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Schizophrenia
- 1. Amanda Robinson : s2692674 Assessment 3 Due: 3rd June, 2013 7035HSV: Understanding Mental Health theories and Practice. Power-point Presentation on Schizophrenia.
- 2. SCHIZOPHRENIA For individuals, carers and their families.
- 3. WHAT IS SCHIZOPHRENIA? Schizophrenia is a persistent brain disorder that can cause: o A disruption of thoughts o An Inability to recognize reality o Inability to think logically o Confusion o Paranoia o Hallucinations and delusions o Unusual behaviours It can affect as much as 1 in every 100 people worldwide.
- 4. POSITIVE SYMPTOMS Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized Behaviours
- 5. NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS Lack of Emotional expressions Inability to start or complete tasks Limited emotions
- 6. COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS Working Memory difficulties Attention Motor skills Executive function Intelligence
- 7. TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Catatonic Disorganized Paranoid schizophrenia is the most common
- 9. BIOLOGICAL CAUSES Genetics Dopamine Theory Brain Structure
- 10. Genetics: 12% chance of those with one parent diagnosed of developing schizophrenia. 47% chance of an identical twin of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia Dopamine Theory: • larger than average concentration of the dopamine transmitter in the brains Brain structure: • more and larger brain cavities and cerebrospinal fluid • smaller temporal lobes, frontal lobes, less gray matter • abnormal blood flow to specific parts of the brain. Biological Nature of Schizophrenia
- 11. Hallucinations • Sensory misperceptions Delusions • False beliefs Disorganized thinking • Scattered thoughts Decrease in Memory • Inability to recall recent working memory tasks Impact of Schizophrenia - Biological
- 13. Psychodynamic • Parental maltreatment Cognitive • Misinterpreted hallucinations Psychological Nature of Schizophrenia
- 14. Impact of Schizophrenia – Psychological Visual and Auditory hallucinations • Seeing or hearing things that no one else hears or sees Disorganized Speech • Reduction of communication • Short replies • Reduction of fluency • reduction of thoughts. Anxiety and Depression • Feeling of helplessness • Agitation or feeling anxious Delusions • False beliefs about everyday events
- 16. Substance abuse • Marijuana • Alcohol • Amphetamines Work/school problems • Problems with friends • Being ‘different’ Rejection by others • Family conflicts • Physical/emotional abuse • divorce • Relationship break ups Social Nature of Schizophrenia Low Social Supports o No mentor/ role model/support system Major life events o Family deaths, o Marriage o Childbirth o Moving House
- 17. Impact of Schizophrenia - Social Social Withdrawal Lower Socioeconomic status (disability support pension) Long Term Social housing or Supported living Stigma and discrimination Low-Level Employment Abuse and violence
- 18. Impact on Family Financial : • Cost of care, medications, supervision, respite, hospitalizations. Emotional: • Anxiety, fear, frustration, helplessness, fatigue, stress.
- 19. Impact on Community o Hospitalizations in acute care facilities o Community Support o Funding/Grants
- 20. Personal Accounts A story of a young man, talking about schizophrenia from his own experiences. This is Richard Schweizer, a young Australian man who is very gifted and an active member of society. This movie delves into what it mean to have schizophrenia and looks at the negative effects of stigmatization on people’s lives.
- 21. TREATMENT Medication (Biological Model) Psychological (CBT, counseling) Psychosocial (Psychological and Social Model) Electroconvulsive therapy (Biological)
- 22. Medication interventions o First Generation antipsychotics work by binding to dopamine receptors and inhibiting their transmission. o Second Generation antipsychotics work on specific dopamine receptors to reduce side effects like those in the first generation antipsychotics. Medication is used to alleviate or eliminate some of the symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Both medications are still used to treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
- 23. SIDE EFFECTS Side effects of first generation medications can include: Restlessness or agitation Muscular spasms/stiffness or tremor Muscular movements of the face or limbs Fortunately, there are medications available to alleviate these side effects.
- 24. Psychological Interventions Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) can reduce symptoms in schizophrenia. In CBT, there is heavy emphasis on understanding the person's understanding, developing a relationship, and explaining psychotic symptoms in realistic terms to reduce the worrying effects.
- 25. PSYCHOSOCIAL Psychosocial Interventions include: Case Management. Early Intervention Support Services Rehabilitation may include: job training money management counseling Shopping and transport The goal is to help people with schizophrenia : stay employed maintain as much independence as possible
- 26. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Used as a last resort if no other treatment has been effective Used for short term
- 27. HOW YOU CAN HELP Encourage the person to continue treatment Attend follow-up appointments Be supportive and courteous Advocate on their behalf Be patient
- 28. WHERE TO FIND FURTHER INFORMATION Websites: http://au.reachout.com/All-about- schizophrenia http://www.sane.org/information/factshe ets-podcasts/187-schizophrenia http://www.headspace.org.au/is-it-just- me/find- information/psychosis?gclid=CKq0yLHkxrc CFQRapQod3gsATw
- 29. REFERENCES Barney, L., Griffiths, K., Christensen, H., & Jorm, A. (2009). Exploring the nature of stigmatising beliefs about depression and help-seeking: implications for reducing stigma. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 61. Corcoran, J., & Walsh, J. (2009). Schizophrenia. In J. Corcoran, & J. Walsh, Mental health in social work : a casebook on diagnosis and strengths-based assessment (pp. 161-188). Boston, MA: Pearson Publishing. Fluery, M., Grenier, G., Bamvita, J., & Caron, J. (2011). Mental Health Service Utilization Among Patients with severe mental disorders. Community Mental Health Journal, 47, 365-377. Mueser, K., Lu, W., Rosenberg, S., & Wolfe, R. (2010). The trauma of psychosis: Posttraumatic stress disorder and recent onset psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 116(2), 217. O'Carroll, R. (2000). Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Advance in Psychiatric Treatment, 6, 161-168. (2012). Schizophrenia. Norwalk, United States: Belvoir Media Group, LLC. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/docview/1350228199?accountid=14543 Selmes, T., & Mitchell, A. (2007). Why don't patients take their medicine? Reasons and solutions in psychiatry. Advances in psychiatric treatment the The Royal College of Psychiatrists' journal of c ontinuing professional development, 13(5), 336-346. Wessels, A. (2011, May 01). Community conversation: Raising awareness, reducing stigma. Press. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/docview/867340321?accountid=14543
Notas do Editor
- Positive symptoms include delusions, hallucinations and disorganized behaviours.
- Negative symptoms include lessened emotional expressions, lack of motivation and limited emotions.
- The types of schizophrenia are based on symptomology at the time of diagnosis or that were more frequently observed. Positive symptoms dominate in the paranoid type and is the most common of all sub types. The disorganized type is more socially disrupting, with greater emotional and behavioural disturbances. An undifferentiated schizophrenia diagnosis indicated that there are no specific symptoms indicated.
- Thereis a large amount of research, including drug trials, which support the dopamine theory.Those diagnosed have been found to have a higher concentrations of Dopamine. Genetics are thought to play a large part in the prevalence of schizophrenia, 47 percent chance of an identical twin of a sibling diagnosed with schizophrenia. developing the disorder. Non-identicaltwins have a 12 percent likelihood, which is the same chance as achild with one parent who has schizophrenia. The brain structure of those diagnosed with schizophrenia are also markedly different to those without the disorder, with scans of the brain showing a much smaller brain volume of those with schizophrenia.
- Psychological views have arisen primarily from cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives. It has been previously thought that a child with overprotective, un-nurturing and inconsistent parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia.The psychological theory has mostly been unproven, with more of evidence pointing to biological factors. The cognitive theory asserts that hallucinations are misinterpreted, leading to delusions, causing withdrawal from the social environment. There is little evidence to support these theories.
- Bbrain research has shown that the social and emotional environment during their development has a enduring impact on brain development, which includes cells and genes.
- Marijuana, amphetamines, alcohol all contribute to the development of schizophrenia. It is also more likely that those with schizophrenia abuse alcohol and drugs as a coping mechanism.
- It has been found that between one thirds and two thirds of people with schizophrenia currently live with their families.Carers are directly impacted emotionally and financially when the person they are caring for is hospitalized or relapse for long periods of time. Families experience frustration whilst ensuring that medication is taken. They are required to cope with inappropriate behaviours and the need to frequently supervise. This leads to fatigue and anxiety, which becomes a burden in itself.
- It is believed that the treatment of schizophrenia shouldinclude a range of facilitations which are symptom specific and include the social and learning needs of the individual and their families.