4. ASCENSO
IMAGE SOURCE
The First Two Decades of Smart-City Research: A Bibliometric Analysis
Luca Mora, Roberto Bolici & Mark Deakin
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10630732.2017.1285123
5. Resultados de búsquedas en Google Scholar para diferentes términos
UN NUEVO PARADGMA TECNOLÓGICO
27. IMAGE SOURCE: Estudio y Guía metodológica sobre Ciudades Inteligentes (ONTSI, 2015)
DEFINIR LA SMART CITY
28. El olvido de los
estudios urbanos
en la era big data
Disolución de las
teorías y el trabajo
teórico para el
conocimiento
científico
Desconexión con
prácticamente
cualquier disciplina
científica distinta de
la ingeniería
Conjugación en
futuro perfecto
Promesas
construidas a partir
de la preferencia por
los tiempos verbales
en futuro
Utopía más o menos
cercana pero, en
cualquier caso, por
llegar
Solucionismo
Ante problemas
complejos, la solución
aparece sencilla
Prima la consecución
de respuestas
tecnológicas
TECNOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD: UN BALANCE
43. EL MITO DE LA EFICIENCIA OPERATIVA
LA OBSESIÓN POR LA OPTIMIZACIÓN COMO OBJETIVO ÚNICO DE LOS SERVICIOS URBANOS
The emphasis placed on “optimization” in these accounts is a frank instance of semantic
contamination, in which an idea endemic to the culture of business administration has effectively been
copy-and-pasted into a realm where it has no place and makes no sense. (...). but the blithe language of
efficiency masks some sloppy thinking. What may be perfectly appropriate in a hierarchical, highly
structures organization with known, quantifiable goals is fundamentally unsuitable to the protean
entities we know as cities. Greenfield (2013)
43
44. EL MITO DE LA SOSTENIBILIDAD
EL RECLAMO A UNA SOSTENIBILIDAD DÉBIL BASADA EN LA IRRESPONSABILIDAD DE LOS
COMPORTAMIENTOS
They forecast solutions for the pressing problems of climate change and sustainable energy without
requiring any substantial activity ffrom us. We don´t need to curb our own consumption nor examine the
way we do things, since our sentient buildings will manage the problem. More importantly, they will
handle our guilt by hiding our responsibility from us. As one of the provocative images of ubiquitous
computing suggests, “they wave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are
indistinguishable from it. Kahn (2011)
44
45. EL MITO DE LA COMPETITIVIDAD
LA ACUMULACIÓN TECNOLÓGICA COMO FACTOR DE DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO
There are two current conjectures on the role of cities, which inform the deluge of “smart urbanism” in
today‟s policy environment. On the one hand, in the current ascendancy of neoliberal governance under
the stewardship of international institutions, the World Bank and OECD, cities have become engines of
national/regional/global development, cities are forced to engage in fierce competition with each
other for the attraction of investments, tourists, “creative people”, global events, etc. Vanolo (2014)
45
46. EL MITO DE LA INTEGRACIÓN
LA ASPIRACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA DE GESTIÓN Y CONTROL PERFECTAMENTE INTEGRADO Y
UNA EXPERIENCIA SIN FRICCIONES
In other words, infrastructures are messy. The messiness that we experience in laboratory ubiquitous
computing infrastructures is not a property of prototype technologies, of the bleeding edge, or of
pragmatic compromise; messiness is a property of infrastructure itself. Infrastructures are inherently
messy; uneven in their operation and their availability. The notion of a seamless and uniform
infrastructure is, at best, a chimera, and at worst, to draw on aboriginal Australian myth, a mulywonk—a
fearsome creature that might be invoked to steer people away from certain paths, places, or actions.
Bell y Dourish (2006)
46
62. ¿A QUIÉN se dirige?
¿PARA QUIÉN se hace?
¿CON QUIÉN se hace?
A city is smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and
modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high
quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory
governance. Caragliu et al.. (2011)
Smart cities will take advantage of communications and sensor capabilities sewn into the
cities‟ infrastructures to optimize electrical, transportation, and other logistical operations
supporting daily life, thereby improving the quality of life for everyone. Chen (2010)
A smart city is based on intelligent exchanges of information that flow between its many
different subsystems. This flow of information is analyzed and translated into citizen and
commercial services. The city will act on this information flow to make its wider ecosystem
more resource efficient and sustainable. The information exchange is based on a smart
governance operating framework designed to make cities sustainable. Gartner (2011)
65. QUIEN TIENE UN MARTILLO….
Fuente:http://www.excelacom.com/resources/blog/are-you-ready-for-the-smart-city-evolution
66. EL PENSAMIENTO SOLUCIONISTA
“To reject solutionism is to
transcend the narrow-minded
rationalistic mindset that recasts
every instance of an efficiency
deficit [...] as an obstacle that
needs to be overcome.”
― Evgeny Morozov, To Save
Everything, Click Here: The Folly of
Technological Solutionism
69. 69
La utopía urbana del siglo XX
Futurama 1939 New York World's Fair
General Motors has spent a small fortune to convince American public that if
it wishes to enjoy the full benefit of private enterprise in motor
manufacturing, it will have to rebuild its cities and its highways by public
enterprise - Walter Lippman
70. 1931: bienvenidos a la ciudad inteligente
Fuente:THE GUARDIAN http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/17/truth-smart-city-destroy-democracy-urban-thinkers-buzzphrase
71. 1955: bienvenidos a sus consecuencias
Fuente:BACK THEN http://back-then.tumblr.com/post/138598790726/people-in-the-netherlands-admiring-the-first-ever
People in The Netherlands admiring the first ever traffic jam. 1955
76. LA TECNOLOGÍA NO ES SUFICIENTE
IMAGE SOURCE:: Dhiru Thadani (author)
¿Qué hay del diseño, la normativa, la política, la vida social, la
economía, etc?
77. A good science fiction story should be able to
predict not the automobile but the traffic jam
Frederik Pohl
81. EL MITO DE LA SIMPLIFICACIÓN
LA REDUCCIÓN DE LA COMPLEJIDAD A MODELOS DE SIMULACIÓN EN LUGAR DE PENSAR LA
CIUDAD COMO WICKED PROBLEM
I see citizens mocking the homogenising of static urban data infrastructures and rejecting their bids to
handle cities' "super wicked" messes through reductivist approaches to data. What we decide to
measure, how we decide to measure, and why we decide to measure -- these questions are vital for Grub
City citizens, who craft and perform data "badly" and "messily", because that enables invention
unanticipated by planners. Haque (2013)
81
82. EL MITO DE LA NEUTRALIDAD DEL DATO
LA FICCIÓN DE UN CONOCIMIENTO ASÉPTICO, SIN SESGOS, PERFECTO Y OBJETIVO A PARTIR
DEL BIG DATA
(…) the data streams generated by the Sentient city may seem like instances of objective data
gathering, whereas in reality they are far from it. For starters, the decision regarding which data to
collect and which to ignore and how to classify it, is already a highly political choice. Next, the data
generated by the Sentient city is interpreted by software algorithms and actuation devices, and there is
nothing objective about that either: is a highly normative process, where subjective values, legal codes
and power relations are turned into software code on the base of which sentient technology decides,
acts and discriminates. De Waal (2011b)
82
83. Naturally, bureaucrats can be expected to embrace a technology that helps to create the illusion that
decisions are not under their control. Because of its seeming intelligence and impartiality, a computer
has an almost magical tendency to direct attention away from the people in charge of bureaucratic
functions and toward itself, as if the computer were the true source of authority. A bureaucrat armed
with a computer is the unacknowledged legislator of our age, and a terrible burden to bear. We cannot
dismiss the possibility that, if Adolf Eichmann had been able to say that it was not he but a battery of
computers that directed the Jews to the appropriate crematoria, he might never have been asked to
answer for his actions. Postman (1993)
EL MITO DE LA DESPOLITIZACIÓN
LA ASPIRACIÓN DE CONSEGUIR MEDIANTE MÁS INFORMACIÓN UN HORIZONTE POST-
POLÍTICO DE LA GESTIÓN URBANA
83
84. EL MITO DE LA SUFICIENCIA TECNOLÓGICA
LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LA TECNOLOGÍA COMO EL ELEMENTO CRÍTICO EN CUALQUIER
CUESTIÓN RELACIONADA CON LA CIUDAD
(…) the smart city implies an oversimplified and stereotyped vision of technology, close to that of old
modernist ideologies. Smart city practise nurtures the idea that technologies can and will provide the
solutions to all of our multiple problems without fundamentally changing our lifestyles or challenging
the structures which enforce and maintain such problems. In the smart-city mantra, the total
complexity of our urban ecosystems are reduced to a bunch of data that can be monitored and
controlled. The urban question is not considered a social or political one, but as a basic technological
one, that may be solved thanks to the technological solutions provided by private enterprises. Vanolo
(2014)
84
85. EL MITO DE LA DESEABILIDAD INTRÍNSECA
EL INEVITABLE E INCUESTIONABLE PROGRESO TECNOLÓGICO
On the one hand, the idea that „technologies will save us‟ guards technological- related activities
against criticism; on the other, it boosts the idea that technological networks and governmental
practices will automatically guarantee better cities, regardless, for example, of the development
trajectories of local societies, the nature of technological developments, the difficulty of reducing the
chaos and complexity of ecosystems to a handful of statistics and indicators which have to be fully
monitored and controlled, and the need for debates, rules and forms of control in order to achieve
virtuous coupling between technologyand society. Morozov (2014)
85
100. 100
Más allá del
control
planificador
La ciudad es
más que sus
servicios
urbanos
Pensar la
ciudad
conectada
en presente
La ciudad no
necesita ser
salvada
Salidas para una visión más cercana
102. • Las ciudades como espacios de experimentación, testeo y validación de
soluciones. Las ciudades como living labs
• La ciudadanía como prosumer y profesional-amateur
• Laboratorios como plataformas para articular proyectos en la ciudad,
nuevos agentes de gobernanza local
• Espacios físicos y espacios virtuales de trabajo.
• Configuración en torno a comunidades de práctica
• Construcción de redes
• Hibridación: técnicos, creatividad, arte, tecnología
CONCEPTOS CLAVE
Co-diseño
Economía
colaborativa
Procomún Innovación social
Laboratorios
innovación
ciudadana
Digital social
innovation
Diseño social Open source Hardware social
Visualizaciónde
datos
Gamificación Apps cívicas
Diseño de
interacción
urbana
Open data
Ciencia
ciudadana
Tecnologías
cívicas
Prototipado
119. X
URBAN INTELLIGENCE IS ON THE STREETS
IMAGE SOURCE: RUFFIN_READY/FLICKR
MOLTES GRÀCIES
www.ciudadesaescalahumana.org
manufer2007@gmail.com
www.humanscalecity.org
@manufernandez