SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 15
Baixar para ler offline
Refrigerants:
            European and International Contexts




                             MILANO, Italy
                       Mostra Convegno Expocomfort
International
 Institute of                 30 marzo 2012
Refrigeration
                              Didier COULOMB
                International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR)
                                 www.iifiir.org
1 - Refrigeration is everywhere
 •   Cryogenics (petrochemical refining, steel industry, space industry,

     nuclear fusion…)

 •   Medicine and health products (cryosurgery, anaesthesia, scanners,

     vaccines…)

 •   Air conditioning (including data centres…)

 •   Food industry and the cold chain

 •   Energy sector (including heat pumps, LNG, hydrogen…)

 •   Environment (including carbon capture and storage), public works,

     leisure activities…



                           International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
2 - The increasing needs in developing and emerging countries

1600 deaths/year in the USA due to pathogens, at least partly
associated with temperature control; many more in « developing »
countries:
  •   Increase in the global population, particularly in Africa and South Asia
      (9-10 billion in 2050, 8 in developing countries)
  •   70% (50% now) will be in urban areas (x2 in developing countries):
      increasing the need for cold chains, increasingly westernized models
  •   1 billion people are undernourished; 23% of food losses are caused by
      a lack of refrigeration (vs 9% in developed countries)
  •   Needs for better health everywhere (good cold chain, air conditioning),
      ageing population…

      This increase in emerging and developing countries will increase the
      impact on the environment

                             International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
3 - Refrigeration is a major energy consumer

Refrigeration including air conditioning represents 15% of global
electricity consumption. And it will increase (The Netherlands: 18%...)
       Global warming because of CO2 emissions:
         TEWI, LCCP (IIR Working Party)
       The price of electricity will increase (new sources of energy
         have higher costs)
       Lack of power infrastructures
       Overall system solutions (district cooling…)
       New regulations on energy, on buildings in Europe, the USA:
         constraints on energy  constraints on refrigeration systems
       Changing a system because of refrigerant issues must take into
         account potential reductions in energy consumption

                           International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
4 – Focus on Refrigerants
•   Vapour-compression systems will remain predominant in the short
    and medium term        more refrigerants.


•   Impact on the stratospheric ozone layer:
    CFCs, HCFCs          the Montreal Protocol
    Phase-out plans
    Banks

•   Alternative refrigerants:
    - HFCs, including HFOs: no impact on the ozone layer but an impact
    on global warming (included in the Kyoto Protocol)

    - Natural refrigerants (ammonia, CO2, hydrocarbons, water, air):
    have a very low impact on global warming.

    - Mixtures, combinations (cascades, secondary fluids)

                          International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
Family of refrigerants     Main refrigerants         ODP                   GWP

                                CFC 11                 1                   4 750
        CFCs                    CFC 12                 1                  10 900
                                Others              0.4 -> 1          6 000 -> 15 000
       HCFCs                  HCFC 22                 0,05                 1 810
                               Others            0.020 -> 0.070         70 -> 2 400
                              HFC 134a                  0                  1 430
                               HFC 404A                0                    3 900
                               HFC 407C                0                    1 800
        HFCs                   HFC 410A                0                    2 100
                                HFC 32                 0                     720
                              HFC 1234yf               0                      4
                                Others                 0                 4 -> 4 500
                                                                  (except HFC 23 = 14 800)
                                HC 290                 0                      20
                               HC 600a                 0                      20
                               HC 1270                 0                      20
Natural Refrigerants       R717 (ammonia)              0                     ~0
                         R744 (Carbon dioxide)         0                       1
                               Air, water              0                     ~0
Discussions at an international level




           International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
Hence, discussions held at an international level (Montreal Protocol and

Kyoto Protocol meetings) on the future of HFCs: replacing HCFCs with

HFCs could be a real threat to climate.

North American and Mauritius-Micronesia proposals to gradually phase

down the consumption and production of HFCs, in all countries. The

amounts are weighted according to their Global Warming Potential.

 •   Opposition of India, China, Brazil

 •   Other initiatives:
       The European F-gas regulation and the MAC directive

       Taxes and bans on HFCs

This decision is linked to other decisions regarding global warming
(time schedule: 2015 for a new agreement on this issue)

                          International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
5 – Consequences at the European level

The European Union: an example for the world regarding Global Warming?

(compliance with the Kyoto Protocol; attitude in international negotiations)

 •   1st mesure: reducing leakage  the F-gas regulation

                  and more (?)

 •   2nd mesure: phase-out of high GWP refrigerants

                  the MAC directive

                 and more (?)

 •   3rd mesure: taxes and bans in certain European countries

                  then at a European level (?)




                          International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
At a European level:
          1. HCFC phase-out
        1.1.2010: phase-out of virgin HCFCs in Europe
        1.1.2015: phase-out of recycled HCFCs in Europe

          2. The F-gas Regulation: current status
- Adopted in 2006, entered into force on 4.7.2007 with a view to reducing
  emissions of fluorinated gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF6);
  revision scheduled in 2010
- The aim: to train staff and certify staff and companies handling
  refrigerants, to reduce leakage in stationary equipment, considered as
  being of greatest importance.
  A Directive on mobile air conditioning completes the F-gas Regulation and
  embodies gradual phase-out of refrigerants with a GWP >150
- Many countries have implemented rules that are more stringent than the
  F-gas Regulation and the Directive on mobile air conditioning
- Few countries didn’t set up national per-application regulations.
  Italy just did it.

                             International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
- More restrictive measures concern: the threshold governing the
  application of the regulation, with a value lower than the charge of
  3 kg of refrigerant; implementation of maximum leakage rates (5%)
  in Germany, Belgium…; minimum intervals between maintenance
  operations; databases; responsibilities with respect to recycling;
  moreover, Germany has extended compulsory leakage monitoring to
  refrigerated transport for charges of over 3 kg and Sweden has
  extended its policy to ships (charges of over 10 kg).

- Moreover, several countries have implemented high taxes on HFCs.

3. The revision process
   Began 1 year and a half ago
   - A group of experts involving the IIR and consultants was set
      up in October 2010 in order to assist the European
      Commission.

                         International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
- In parallel, stances, in particular those of Eurovent, AREA and
  EPEE, designed to strengthen the binding nature of the regulation.
  In particular, AREA recommends the extension of the regulation
  to refrigerated transport and advocates reducing the threshold
  from 3 kg to 100 g.
- A Commission report was placed on line with a view to obtaining
  comments before December 19, 2011. The IIR sent comments.
  Aim: to develop a draft decision during the first half of 2012 prior
       to examination by the European Parliament
       Followed by a decision in 2013?
                      Options put forward by the consultants:
 A per-sector approach to be implemented over the period spanning
  2015 to 2030, depending on the importance of the stakeholders and
  the potential solutions.
     Banning of fluorinated gases in certain applications
      (cf. The MAC Directive).
        Taxation systems or deposit.
         No conclusions so far.
                          International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
CONCLUSION (1)

 Actions in HFCs = « easy » way to rapidly reduce greenhouse-gas
   emissions, which explains part of the pressure by USA, UNEP, NGOs


 Industrial interests  industrial lobbying


 The European Union would like to be a model and

   anticipate possible international decisions


 Very probably, as soon as international decisions on global warming can
   be taken (2015?), a phase down schedule of HFCs would be decided.


 Until then, strengthening the F-gas regulation would be the minimum
   the European Union could impose.

                            International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
CONCLUSION (2)


  In order to know:

 What will the future be in terms of regulations;

 What kind of solutions exist (new technologies, new refrigerants…)

 What are the constraints? What are the costs?..Etc.

   Regularly updated information is required.




                          International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
The IIR can help you
   Thanks to its new portal,
   Through its database Fridoc (the most complete refrigeration database)
   Through its publications (the International Journal of Refrigeration, the
    best impact factor in its field; the Newsletter, books, guides….)
   Through its reference documents (eg the International Dictionary of
    Refrigeration including arabic… ).
   Through its network of experts.
   Through its participation in international decisions.
   Through its conferences, congresses, research projects and working
    parties on these issues.

                  See our Website: www.iifiir.org
                            Become a member
                               International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Destaque

Daikin - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
Daikin - 15° Convegno Europeo CSGDaikin - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
Daikin - 15° Convegno Europeo CSGCentro Studi Galileo
 
Masoero Politecnico Torino - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
Masoero Politecnico Torino - 15° Convegno Europeo CSGMasoero Politecnico Torino - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
Masoero Politecnico Torino - 15° Convegno Europeo CSGCentro Studi Galileo
 
Voigt EPEE - 15th European Conference CSG
Voigt EPEE - 15th European Conference CSGVoigt EPEE - 15th European Conference CSG
Voigt EPEE - 15th European Conference CSGCentro Studi Galileo
 
Mozzato - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
Mozzato - 15° Convegno Europeo CSGMozzato - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
Mozzato - 15° Convegno Europeo CSGCentro Studi Galileo
 
O Ltb Eartqaukes Cs
O Ltb Eartqaukes CsO Ltb Eartqaukes Cs
O Ltb Eartqaukes Csdonotreply16
 
A Statistician's View on Big Data and Data Science (Version 1)
A Statistician's View on Big Data and Data Science (Version 1)A Statistician's View on Big Data and Data Science (Version 1)
A Statistician's View on Big Data and Data Science (Version 1)Prof. Dr. Diego Kuonen
 

Destaque (9)

Daikin - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
Daikin - 15° Convegno Europeo CSGDaikin - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
Daikin - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
 
Masoero Politecnico Torino - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
Masoero Politecnico Torino - 15° Convegno Europeo CSGMasoero Politecnico Torino - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
Masoero Politecnico Torino - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
 
Voigt EPEE - 15th European Conference CSG
Voigt EPEE - 15th European Conference CSGVoigt EPEE - 15th European Conference CSG
Voigt EPEE - 15th European Conference CSG
 
Carel convegno
Carel  convegnoCarel  convegno
Carel convegno
 
Mozzato - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
Mozzato - 15° Convegno Europeo CSGMozzato - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
Mozzato - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG
 
Koberevision
KoberevisionKoberevision
Koberevision
 
O Ltb Eartqaukes Cs
O Ltb Eartqaukes CsO Ltb Eartqaukes Cs
O Ltb Eartqaukes Cs
 
A Statistician's View on Big Data and Data Science (Version 1)
A Statistician's View on Big Data and Data Science (Version 1)A Statistician's View on Big Data and Data Science (Version 1)
A Statistician's View on Big Data and Data Science (Version 1)
 
Death by PowerPoint
Death by PowerPointDeath by PowerPoint
Death by PowerPoint
 

Semelhante a Didier Coulomb - IIR - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG

IIR Coulomb - the refrigerants future
IIR   Coulomb - the refrigerants futureIIR   Coulomb - the refrigerants future
IIR Coulomb - the refrigerants futureCentro Studi Galileo
 
Janos Mate - Greenpeace International - LAVORARE SENZA HFC
Janos Mate - Greenpeace International - LAVORARE SENZA HFCJanos Mate - Greenpeace International - LAVORARE SENZA HFC
Janos Mate - Greenpeace International - LAVORARE SENZA HFCCentro Studi Galileo
 
Tim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energy
Tim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energyTim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energy
Tim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energyARAaus
 
Tim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energy
Tim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energyTim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energy
Tim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energyARAaus
 
MCE 2015 Minicorso 05: Formazione e certificazione obbligatoria da regolament...
MCE 2015 Minicorso 05: Formazione e certificazione obbligatoria da regolament...MCE 2015 Minicorso 05: Formazione e certificazione obbligatoria da regolament...
MCE 2015 Minicorso 05: Formazione e certificazione obbligatoria da regolament...Centro Studi Galileo
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE: CHALLENGES AND SO...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE: CHALLENGES AND SO...XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE: CHALLENGES AND SO...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE: CHALLENGES AND SO...Centro Studi Galileo
 
MCE 2016 - D. Coulomb - Director International Institute of Refrigeration IIR
MCE 2016 - D. Coulomb - Director International Institute of Refrigeration IIRMCE 2016 - D. Coulomb - Director International Institute of Refrigeration IIR
MCE 2016 - D. Coulomb - Director International Institute of Refrigeration IIRCentro Studi Galileo
 
Natural Refrigerants vs. Synthetic Refrigerants
Natural Refrigerants vs. Synthetic RefrigerantsNatural Refrigerants vs. Synthetic Refrigerants
Natural Refrigerants vs. Synthetic RefrigerantsBerg Chilling Systems Inc.
 
Andrea Voigt - EPEE - UN TETTO AI GAS FLUORURATI E LA LORO GRADUALE RIDUZIONE
Andrea Voigt - EPEE - UN TETTO AI GAS FLUORURATI E LA LORO GRADUALE RIDUZIONE Andrea Voigt - EPEE - UN TETTO AI GAS FLUORURATI E LA LORO GRADUALE RIDUZIONE
Andrea Voigt - EPEE - UN TETTO AI GAS FLUORURATI E LA LORO GRADUALE RIDUZIONE Centro Studi Galileo
 
UNEP - Curlin - international policy developments related to alternative refr...
UNEP - Curlin - international policy developments related to alternative refr...UNEP - Curlin - international policy developments related to alternative refr...
UNEP - Curlin - international policy developments related to alternative refr...Centro Studi Galileo
 
The new EU Regulation on Ozone Depleting Substances implementing the Montreal...
The new EU Regulation on Ozone Depleting Substances implementing the Montreal...The new EU Regulation on Ozone Depleting Substances implementing the Montreal...
The new EU Regulation on Ozone Depleting Substances implementing the Montreal...UNEP OzonAction
 
European Commission Cornelius Rhein - the new eu regulation on f-gases
European Commission   Cornelius Rhein - the new eu regulation on f-gasesEuropean Commission   Cornelius Rhein - the new eu regulation on f-gases
European Commission Cornelius Rhein - the new eu regulation on f-gasesCentro Studi Galileo
 
shecco market & policy trends for natural refrigerants
shecco market & policy trends for natural refrigerants shecco market & policy trends for natural refrigerants
shecco market & policy trends for natural refrigerants Marc Chasserot
 
6051-r410a-whtpaper_9
6051-r410a-whtpaper_96051-r410a-whtpaper_9
6051-r410a-whtpaper_9zain kirmani
 
6051-r410a-whtpaper_9
6051-r410a-whtpaper_96051-r410a-whtpaper_9
6051-r410a-whtpaper_9zain kirmani
 
6051 r410a-whtpaper 9
6051 r410a-whtpaper 96051 r410a-whtpaper 9
6051 r410a-whtpaper 9zain kirmani
 
Greenhouse Gas Rule Explained
Greenhouse Gas Rule ExplainedGreenhouse Gas Rule Explained
Greenhouse Gas Rule ExplainedAndrew Shroads
 
3 low gwp, energy-efficient hcfc replacement technologies in the rac sector
3 low gwp, energy-efficient hcfc replacement technologies in the rac sector3 low gwp, energy-efficient hcfc replacement technologies in the rac sector
3 low gwp, energy-efficient hcfc replacement technologies in the rac sectorUNEP OzonAction
 
PPT Emma Rachmawaty - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Effic...
PPT Emma Rachmawaty - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Effic...PPT Emma Rachmawaty - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Effic...
PPT Emma Rachmawaty - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Effic...OECD Environment
 

Semelhante a Didier Coulomb - IIR - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG (20)

IIR Coulomb - the refrigerants future
IIR   Coulomb - the refrigerants futureIIR   Coulomb - the refrigerants future
IIR Coulomb - the refrigerants future
 
Janos Mate - Greenpeace International - LAVORARE SENZA HFC
Janos Mate - Greenpeace International - LAVORARE SENZA HFCJanos Mate - Greenpeace International - LAVORARE SENZA HFC
Janos Mate - Greenpeace International - LAVORARE SENZA HFC
 
Tim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energy
Tim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energyTim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energy
Tim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energy
 
Tim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energy
Tim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energyTim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energy
Tim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energy
 
MCE 2015 Minicorso 05: Formazione e certificazione obbligatoria da regolament...
MCE 2015 Minicorso 05: Formazione e certificazione obbligatoria da regolament...MCE 2015 Minicorso 05: Formazione e certificazione obbligatoria da regolament...
MCE 2015 Minicorso 05: Formazione e certificazione obbligatoria da regolament...
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE: CHALLENGES AND SO...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE: CHALLENGES AND SO...XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE: CHALLENGES AND SO...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE: CHALLENGES AND SO...
 
MCE 2016 - D. Coulomb - Director International Institute of Refrigeration IIR
MCE 2016 - D. Coulomb - Director International Institute of Refrigeration IIRMCE 2016 - D. Coulomb - Director International Institute of Refrigeration IIR
MCE 2016 - D. Coulomb - Director International Institute of Refrigeration IIR
 
Natural Refrigerants vs. Synthetic Refrigerants
Natural Refrigerants vs. Synthetic RefrigerantsNatural Refrigerants vs. Synthetic Refrigerants
Natural Refrigerants vs. Synthetic Refrigerants
 
About Centro Studi Galileo
About Centro Studi GalileoAbout Centro Studi Galileo
About Centro Studi Galileo
 
Andrea Voigt - EPEE - UN TETTO AI GAS FLUORURATI E LA LORO GRADUALE RIDUZIONE
Andrea Voigt - EPEE - UN TETTO AI GAS FLUORURATI E LA LORO GRADUALE RIDUZIONE Andrea Voigt - EPEE - UN TETTO AI GAS FLUORURATI E LA LORO GRADUALE RIDUZIONE
Andrea Voigt - EPEE - UN TETTO AI GAS FLUORURATI E LA LORO GRADUALE RIDUZIONE
 
UNEP - Curlin - international policy developments related to alternative refr...
UNEP - Curlin - international policy developments related to alternative refr...UNEP - Curlin - international policy developments related to alternative refr...
UNEP - Curlin - international policy developments related to alternative refr...
 
The new EU Regulation on Ozone Depleting Substances implementing the Montreal...
The new EU Regulation on Ozone Depleting Substances implementing the Montreal...The new EU Regulation on Ozone Depleting Substances implementing the Montreal...
The new EU Regulation on Ozone Depleting Substances implementing the Montreal...
 
European Commission Cornelius Rhein - the new eu regulation on f-gases
European Commission   Cornelius Rhein - the new eu regulation on f-gasesEuropean Commission   Cornelius Rhein - the new eu regulation on f-gases
European Commission Cornelius Rhein - the new eu regulation on f-gases
 
shecco market & policy trends for natural refrigerants
shecco market & policy trends for natural refrigerants shecco market & policy trends for natural refrigerants
shecco market & policy trends for natural refrigerants
 
6051-r410a-whtpaper_9
6051-r410a-whtpaper_96051-r410a-whtpaper_9
6051-r410a-whtpaper_9
 
6051-r410a-whtpaper_9
6051-r410a-whtpaper_96051-r410a-whtpaper_9
6051-r410a-whtpaper_9
 
6051 r410a-whtpaper 9
6051 r410a-whtpaper 96051 r410a-whtpaper 9
6051 r410a-whtpaper 9
 
Greenhouse Gas Rule Explained
Greenhouse Gas Rule ExplainedGreenhouse Gas Rule Explained
Greenhouse Gas Rule Explained
 
3 low gwp, energy-efficient hcfc replacement technologies in the rac sector
3 low gwp, energy-efficient hcfc replacement technologies in the rac sector3 low gwp, energy-efficient hcfc replacement technologies in the rac sector
3 low gwp, energy-efficient hcfc replacement technologies in the rac sector
 
PPT Emma Rachmawaty - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Effic...
PPT Emma Rachmawaty - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Effic...PPT Emma Rachmawaty - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Effic...
PPT Emma Rachmawaty - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Effic...
 

Mais de Centro Studi Galileo

Evoluzione degli strumenti di misura: IoT, dispositivi smart, reportistica pa...
Evoluzione degli strumenti di misura: IoT, dispositivi smart, reportistica pa...Evoluzione degli strumenti di misura: IoT, dispositivi smart, reportistica pa...
Evoluzione degli strumenti di misura: IoT, dispositivi smart, reportistica pa...Centro Studi Galileo
 
Eiettore nei sistemi a CO2 - G. De Bona - Danfoss
Eiettore nei sistemi a CO2 - G. De Bona - DanfossEiettore nei sistemi a CO2 - G. De Bona - Danfoss
Eiettore nei sistemi a CO2 - G. De Bona - DanfossCentro Studi Galileo
 
Nuovi compressori scroll dotati di speciale motore LSPM - P. Trevisan - Bitzer
Nuovi compressori scroll dotati di speciale motore LSPM - P. Trevisan - BitzerNuovi compressori scroll dotati di speciale motore LSPM - P. Trevisan - Bitzer
Nuovi compressori scroll dotati di speciale motore LSPM - P. Trevisan - BitzerCentro Studi Galileo
 
Refrigeranti HFO a bassissimo GWP - E. Monfrinotti - Chemours
Refrigeranti HFO a bassissimo GWP - E. Monfrinotti - ChemoursRefrigeranti HFO a bassissimo GWP - E. Monfrinotti - Chemours
Refrigeranti HFO a bassissimo GWP - E. Monfrinotti - ChemoursCentro Studi Galileo
 
Refrigeranti a basso GWP per il condizionamento e le pompe di calore - B. Bel...
Refrigeranti a basso GWP per il condizionamento e le pompe di calore - B. Bel...Refrigeranti a basso GWP per il condizionamento e le pompe di calore - B. Bel...
Refrigeranti a basso GWP per il condizionamento e le pompe di calore - B. Bel...Centro Studi Galileo
 
Prodotti per sistemi HFO, HC e CO2 - A. Sepe - Castel
Prodotti per sistemi HFO, HC e CO2 - A. Sepe - CastelProdotti per sistemi HFO, HC e CO2 - A. Sepe - Castel
Prodotti per sistemi HFO, HC e CO2 - A. Sepe - CastelCentro Studi Galileo
 
Retrofit di sistemi di refrigerazione funzionanti con R404A/R507 - S. Fedeli ...
Retrofit di sistemi di refrigerazione funzionanti con R404A/R507 - S. Fedeli ...Retrofit di sistemi di refrigerazione funzionanti con R404A/R507 - S. Fedeli ...
Retrofit di sistemi di refrigerazione funzionanti con R404A/R507 - S. Fedeli ...Centro Studi Galileo
 
Una soluzione efficiente e competitiva con un basso GWP - F. Flohr - Daikin
Una soluzione efficiente e competitiva con un basso GWP - F. Flohr - DaikinUna soluzione efficiente e competitiva con un basso GWP - F. Flohr - Daikin
Una soluzione efficiente e competitiva con un basso GWP - F. Flohr - DaikinCentro Studi Galileo
 
Nuovi refrigeranti ad elevato glide - S. Filippini - LU-VE
Nuovi refrigeranti ad elevato glide - S. Filippini - LU-VENuovi refrigeranti ad elevato glide - S. Filippini - LU-VE
Nuovi refrigeranti ad elevato glide - S. Filippini - LU-VECentro Studi Galileo
 
Refrigeranti: sfide attuali e future - A. Muresan - Dorin
Refrigeranti: sfide attuali e future - A. Muresan - DorinRefrigeranti: sfide attuali e future - A. Muresan - Dorin
Refrigeranti: sfide attuali e future - A. Muresan - DorinCentro Studi Galileo
 
Hydrofluoro-olefins (HFOs) for Commercial Refrigeration - E. Monfrinotti - Ch...
Hydrofluoro-olefins (HFOs) for Commercial Refrigeration - E. Monfrinotti - Ch...Hydrofluoro-olefins (HFOs) for Commercial Refrigeration - E. Monfrinotti - Ch...
Hydrofluoro-olefins (HFOs) for Commercial Refrigeration - E. Monfrinotti - Ch...Centro Studi Galileo
 
Developing Fit-for-Purpose Solutions: Gas Coolers - G. Dal Belin Peruffo - Al...
Developing Fit-for-Purpose Solutions: Gas Coolers - G. Dal Belin Peruffo - Al...Developing Fit-for-Purpose Solutions: Gas Coolers - G. Dal Belin Peruffo - Al...
Developing Fit-for-Purpose Solutions: Gas Coolers - G. Dal Belin Peruffo - Al...Centro Studi Galileo
 
Workshops on Commercial Refrigeration Argentina 4-6 December 2017
Workshops on Commercial Refrigeration Argentina 4-6 December 2017Workshops on Commercial Refrigeration Argentina 4-6 December 2017
Workshops on Commercial Refrigeration Argentina 4-6 December 2017Centro Studi Galileo
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Norcia - FGAS CERTIFICATION IN ITALY: THE CURRENT SI...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Norcia - FGAS CERTIFICATION IN ITALY: THE CURRENT SI...XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Norcia - FGAS CERTIFICATION IN ITALY: THE CURRENT SI...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Norcia - FGAS CERTIFICATION IN ITALY: THE CURRENT SI...Centro Studi Galileo
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Creamer - EUROPEAN F-GAS TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT: QU...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Creamer - EUROPEAN F-GAS TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT: QU...XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Creamer - EUROPEAN F-GAS TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT: QU...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Creamer - EUROPEAN F-GAS TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT: QU...Centro Studi Galileo
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Buoni - THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS, TRAININ...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Buoni - THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS, TRAININ...XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Buoni - THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS, TRAININ...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Buoni - THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS, TRAININ...Centro Studi Galileo
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO T. Gabiel - EU F-GAS REGULATION: PERSPECTIVES
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO T. Gabiel - EU F-GAS REGULATION: PERSPECTIVESXVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO T. Gabiel - EU F-GAS REGULATION: PERSPECTIVES
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO T. Gabiel - EU F-GAS REGULATION: PERSPECTIVESCentro Studi Galileo
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO A. Kaschl - IMPLEMENTING THE EU PHASE DOWN
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO A. Kaschl - IMPLEMENTING THE EU PHASE DOWNXVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO A. Kaschl - IMPLEMENTING THE EU PHASE DOWN
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO A. Kaschl - IMPLEMENTING THE EU PHASE DOWNCentro Studi Galileo
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - INTRODUCTION
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - INTRODUCTIONXVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - INTRODUCTION
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - INTRODUCTIONCentro Studi Galileo
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Malvicino - AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY S...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Malvicino - AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY S...XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Malvicino - AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY S...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Malvicino - AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY S...Centro Studi Galileo
 

Mais de Centro Studi Galileo (20)

Evoluzione degli strumenti di misura: IoT, dispositivi smart, reportistica pa...
Evoluzione degli strumenti di misura: IoT, dispositivi smart, reportistica pa...Evoluzione degli strumenti di misura: IoT, dispositivi smart, reportistica pa...
Evoluzione degli strumenti di misura: IoT, dispositivi smart, reportistica pa...
 
Eiettore nei sistemi a CO2 - G. De Bona - Danfoss
Eiettore nei sistemi a CO2 - G. De Bona - DanfossEiettore nei sistemi a CO2 - G. De Bona - Danfoss
Eiettore nei sistemi a CO2 - G. De Bona - Danfoss
 
Nuovi compressori scroll dotati di speciale motore LSPM - P. Trevisan - Bitzer
Nuovi compressori scroll dotati di speciale motore LSPM - P. Trevisan - BitzerNuovi compressori scroll dotati di speciale motore LSPM - P. Trevisan - Bitzer
Nuovi compressori scroll dotati di speciale motore LSPM - P. Trevisan - Bitzer
 
Refrigeranti HFO a bassissimo GWP - E. Monfrinotti - Chemours
Refrigeranti HFO a bassissimo GWP - E. Monfrinotti - ChemoursRefrigeranti HFO a bassissimo GWP - E. Monfrinotti - Chemours
Refrigeranti HFO a bassissimo GWP - E. Monfrinotti - Chemours
 
Refrigeranti a basso GWP per il condizionamento e le pompe di calore - B. Bel...
Refrigeranti a basso GWP per il condizionamento e le pompe di calore - B. Bel...Refrigeranti a basso GWP per il condizionamento e le pompe di calore - B. Bel...
Refrigeranti a basso GWP per il condizionamento e le pompe di calore - B. Bel...
 
Prodotti per sistemi HFO, HC e CO2 - A. Sepe - Castel
Prodotti per sistemi HFO, HC e CO2 - A. Sepe - CastelProdotti per sistemi HFO, HC e CO2 - A. Sepe - Castel
Prodotti per sistemi HFO, HC e CO2 - A. Sepe - Castel
 
Retrofit di sistemi di refrigerazione funzionanti con R404A/R507 - S. Fedeli ...
Retrofit di sistemi di refrigerazione funzionanti con R404A/R507 - S. Fedeli ...Retrofit di sistemi di refrigerazione funzionanti con R404A/R507 - S. Fedeli ...
Retrofit di sistemi di refrigerazione funzionanti con R404A/R507 - S. Fedeli ...
 
Una soluzione efficiente e competitiva con un basso GWP - F. Flohr - Daikin
Una soluzione efficiente e competitiva con un basso GWP - F. Flohr - DaikinUna soluzione efficiente e competitiva con un basso GWP - F. Flohr - Daikin
Una soluzione efficiente e competitiva con un basso GWP - F. Flohr - Daikin
 
Nuovi refrigeranti ad elevato glide - S. Filippini - LU-VE
Nuovi refrigeranti ad elevato glide - S. Filippini - LU-VENuovi refrigeranti ad elevato glide - S. Filippini - LU-VE
Nuovi refrigeranti ad elevato glide - S. Filippini - LU-VE
 
Refrigeranti: sfide attuali e future - A. Muresan - Dorin
Refrigeranti: sfide attuali e future - A. Muresan - DorinRefrigeranti: sfide attuali e future - A. Muresan - Dorin
Refrigeranti: sfide attuali e future - A. Muresan - Dorin
 
Hydrofluoro-olefins (HFOs) for Commercial Refrigeration - E. Monfrinotti - Ch...
Hydrofluoro-olefins (HFOs) for Commercial Refrigeration - E. Monfrinotti - Ch...Hydrofluoro-olefins (HFOs) for Commercial Refrigeration - E. Monfrinotti - Ch...
Hydrofluoro-olefins (HFOs) for Commercial Refrigeration - E. Monfrinotti - Ch...
 
Developing Fit-for-Purpose Solutions: Gas Coolers - G. Dal Belin Peruffo - Al...
Developing Fit-for-Purpose Solutions: Gas Coolers - G. Dal Belin Peruffo - Al...Developing Fit-for-Purpose Solutions: Gas Coolers - G. Dal Belin Peruffo - Al...
Developing Fit-for-Purpose Solutions: Gas Coolers - G. Dal Belin Peruffo - Al...
 
Workshops on Commercial Refrigeration Argentina 4-6 December 2017
Workshops on Commercial Refrigeration Argentina 4-6 December 2017Workshops on Commercial Refrigeration Argentina 4-6 December 2017
Workshops on Commercial Refrigeration Argentina 4-6 December 2017
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Norcia - FGAS CERTIFICATION IN ITALY: THE CURRENT SI...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Norcia - FGAS CERTIFICATION IN ITALY: THE CURRENT SI...XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Norcia - FGAS CERTIFICATION IN ITALY: THE CURRENT SI...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Norcia - FGAS CERTIFICATION IN ITALY: THE CURRENT SI...
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Creamer - EUROPEAN F-GAS TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT: QU...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Creamer - EUROPEAN F-GAS TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT: QU...XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Creamer - EUROPEAN F-GAS TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT: QU...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Creamer - EUROPEAN F-GAS TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT: QU...
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Buoni - THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS, TRAININ...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Buoni - THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS, TRAININ...XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Buoni - THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS, TRAININ...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Buoni - THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS, TRAININ...
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO T. Gabiel - EU F-GAS REGULATION: PERSPECTIVES
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO T. Gabiel - EU F-GAS REGULATION: PERSPECTIVESXVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO T. Gabiel - EU F-GAS REGULATION: PERSPECTIVES
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO T. Gabiel - EU F-GAS REGULATION: PERSPECTIVES
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO A. Kaschl - IMPLEMENTING THE EU PHASE DOWN
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO A. Kaschl - IMPLEMENTING THE EU PHASE DOWNXVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO A. Kaschl - IMPLEMENTING THE EU PHASE DOWN
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO A. Kaschl - IMPLEMENTING THE EU PHASE DOWN
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - INTRODUCTION
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - INTRODUCTIONXVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - INTRODUCTION
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - INTRODUCTION
 
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Malvicino - AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY S...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Malvicino - AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY S...XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Malvicino - AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY S...
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Malvicino - AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY S...
 

Último

Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agencyAnyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agencyHanna Klim
 
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISINGUNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISINGlokeshwarmaha
 
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...AustraliaChapterIIBA
 
Human Resource Management Chapter 9: Performance Management and Appraisal
Human Resource Management Chapter 9: Performance Management and AppraisalHuman Resource Management Chapter 9: Performance Management and Appraisal
Human Resource Management Chapter 9: Performance Management and Appraisalgomezdominic3
 
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup BerlinSlicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup BerlinAnton Skornyakov
 
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...Khaled Al Awadi
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
Six Sigma Improvement Process: Transforming Processes, Elevating Performance
Six Sigma Improvement Process: Transforming Processes, Elevating PerformanceSix Sigma Improvement Process: Transforming Processes, Elevating Performance
Six Sigma Improvement Process: Transforming Processes, Elevating PerformanceOperational Excellence Consulting
 
מיסוי רילוקיישן לפורטוגל- היבטי מיסוי ישראלי ופורטוגלי
מיסוי רילוקיישן לפורטוגל- היבטי מיסוי ישראלי ופורטוגלימיסוי רילוקיישן לפורטוגל- היבטי מיסוי ישראלי ופורטוגלי
מיסוי רילוקיישן לפורטוגל- היבטי מיסוי ישראלי ופורטוגליBen Shushan & Co. C.P.A (Isr.)
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...Brian Solis
 
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor PresentationMoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentationbaron83
 
Al Taj Al Malaki Company Profile -------
Al Taj Al Malaki Company Profile -------Al Taj Al Malaki Company Profile -------
Al Taj Al Malaki Company Profile -------ThanzirNazer
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry WebinarLive-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry WebinarNathanielSchmuck
 
BCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John Meulemans
BCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John MeulemansBCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John Meulemans
BCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John MeulemansBBPMedia1
 
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...IMARC Group
 
Transform Your Kitchen Essential Tips for Renovations in Launceston
Transform Your Kitchen Essential Tips for Renovations in LauncestonTransform Your Kitchen Essential Tips for Renovations in Launceston
Transform Your Kitchen Essential Tips for Renovations in Launcestondjhbuildersau
 
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsEntrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsP&CO
 

Último (20)

Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agencyAnyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
 
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISINGUNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
 
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
 
Human Resource Management Chapter 9: Performance Management and Appraisal
Human Resource Management Chapter 9: Performance Management and AppraisalHuman Resource Management Chapter 9: Performance Management and Appraisal
Human Resource Management Chapter 9: Performance Management and Appraisal
 
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup BerlinSlicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
 
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
 
Investment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV Industries
Investment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV IndustriesInvestment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV Industries
Investment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV Industries
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
 
AL Satwa Dubai Call Girls +971552825767 Call Girls In AL Karama
AL Satwa Dubai Call Girls +971552825767  Call Girls In AL KaramaAL Satwa Dubai Call Girls +971552825767  Call Girls In AL Karama
AL Satwa Dubai Call Girls +971552825767 Call Girls In AL Karama
 
Six Sigma Improvement Process: Transforming Processes, Elevating Performance
Six Sigma Improvement Process: Transforming Processes, Elevating PerformanceSix Sigma Improvement Process: Transforming Processes, Elevating Performance
Six Sigma Improvement Process: Transforming Processes, Elevating Performance
 
מיסוי רילוקיישן לפורטוגל- היבטי מיסוי ישראלי ופורטוגלי
מיסוי רילוקיישן לפורטוגל- היבטי מיסוי ישראלי ופורטוגלימיסוי רילוקיישן לפורטוגל- היבטי מיסוי ישראלי ופורטוגלי
מיסוי רילוקיישן לפורטוגל- היבטי מיסוי ישראלי ופורטוגלי
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
 
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor PresentationMoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
 
Al Taj Al Malaki Company Profile -------
Al Taj Al Malaki Company Profile -------Al Taj Al Malaki Company Profile -------
Al Taj Al Malaki Company Profile -------
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
 
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry WebinarLive-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
 
BCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John Meulemans
BCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John MeulemansBCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John Meulemans
BCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John Meulemans
 
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
 
Transform Your Kitchen Essential Tips for Renovations in Launceston
Transform Your Kitchen Essential Tips for Renovations in LauncestonTransform Your Kitchen Essential Tips for Renovations in Launceston
Transform Your Kitchen Essential Tips for Renovations in Launceston
 
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsEntrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
 

Didier Coulomb - IIR - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG

  • 1. Refrigerants: European and International Contexts MILANO, Italy Mostra Convegno Expocomfort International Institute of 30 marzo 2012 Refrigeration Didier COULOMB International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) www.iifiir.org
  • 2. 1 - Refrigeration is everywhere • Cryogenics (petrochemical refining, steel industry, space industry, nuclear fusion…) • Medicine and health products (cryosurgery, anaesthesia, scanners, vaccines…) • Air conditioning (including data centres…) • Food industry and the cold chain • Energy sector (including heat pumps, LNG, hydrogen…) • Environment (including carbon capture and storage), public works, leisure activities… International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
  • 3. 2 - The increasing needs in developing and emerging countries 1600 deaths/year in the USA due to pathogens, at least partly associated with temperature control; many more in « developing » countries: • Increase in the global population, particularly in Africa and South Asia (9-10 billion in 2050, 8 in developing countries) • 70% (50% now) will be in urban areas (x2 in developing countries): increasing the need for cold chains, increasingly westernized models • 1 billion people are undernourished; 23% of food losses are caused by a lack of refrigeration (vs 9% in developed countries) • Needs for better health everywhere (good cold chain, air conditioning), ageing population… This increase in emerging and developing countries will increase the impact on the environment International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
  • 4. 3 - Refrigeration is a major energy consumer Refrigeration including air conditioning represents 15% of global electricity consumption. And it will increase (The Netherlands: 18%...)  Global warming because of CO2 emissions: TEWI, LCCP (IIR Working Party)  The price of electricity will increase (new sources of energy have higher costs)  Lack of power infrastructures  Overall system solutions (district cooling…)  New regulations on energy, on buildings in Europe, the USA: constraints on energy  constraints on refrigeration systems  Changing a system because of refrigerant issues must take into account potential reductions in energy consumption International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
  • 5. 4 – Focus on Refrigerants • Vapour-compression systems will remain predominant in the short and medium term more refrigerants. • Impact on the stratospheric ozone layer: CFCs, HCFCs the Montreal Protocol Phase-out plans Banks • Alternative refrigerants: - HFCs, including HFOs: no impact on the ozone layer but an impact on global warming (included in the Kyoto Protocol) - Natural refrigerants (ammonia, CO2, hydrocarbons, water, air): have a very low impact on global warming. - Mixtures, combinations (cascades, secondary fluids) International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
  • 6. Family of refrigerants Main refrigerants ODP GWP CFC 11 1 4 750 CFCs CFC 12 1 10 900 Others 0.4 -> 1 6 000 -> 15 000 HCFCs HCFC 22 0,05 1 810 Others 0.020 -> 0.070 70 -> 2 400 HFC 134a 0 1 430 HFC 404A 0 3 900 HFC 407C 0 1 800 HFCs HFC 410A 0 2 100 HFC 32 0 720 HFC 1234yf 0 4 Others 0 4 -> 4 500 (except HFC 23 = 14 800) HC 290 0 20 HC 600a 0 20 HC 1270 0 20 Natural Refrigerants R717 (ammonia) 0 ~0 R744 (Carbon dioxide) 0 1 Air, water 0 ~0
  • 7. Discussions at an international level International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
  • 8. Hence, discussions held at an international level (Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol meetings) on the future of HFCs: replacing HCFCs with HFCs could be a real threat to climate. North American and Mauritius-Micronesia proposals to gradually phase down the consumption and production of HFCs, in all countries. The amounts are weighted according to their Global Warming Potential. • Opposition of India, China, Brazil • Other initiatives:  The European F-gas regulation and the MAC directive  Taxes and bans on HFCs This decision is linked to other decisions regarding global warming (time schedule: 2015 for a new agreement on this issue) International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
  • 9. 5 – Consequences at the European level The European Union: an example for the world regarding Global Warming? (compliance with the Kyoto Protocol; attitude in international negotiations) • 1st mesure: reducing leakage  the F-gas regulation and more (?) • 2nd mesure: phase-out of high GWP refrigerants  the MAC directive and more (?) • 3rd mesure: taxes and bans in certain European countries then at a European level (?) International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
  • 10. At a European level: 1. HCFC phase-out 1.1.2010: phase-out of virgin HCFCs in Europe 1.1.2015: phase-out of recycled HCFCs in Europe 2. The F-gas Regulation: current status - Adopted in 2006, entered into force on 4.7.2007 with a view to reducing emissions of fluorinated gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF6); revision scheduled in 2010 - The aim: to train staff and certify staff and companies handling refrigerants, to reduce leakage in stationary equipment, considered as being of greatest importance. A Directive on mobile air conditioning completes the F-gas Regulation and embodies gradual phase-out of refrigerants with a GWP >150 - Many countries have implemented rules that are more stringent than the F-gas Regulation and the Directive on mobile air conditioning - Few countries didn’t set up national per-application regulations. Italy just did it. International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
  • 11. - More restrictive measures concern: the threshold governing the application of the regulation, with a value lower than the charge of 3 kg of refrigerant; implementation of maximum leakage rates (5%) in Germany, Belgium…; minimum intervals between maintenance operations; databases; responsibilities with respect to recycling; moreover, Germany has extended compulsory leakage monitoring to refrigerated transport for charges of over 3 kg and Sweden has extended its policy to ships (charges of over 10 kg). - Moreover, several countries have implemented high taxes on HFCs. 3. The revision process Began 1 year and a half ago - A group of experts involving the IIR and consultants was set up in October 2010 in order to assist the European Commission. International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
  • 12. - In parallel, stances, in particular those of Eurovent, AREA and EPEE, designed to strengthen the binding nature of the regulation. In particular, AREA recommends the extension of the regulation to refrigerated transport and advocates reducing the threshold from 3 kg to 100 g. - A Commission report was placed on line with a view to obtaining comments before December 19, 2011. The IIR sent comments. Aim: to develop a draft decision during the first half of 2012 prior to examination by the European Parliament Followed by a decision in 2013?  Options put forward by the consultants:  A per-sector approach to be implemented over the period spanning 2015 to 2030, depending on the importance of the stakeholders and the potential solutions.  Banning of fluorinated gases in certain applications (cf. The MAC Directive).  Taxation systems or deposit. No conclusions so far. International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
  • 13. CONCLUSION (1)  Actions in HFCs = « easy » way to rapidly reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, which explains part of the pressure by USA, UNEP, NGOs  Industrial interests  industrial lobbying  The European Union would like to be a model and anticipate possible international decisions  Very probably, as soon as international decisions on global warming can be taken (2015?), a phase down schedule of HFCs would be decided.  Until then, strengthening the F-gas regulation would be the minimum the European Union could impose. International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
  • 14. CONCLUSION (2) In order to know:  What will the future be in terms of regulations;  What kind of solutions exist (new technologies, new refrigerants…)  What are the constraints? What are the costs?..Etc. Regularly updated information is required. International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org
  • 15. The IIR can help you  Thanks to its new portal,  Through its database Fridoc (the most complete refrigeration database)  Through its publications (the International Journal of Refrigeration, the best impact factor in its field; the Newsletter, books, guides….)  Through its reference documents (eg the International Dictionary of Refrigeration including arabic… ).  Through its network of experts.  Through its participation in international decisions.  Through its conferences, congresses, research projects and working parties on these issues. See our Website: www.iifiir.org Become a member International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org