Basic theories of communication: models of communication, types of noise, communication styles, etc.

1. COMMUNICATION SKILLS
OUBA015113
MANSA DABY

2. LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
 Define communication
 Describe the process of communication
 Distinguish the elements of communication
 Identify the functions of communication
 Understand the benefits & barriers to
communication

3. DEFINITION OF
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION = SHARING OF MEANING
LATIN: ‘COMMUNICARE’ = BE IN CONNECTION
WITH
Task:
Find a
wholesome
definition of
Communication

4. FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
 LINGUISTIC FORM
 SYMBOLIC FORM
 Verbal
Non-verbal
Task:
Make a list of
examples
of each

5. MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION

6. Linear / Bull’s Eye
Model of Communication
SENDER RECEIVER
MESSAGE

7. Circular Flow / Ping Pong
Model of Communication
SENDER
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
FEEDBACK

8.  EXAMPLES OF LINEAR / CIRCULAR
COMMUNICATION
 BENEFITS OF LINEAR / CIRCULAR
COMMUNICATION
 DRAWBACKS OF LINEAR /
CIRCULAR COMMUNICATION

9. 5 W’s of COMMUNICATION
HAROLD LASSWELL
 Who says SENDER
 What MESSAGE
 To Whom RECEIVER
 Through What channel MEDIUM
 Why/With What effect RESULT

10. The Shannon – Weaver Mathematical
Model of Communication, 1949

11. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
 SOURCE – the one who initiates the process of
communication
 ENCODING – actions undertaken by the source to
translate thoughts, ideas and feelings into a form
perceptible by the senses

12. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
 TRANSMISSION – using physical channels to get
the message across
 CHANNEL – the physical medium through which
the message travels
 CODE – the system of signs used

13.  RECEIVER – the target of the message
 DECODING – actions undertaken by the receiver to
translate or interpret the message
 DESTINATION – the ultimate recipient of the
message
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

14. BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
(Noise/ Interference)

15. IDEA ENCODING / DECODING
Perception
- Knowledge - Values
- Past - Culture
experience
- Feelings - Attitudes

16. CONTEXT of Communication
 Situation
 Reason
 Environment: physical & social
 Circumstances

17. SOURCES OF NOISE / INTERFERENCE
» Mechanical noise: made by the physical
device encoding/decoding message
» Semantic noise: different meanings for
same words or expressions

18. SOURCES OF NOISE / INTERFERENCE
» Environmental noise: Completely external
of the communication process
» Internal noise: occurs inside the mind of
the receiver [selective attention/
retention, selective distortion, selective
recall]

19. Examples of:
» Mechanical Noise
» Semantic Noise
» Environmental Noise
» Internal Noise

21. ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION
 Genre
 Topic / Referential focus
 Purpose
 Setting
 Participants

22. ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION
 Message form (Channel + Code)
 Message content
 Act sequence/ ordering (turn-taking, overlap)
 Rules + norms of interaction (cultural
presupposition, shared understanding, etc.)

23. LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
 INTRAPERSONAL LEVEL
 INTERPERSONAL LEVEL
 INTRAGROUP
 INTERGROUP
 INSTITUTIONAL / ORGANISATIONAL LEVEL

24. LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
 FORMAL LEVEL
 INFORMAL LEVEL
 PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
 MASS COMMUNICATION

25. LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
INSTITUTIONAL
SOCIETAL
INTERPERSONAL
GROUP
INTRAPERSONAL

26. Categorize the following:
 Conversation among family members at the
dinner table
 Inter-office memo
 Prime Minister’s speech on TV
 Kid reciting multiplication tables
 Complaint letter from a group of students to
Finance department of university

27. COMMUNICATION STYLES
 PASSIVE STYLE
 ASSERTIVE STYLE
 AGGRESSIVE STYLE
Task:
Make a list of
characteristics
of each

30. 1.What is Spongebob’s Communication Style?
A. Passive B. Assertive C. Aggressive
2. What is Plakton’s Communication Style?
A. Passive B. Assertive C. Aggressive
3. Is Plakton really teaching Spongebob
to be more assertive?
Yes No
4. Does Spongebob manage
to become more assertive in the end?
Yes No

31. I’m a great believer that any tool that enhances
communication has profound effects in terms of how
people can learn from each other, and how they can
achieve the kind of freedoms that they’re interested in.
Bill Gates