During the kernel loading stage of a Windows computer startup, the kernel loader NTOSKRNL.EXE loads into memory. Additionally, the hardware abstraction layer loads into memory, which provides an abstraction between physical hardware and software. This stage initializes the core operating system components before other processes start.

1. You are reviewing the basics of a Windows computer startup with a new technician in your
department. Of the following, what occurs during the kernel loading stage of a Windows
computer startup? (Choose two.)
A. NTOSKRNL.EXE loads into memory.
B. The kernel loader installs the registry.
C. The hardware abstraction layer loads into memory.
D. LSASS.EXE is started.
Solution
A and C. NTOSKRNL.EXE, which is the kernel loader, loads into memory. This is true on both
old and new Windows systems. Also, the hardware abstraction layer, or HAL, loads into
memory. It is an abstraction layer, implemented in software, between the physical hardware of a
computer and the software that runs on that computer.