Ppt on Lifelines of Indian Economy based on NCERT

1. Lifelines of National Economy

2. Lifelines of National Economy
Lifelines-?
• Why are transportation and communication called
Lifelines of Country?
• “Transportation and Communication are compared
to veins and arteries of our body”. Justify.

3. • Means Support system.
• Why?
• Raw material to Industry and Support Agriculture.
• Support Trade.
• Basis of Globalisation.
• Backbone to Tourism.
• Defence
• National Integration.
• Means of transportation and Communication?
• Means and Modes of Transportation?
• Efficient transportation and Communication are pre-requisite for fast
development.
Lifelines

4. Significance of means of transportation and
Communication
 Place Utility-Movement of goods and services from supply to
demand area.
 Technology- It helps to transfer better tech from one country to
other or state to other.
 Trade- Various means of communication helps in traders to have
links.
 Commute- Means of transportation carry/move people from one
place to another.
 Distance- It shortened the distance between places.
Today, the world has been converted into large village with the help of
efficient communication and fast moving transport.
The pace of development of a country depends upon the production
of goods and services as well as their movement over space.
- Industrial Devt. –Employment –High standard of living- Distribution of
perishable goods - Emergency

5. Means Of Transport
Land
Water
Air
Roadways
Pipelines
Railways
Inland Overseas
Interna
-tional
Domestic
Public
Undertaking
Private Airlines

6. Roadways
India has one of the largest road networks in the world- (2.3)3.32
million km.
Roads are being constructed at a very fast pace but still density
of roads is low.
Roads has an edge over railways/Advantages
• They can be built and maintained easily.
• Construction cost of roads is much lower than railway
lines(require less investment).
• They can be built at higher altitudes and at any place.
• Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and
undulating topography.

7. • Road transportation is economical in transportation of few
persons and relatively smaller amount of good over short
distances.
• Extension of agriculture is possible only through road
transport.
• It also provides door-to-door service , thus the cost of loading
and unloading is much lower.
• Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of
transport such as they provide a link between railway
stations , air and sea port.
• Road transport has the merit of offering personal service too.
• Road system facilitates the transport of perishable goods
across different areas.

8. Problems of Indian Roads(Disadvantages)
• The road network is inadequate in India as
compared to demand and volume of traffic.
• The condition of most of the roads is very poor ,
these became muddy during the reason season.
• They are highly congested in cities.
• Most of the highways lack side amenities like
telephone booths , emergency health services ,
police stations etc.
• Poor maintenance.

9. Classification of Roads
Capacity/Significance
Material Used
Golden Quadrilateral
Super Highways
National Highways
State Highways
District Roads
Other Roads
Border Roads
Metalled/Pakka Road
Unmetalled/
kuchcha

10. State Highways
District Roads

11. 1 2
3
4
5
1. Other/rural roads. 2,3,4,5- Border
Roads

12. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways
• Largest highway project in India and 5th in the
world(5846 km). First phase of NHDP
launched in 2001 by Atal Bihari Vajpayee
under NDA was completed in Jan’12.
GQSH
Corridors Quadrilateral

14. Parameter- Feature, Purpose,Maintained
By, Data.
GQSH
• Golden Quadrilateral- Project linking 4
metropolitan cities- Delhi- Kolkata-Chennai-
Mumbai by six lanes super highways.
• The North-south corridors linking Srinagar (J&K)
and Kanyakumari (TN), and East- West corridor
connecting Silchar (Assam) and Porbander
(Gujarat) are part of this.(7300km)
• Objective- To reduce the time and distance
between mega cities of India.
• Maintained By- NHAI(National Highway Authority
of India)

15. National Highways
• link the extreme parts of the country.
• Primary roads and laid and maintained by CPWD.
• No. of NH run in N-S and E-W directions.
• The Historical Sher Shah Suri Marg is called NH-
1(Delhi-Amritsar)
[NH-7 is the longest and traverses 2,369km between Varanasi
and Kanyakumari.
NH-8(Delhi-Mumbai)
NH-15(Rajasthan)]

16. • State Highways- Road linking a state capital with
different district HQ.
-Roads are constructed and maintained by the SPWD.
-Covers 4 lakh km.
• District Roads- These roads connect the district HQ
with other places of the district.
-These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.
- Covers 6 lakh Km.

17. • Other Roads/Rural Roads- These roads links rural areas
and villages with town.
-Received impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen
Sadak Yojana.
-Under this scheme special provisions are made so that every village in
the country is linked to a major town by an all season motorable
road(metalled).
• Border Roads- BRO(Border Road Organisation) a GOI.
Undertaking constructs and maintains the roads in the
bordering areas.
- The Organisation was established in 1960 for strategic
importance of North and North-eastern border areas.
- These roads have improved accessibility in areas of
difficult terrain and have helped in economic
development.

18. Roads(material based)
Metalled Roads
- Metalled roads are also
known by pakka /
motorable /All weathered
roads.
- Made of cement ,
concrete or bitumen of
coal thus all weathered
roads.
- Heavy vehicles can move.
Un-metalled Roads
- Unmetalled roads are also
known by Kuchcha / non-
motorable roads.
- Made of sand and bricks
or stones,they go out of
use in the rainy season.
- Light vehicle can move.

19. 1.Metalled Road 2,3,4- Unmetalled Road.
1 2
3 4

20. Road Density
• The length of road per 100 sq.km of area or
ratio of total road network to country’s area.
• Distribution of road is not uniform varies due
to physical features and population.
• Density varies from only 10km in J&K to 375
km in kerala with the National Average of
75km (1996-97),10.04km(J&K) &
532.27km(U.P)- 2007-08.
• Avg- 136 (2009), 139 (2010) , 143(2011)-
12.14km(J&K) & 517.77(K).

21. Problems
• Inadequate- keeping in view , the volume of
traffic and passenger, the road network is
inadequate.(NHs are inadequate too).
• Poor Material- About half of the roads are
unmetalled and this limits their usuage during the
rainy season.
• Congestion- The roadways are highly congested
in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are
old and narrow.
• Lack of roadside amenities.
• Construction of bridges.

22. Railways
• Railways are the principal mode of transportation
for freight and passengers in India.
• Multifarious activities- Business , sightseeing ,
pilgrimage along with transportation of goods
over longer distances.
• Mobile services connecting far-off places.
• Can cover long distances carrying lot of heavy
loads(iron ore , coal etc)
• Inexpensive services.
• Saves Time.
• Enhances Trade especially domestic trade.

23. • Supports Tourism
• Connects industrial production centres.
• Facilitates agricultural development.
• Provides employment in organised sector(6%).
• Revenue- 1%(GNP).

24. Railway- Public undertaking(largest)
• High Investment.
• No. of passengers.(Risk of life)
• Amount/Volume of traffic.
• Largest Revenue generator for govt.
• Employment.

25. • First Railway Line- 1853
• Ist steamed off Bombay to Thane(34 km).
India railway is one of the largest network as:
• 7133 stations, -64,460 km- Route length.
• 7213km locomotives - 53220 passengers service
vehicle.
• 6493 Coach vehicles - 2,29,381 wagons on 2011.
• Zones- 16 - Freight wagon-23,721 .
• 1307 mn directly employed.
• Passenger trains- 12,617 - Freight trains- 7421.
• Ist Shatabdi(superfast train)- New Delhi to Jhansi
later extended to Bhopal now Habibganj.

26. • Longest Platform in the world- Gorakhpur.
• Gauge- Distance between the tracks.
• Types of Gauge: Broad- 1.676m
Metro/meter- 1m
Narrow- 0.762 and 0.610
• Uni-gauge- 1.676m
• Benefits- a. Low cost of trans-shipment.
b. Less time consumption. c. More convenience(smooth
running)
d. Fuel efficient. e . More capacity. f. Speed

28. Types of Gauge:
1. Broad Gauge
2. Meter Gauge
3. Narrow Gauge

29. Distributional Pattern
• Factors for uneven distribution: a. Topography b.
Economic c. Administration.
 Topography/Physiography:
a. Northern- heavy due to flat land , high
population , agricultural resources.(River bridges
are obstacle)
b. Hilly areas and peninsula region- hilly(small)
track gaps, tunnel- (due to hills- Jawahar lal
tunnel).
c. Himalayan- high relief , sparse population , lack
of economic opportunities.

30. d. Western desert- difficult to lay railway lines on
sandy plain.
e. swamps of Gujarat f. States- forest of MP,
Chhatisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand
Economic
a. Agriculture(Punjab)
b. Industrial areas( Durgapur- coal areas)
c. Himalayan areas(Tourism)
d. Desert- Lack of amenities.
e. North-Eastern region
 Administrative
a. Naxalite
b. Border(unstable)

31. Development in Railway
• Development of konkan along with west coast
facilitates movements of passengers and goods to
economic region.
• Basic amenities.
• Uni-gauge.
• Electric wagons/Electrification.
• Computerization.
• Fast moving trains-Rajdhani , Shatabdi,Duronto.
• Services for poors.
• Quota for women
• Speed increased.

32. Problems/Drawbacks
• Passengers travel without tickets.
• Tracks are old and sinking of tracks are common and
landslide.
• Thefts and damaging railway property.
• Stop trains , unnecessary pulling of chains.
• Cancellation , delays etc
• Frequent accidents.
• High Gradients.
• Construction not easy.
• Fixed path
• Poor maintenance.
• Airway-tough competition(Fare)

33. Comparison between Railway and
Roadways
• Roadways are better:
- Can be used in all terrain
- Feeder Services
- Door to door services
- Faster
- Not fixed path
- No govt loss- theft, without ticket.
- Easy construction/maintenance.

34. Pipelines
• Used for water supply , but today water and
other uses:
• natural gas – to refineries and fertiliser
complexes, big thermal plants.
• petroleum – refineries , petrochemical
industries.
• crude oil- to the industries.

35. Advantages
• Transportation through pipelines rules out delay and
transportation loss. Many fertiliser plants and thermal
power stations are benefitted by the supply of gas through
pipelines.
• Though initial cost of laying pipelines is high, but running
cost is very low.
• Regular Supply- maintains continuous supply of gas and oil.
• All terrain connectivity- Pipes can be laid through difficult
terrain as well as under sea.
• Decentralisation of industry- Far inland locations of
refineries like Barauni , Mathura ,panipat etc could be
thought of only because of pipelines.
• Balanced regional development.

36. Three Networks
1.Upper Assam to Kanpur via Guwahati , Barauni and
Allahabad.
Branches from Barauni to Haldia via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to
Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri.
2. Salaya via (Gujarat ) to Jalandhar (Punjab) via
Viramgam , Mathura , Delhi and Sonipat. It has branches to
connect Kayali ( near Vadodara , Gujarat, Chakashu) and other
places.
3. HVJ(1986) – ( Ist cross-country- 1700 km, fertilizer plants)
Gas pipeline from Hazira (Gujarat) connects Jagdishpur (U.P )via
Vijaypur (M.P). It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahjahanpur,
sablala and other places in U.P.

37. Upper Assam to Kanpur

38. Salaya to Jalandhar

39. Hazira –Vijaipur-Jagdishpur

40. Pipeline network in India

41. Disadvantages
• Leak detection( can’t be detected easily)
• High Installation cost (Underground or
underwater).
• High maintenance cost(Underground or
underwater).
• Rigidity( in terms of terrain and space).

42. 1,2. Surface
pipeline(Above ground)
3.Underground pipeline.
4- Sea pipelines 5-
undersea pipeline.
1
2
3
4
5

43. Waterways
Old-time immemorial , India is one of the sea faring
countries. Spreading India’s commerce and culture.
Advantages:
• Cheapest mode of transportation.
• Low cost of maintenance.
• Suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
• Fuel- efficient and environment friendly.
• Trade- Export and import are enhanced by waterway.
• Enhance Tourism.
• Less prone to accidents.

44. Disadvantages
• Slow and time consuming.
• Limited area of operation.
• Seasonal in nature- water level goes downin
summer.
• Misrouted- no barrier( few cases.)
• River course changes.
• Oil- spills(water pollution and effects on
aquatic animals).

45. Waterway( navigable body of water)
Inland Waterway{14500
km(20.275.5km}
Overseas(95% Trade )
Rivers(5200km)
Canal
4000km
3700km mechanised
Navigable

46. Name River States Length(km
)
NW-1 Allahabad-Haldia stretch of the Ganga—Bhagirathi-
Hooghly Rivers
UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal 1620km
NW-2 Sadiya-Dhubri Stretch of Brahmaputra River Assam 891 km
NW-3 Kollam-Kozhikode Stretch of West Coast Canal
and Champakara and Udyogmandal Canals
Kerala 205km(365km
stretched)
NW-4 Kakinada-Puducherry Stretch of Canals and the
Kaluvelly Tank, Nashik-Bhadrachalam-
Rajahmundry Stretch of River Godavari and
Bridge near village Galagali-Wazirabad-
Vijayawada Stretch of River Krishna
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telanagana 1095km
NW-5 Talcher-Dhamra Stretch of Brahmani-Kharsua-
Tantighai-Pandua Nala-Dudhei Nala-Kani
Dhamra-river system, Geonkhali-Charbatia
Stretch of East Coast Canal,harbatia-Dhamra
Stretch of Matai River and Mahanadi Delta River
Odisha, West Bengal 588km
NW-6 Aai River Assam 71 km
IWAI- Inland waterway authority of India , a statutory body under the ministry of shipping in 1986.
The following have been declared as the National Waterways by the Government.(111 designated NWs-
as per National waterways Act-2016. NW 1,2,3 already operational . NW 4 and 5 completed in
2010.Others initiated).

51. Major Sea Ports
• India being the longest coastline(7516.6km) in Indian Ocean.
• Dotted with 12 major and 181 medium and minor ports. The major ports
handles 95 % India’s foreign trade.
WEST COAST
1. Kandla- in kuchchh was the first port developed soon after
independence to ease the volume of trade on Mumbai port , in the loss
of Karachi port to Pakistan after the partition.
(Caters exports and imports of granary across north India).
2. Mumbai- is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well- sheleterd
harbour.
3. Jawaharlal Nehru port - also known as Nhava Sheva port was planned with
a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub port for the
region.Earlier
4. Marmagao port(Goa)- is the premier iron ore exporting port of the
country. This accounts for about 50% of India’s iron ore export.
5. New Mangalore port- located in Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore
concentrates from Kundremukh mines.
6. Kochhi(Cochin)- is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance
of a lagoon with a natural harbour.

52. EAST COAST
7. Tuticorin - The extreme south-eastern port, in Tamil Nadu.
This port has a natural harbour and rich hinterland.
(Trade handling to Sri Lanka and Maldives).
8. Chennai – is one of the oldest artificial ports of the country. It
is ranked next to Mumbai in terms of trade and cargo.
9. Vishakhapatnam – is the deepest landlocked and well
protected port. Originally conceived as an outlet for iron ore
exports.
10. Paradwip – located in Orissa , specialises in the export of
iron ore.
11. Kolkata – is an inland riverine port. It serves a very large and
rich hinterland of Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. Being a tidal
port,it requires constant dredging of Hoogly.
12. Haldia Port- was developed as a subsidiary port,in order to
relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.

54. Fastest mode of transportation though costly.
Advantages
• Save Time – Fastest mode for long distance(comfortable and
prestigious) , less time consumption.
• Connectivity- Connected to the farthest places and to every terrain
like high mountains , deserts, thick forests and long stretches of sea
with great ease. etc.
• Cross the international borders easily.
• Used in defence.
• Connected to landlocked countries.
• Helps in increasing trade esp. perishable products.(Medicine- vials)
Aeroplane
Helicopter
Others
Airways
a transportation system for moving passengers or goods by air.

55. • Reduces pressure on roads and railways
• Used in emergencies/ natural calamity like
floods , earthquakes , war etc
• Add revenue to tourism.
• Used in agriculture( pesticide etc- outside
India)

56. Disadvantages
• Affordability- Cannot be affordable by everyone(socio-
economic gap)
• Unserviceable- Bad weather conditions( fog, Rain etc)
• Fuel Consumption- Very high.
• Limited Capacity ( In terms of passengers and freight)
• High risk to life.
• Environmental degradation- Polluting the atmosphere(
Stratosphere)
• Expensive- Costly fuel.
Only in N.E states, special provisions are made to
extend the services to the common people.

57. Airways( Air transport was nationalised in 1953)
Indian Airlines Alliance India
Domestic
International
Air India
Helicopters
All 7 :
Delhi(IGT)
Mumbai(CST)
Chennai
Kolkata
Amritsar
Hyderabad
kerala
Subsidiary of Indian airlines
Others- private scheduled and non-scheduled
International Airports with names

58. Helicopter- Pawanhans Helicopters provide services
to ONGC(Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) for its a.
Off-shore operations
b. Inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like – North-
Eastern states- forest,relief,border, interior parts of
J&K,H.P and Uttarakhand.
Indian airlines extended their services to neighbouring
countries of South and South-east Asia and the
Middle east.
Why air travel preferred in N.E states?
a. Obstacles/Hurdles for roadways and railways(hilly
tracts). b. Dense forest. c. Broad rivers d.
Floods(Calamity)

59. PAWAN HANS

62. • Since time immemorial different means of
communication have been used by humans.
• With the pace of change , long distance
communication is far easier without physical
movement of the communicator or receiver.
Communication
Personal Mass Communication

63. Communication
Personal Communication
• Means of communication
through which only
personal messages are
exchanged between two
people.
• These can be used by an
individual for personal
activities.
• Telephone , mobile , postal
services ,post cards
Mass Communication
• Means of communication
through which one can
communicate with several
people at the same time.
• These can be used by the
govt. to create awareness
among the people about
programs and policies.
• Ex-Radio, TV ,Newspaper
etc

64. • The Indian postal network is the largest in the world with
l,55,618 post offices. It handles personal as well s personal
written communications.
Personal Mail
Ist Class mail II nd Class mail
1. Personal letter ,
envelops .
2. light weight -
Airlifted between
stations covering
both land and air.
3. Faster Route-
Rajdhani and
Metro
1. Book Packet ,
newspapers ,
periodicals ,Parcel etc
2. Heavy weight- carried
by surface mail
covering- land and
water transport.
3. Route allotted- Bulk ,
business , periodicals .
For quick delivery- 6 mail channels have been introduced- Rajdhani ,
Metro , Green , Business , Bulk and Periodical.
Faster- Courier- DTDC , Bluedart and Fedex etc.

65. Telecommunications
• Telephone came before mails.
• 1975- Deptt. Of Telecom established.
• A decade later, MTNL came up.
• 1995- TRAI( Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) – To
regulate telecom services. Objective- To reduce
interference of Govt. in deciding Tariffs and policy making.
• Ist Oct 2000- a new public sector undertaking Bharat
Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL) taken services from
department of telecom services.
• STD- Subscribers Trunk Dialling- 2/3rd villages covered.
• ISD- International Subscriber Dialling- Ist through exchange
then removed , direct call connected by country code.
• PCO- public call office- All the villages were connected by
this service.

66. Mass Communication
Audio- visual
Concerts, speeches,
live telecast
Print Media
Newspaper , magazine ,
Books , periodicals etc
Electronic
Radio , TV , Internet , films etc
• All India Radio(Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programs in national(official),regional
and local language.
•Doordarshan (One of the largest terrestrial networks in the world)- variety of
entertainment , educational to sports etc.
•India publishes large no. of newspapers and periodicals annually- 100 languages and
dialects.
•Largest Producer of feature films and videos.
•Central Board of Film Certification( Certify both Indian and foreign films).
SIGNIFICANCE of MEDIA
Fast communication with masses in case of emergency
More information through Ads- vast area- social , economical and Commercial development.
Culture Spread.
Entertainment.
Source of Information( News , programs ,quiz etc)
Link between govt. and citizens
Shape public opinion.

67. International Trade
• The exchange of goods and services among people ,
states and countries is referred is called Trade.
• Market- is the place where such exchanges take place.
• Types of Trade:
• Internal Trade(Domestic) - Trade takes place in cities ,
towns , villages or two or more states with in the
country.
• Trade between two countries is called International
Trade. Advancement of international trade is an index
to its economic prosperity(Considered barometer).

68. Balance of Trade
( difference between exports and imports)
Favourable/Positive
BOT
Value of exports
exceeds than value of
imports
↑exports ↓ imports
Unfavourable/Negative BOT
Value of imports exceeds
than value of exports.
↑imports ↓ exports
Significance/ Why is International trade important?
a. Uneven distribution. b. No one is self sufficient. C. Economic prosperity( profit to one
another) d. Provide Jobs e. To earn foreign exchange.
b. Trade Items- Book
c. Today, Goods and services have been superseded/changed to exchange of information
and knowlwdge.
d. Software Giants(India)- BPO,KPO.

69. TOURISM

70. People connect it with sight seeing but it has various
dimensions like medical ,
adventurous,cultural,business,educational.
SIGNIFICANCE
• 6.7% GDP
• Earn foreign exchange
• Direct Employment- 15million(Transportation,Guides,Travel
agencies,catering)
• National Integration.
• Support cottage and handicraft industry.
• Friendly relation(globalisation)
• Boost Hotel industry.
• Infrastructural development( Roads,hotels,amenities in an
area).

71. • Heritage- Monuments , wildlife sanctuaries , natural
resources(forest) maintained to increase revenue.
• Tourism increased in 2004- 23.5 %
• 2010- reduced to 21.7%- Economic
condition,Recession.
• Challenges- 1.Terrorism. 2.Inaccessible areas(N.E
states)3.Under developed(Ladakh).
• Suggestion- 1.Security. 2. Sanitation. 3 Maintenance
of natural and heritage preservation.4. Efficient
transportation.5. Promotion of Ads. 6. Better
Hospitality 7. Infrastructure.

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• https://www.google.co.in/search?q=national+waterway+2+map&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbje3iw6fXAhWEso8KH
U01DfQQ_AUICigB&biw=1236&bih=557#imgrc=5Q46SDB3_1QRZM:
• https://www.google.co.in/search?q=national+waterway+3+map&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim3Y21xKfXAhVLqY8KH
fxeAJUQ_AUICigB&biw=1236&bih=557#imgrc=P-UQquU1F8PcuM:
• https://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1236&bih=557&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=XxH_WaKOL4zPvgTjvSQ&q=ports+of+india&oq=ports+of+&
gs_l=psy-ab.1.0.0l10.220083.225824.0.228242.32.16.0.0.0.0.537.2826.0j6j1j0j1j2.11.0....0...1.1.64.psy-
ab..21.10.2823.0..0i67k1.357.JUHBKfHh-9E#imgrc=wgtHY5jpyjzWvM:
• https://www.google.co.in/search?q=pawan+hans+helicopter&oq=pawa&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57j69i60l2j0l2.2023j1j4&sourceid=chr
ome&ie=UTF-8

73. Prepared by Manowara
Chowdhury.