1. ABDOMEN

3. boundaries:

4. inferior margin of the thorax

6. caudal end of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas and gallbladder

7. spleen

8. components of the urinary system

9. kidney and ureters

10. suprarenal glands

13. skeletal elements are:

14. L1-L5 vertebrae and IV discs

15. Superior expanded parts of the pelvic bones

16. bony components of the inferior thoracic wall(costal margin, 12th rib, end of 11th rib, xiphoid process

18. quadratuslumborum, psoas major, iliacus muscle

19. Transverse abdominis, internal oblique, exyternal oblique

21. ventral mesentery

22. dorsal mesentery

23. Lined by peritoneum

24. parietal peritoneum – lines the abdominal wall

27. Not suspended from the abdominal wall by mesenteries

29. anchored by CRUS (muscular extension) anterolaterally as far as L3 on the RIGHT and L2 on the LEFT

30. Anchored by arcuate ligament posteriorlya. Medial and lateral arcuatelig. – cross the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall b. Median arcuate ligament – crosses the aorta and continous with the CRUS on each side

32. posteriorly – sacrum

33. Anteriorly – pubic symphisis

38. LAYER Skinsuperficial fascia-fatty layer (Camper’s fascia)  superficial fascia-membranous layer (Scarpa’s Fascia) external obliqueinternalobliquetransversusabdominisytransversalisfasciaextraperitonealfasciaparietal peritoneum

39. Anterolateral muscles 3 flat muscles: EOM; IOM; TAM 2 vertical muscles: RAM; Pyramidalis Functions: Forms firm but flexible wall that keeps the abdominal viscera within the abdominal cavity Protects the viscera from injury Helps maintain the position of the viscera in the erect posture against the action of gravity Contraction of these muscles assist in both quiet and forced expiration, coughing and vomitting Increase intra-abdominal pressure during parturition (childbirth), micturation and defecation

41. From lateral to midline aponeurosis forms the linea alba-seen from the xiphoid process down to the pubic symphisis

42. Derives from the aponeurosis of EOM:

44. Blends with linea alba

47. Anterior to the rectus abdominis

49. Other features: Greater curvature –point of attachment for the gastrosplenic ligament and the greater omentum Lesser curvature – point of attachment for the lesser omentum Cardial notch- the superior angle created when the esophagus enters the stomach Angular incisure- bend on the lesser curvature

50. organs Large Intestine Parts: Cecum Colon (ascending, transverse, descending & Sigmoid) Rectum Anus FXN: Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body Small Intestine Parts: duodenum jejunum ileum Fxn: - where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place - absorption of nutrients and minerals found in food

52. this organ plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body, including glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis,hormone production, and detoxification

53. surfaces :

54. diaphragmatic surface (anterior, superior, posterior directions

55. visceral surface (inferior direction)Functions: Formation of Bile Major organ for Fat Metabolism Biotransformation of Drugs

57. a small organ that aids mainly in fat digestion and concentrates bile produced by the liver

58. Parts: Fundus, body and neck

60. Parts: head, uncinate process, neck and tail of pancreas

61. a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates

63. 1: Head of pancreas2: Uncinate process of pancreas3: Pancreatic notch4: Body of pancreas5: Anterior surface of pancreas6: Inferior surface of pancreas7: Superior margin of pancreas8: Anterior margin of pancreas9: Inferior margin of pancreas10: Omental tuber11: Tail of pancreas12: Duodenum

65. Lies in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen