, AND HEPLS MAINTAIN POSTURE AND EQUILIBRIUM.  IN ORDER TO PERFORM THE ABOVE FUNCTIONS IT IS CONNECTED TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BRAIN VIA CEREBELLAR PUDUNCLES, THE SUPERIOR, MIDDLE AND INFERIOR.
  • 27. BRAINSTEM  THE 3 REGIONS OF THE BRAINSTEM ARE THE MIDBRAIN, PONS AND MEDULLA OBLONGATA  MIDBRAIN - IT HAS A CENTRAL CAVITY CALLED THE CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT WHCH DIVIDES IT INTO 2 PARTS - CEREBRAL PUDUNCLES LIE VENTRALLY - TECTUM LIES DORSALLY, WHICH ARE MADE UP OF NUCLEI CALLED THE CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA ( SUPERIOR COLLICULI- ASSOCIATED WITH VISUAL REFLEXES, INFERIOR COLLICULI- ASSOCIATED WITH AUDITORY REFLEXES - THE SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PUDUNCLES CONNECT THE MIDBRAIN TO THE CEREBELLUM
  • 28.  PONS- IT IS THE BRIDGE BETWEEN THE RT AND LEFT HALVES OF THE CEREBELLUM THERE ARE CRANIAL NERVES ATTACHED TO IT, THE 5TH , 6TH AND 7TH . IT IS ATTACHED TO THE CEREBELLUM VIA THE MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PUDUNCLE MEDULLA OBLONGATA -IT IS CONTINOUS WITH THE SPINAL CORD AT THE LEVEL OF THE FORAMEN MAGNUM -THE CRANIAL NERVES ATTACHED TO IT ARE THE 8TH , 9TH , 10TH ,11TH AND 12TH -IT IS ATTACHED TO THE CEREBELLUM VIA THE INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PUDUNCLE RETICULAR FORMATION THIS RUNS THROUGH THE CENTRAL CORE OF THE PONS, MIDBRAIN AND MEDULLA CONSISTS OF LOOSE CLUSTER OF NEURONS FORMS THE RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM-MAINTAINING CONCIOUSNESS AND ALERTNESS
  • 31. DIENCEPHALON  PARTS ARE THE THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS AND EPTHALAMUS  THALAMUS MAKES UP 80% OF THE DIENCEPHALON IMPORTANNT NUCLEI( GRAY MATTER) ARE PRESENT IT IS A RELAY STATION HYPOTHALAMUS LIES BELOW THE THALAMUS PROJECTING FROM THE INFERIOR ASPECT IS THE PITUITARY GLAND THAT SECRETES HORMONES CONTAINS NUCLEI( GRAY MATTER) IT IS THA MASTER CONTROL CENTER REGULATING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE VISCERAL ORGANS EPTHALAMUS CONSISTS OF NUCLEI AND THE PINEAL BODY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS IT SECRETS MELATONIN ( SLEEP CYCLE)
  • 32. PROTECTION OF THE BRAIN CNS PROTECTION BONE MENINGES a) dura mater b) arachnoid mater c) pia mater 3. Cerebrospinal fluid a) in the ventricles and subarachnoid space b) circulation: choriod plexus ------- c) lumbar puncture ( spinal tap) 4. Blood brain barrier
  • 34. MENINGES  CONNECTIVE TISSUE  COVERS AND PROTECTS THE CNS  ENCLOSE AND PROTECTS THE BLOOD VESSELS SUPPLYING THE CNS  CONTAINS CSF
  • 35. CSF  CSF PRESENT AROUND THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD  REDUCES THE WT OF THE BRAIN BY 97%  100-160 ML  FORMED IN THE CHOROID PLEXUS
  • 36. VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN  EXPANSIONS OF THE BRAINS CENTRAL CAVITY ---- CONTAIN CSF  CONTINOUS WITH EACH OTHER AND THE CENTRAL CANAL OF THE SPINAL CORD  1. LATERAL VENTRICLE---- CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES  2. THIRD VENTRICLE---DIENCEPHALON  3. MIDBRAIN---CERBRAL AQUEDUCT  4. HINDBRAIN---- FOURTH VENTRICLE