1. 1 MJ = 0.28 kWh
1 tep = 41.80 MJ/kg
1 ege = 80.14 MJ
Sun
Tropic 5,000 9,200 MJ/m²y
Temperate 1,500 6,000
Average 6,000
1,650 kWh/m²y
Heat 40.0% 70.0%
Electricity 10.0% 42.0%
H2 29.0%
Plants
Max C3 4.6%
Max C4 6.0%
Miscanthus 3.7 kg/m²y
17 MJ/kg
62.9 MJ/m²y
1.05%
Algae
Max 12 kg/m²y
30.0% wt oil
33 MJ/kg
118.8 MJ/m²y
1.98%
Plants average 1.86 kg/m²y
17 MJ/kg
31.7 MJ/m²y
Biomass 0.53%
220,000,000,000 ton/y world
2,000,000,000,000,000 MJ
10 x world energy consumption
Charcoal
Biochar 200 250 kg/m³ (mcs)
420 kg/ton
Non-condensable gases 200
Tar 380
Electricity
CTCE 184 kWh/ton (dry)
CEST 214
BIGSTIG 831
BIGGTCC 1032
Liquid Fuel
Losses 20.0% 50.0%
Max yield 320 ege/ton biomass
FT-Diesel
87 106
Cellulosic etanol
75 105
HDO Diesel
110
Biochemical Ethanol
100 300 L/dry t
Thermo-chemical FT Diesel
75 200
Syngas-to-ethanol
120 160
Energy Density
Li-ion batteries 1 MJ/L
H2 at 700bar 4.7 MJ/L
Diesel 36 MJ/L